High SRL Research Articles

Analysis Of Computational Thinking Abilities Of High School Students Based On Self-Regulated Learning

There is a phenomenon where students with moderate ability can achieve the highest rank in the class, while students with high intelligence often have difficulty or failure in their academic achievement. This suggests that students' abilities, no matter how high, will be limited if they are not able to self-regulate their learning. A descriptive qualitative research method was employed in this study, conducted in the XI MIPA class at a public high school in Bekasi. The research subjects were selected based on their SRL levels, categorized as high, medium, and low. Data were collected through interviews and CT tests, using data collection techniques such as observation, tests, and interviews. The results showed that students with high SRL levels excelled in all aspects of computational thinking assessment. Conversely, students with medium SRL levels only demonstrated abilities in three out of four indicators: decomposition, abstraction and generalization, and pattern recognition. Meanwhile, students with low SRL levels only showed abilities in one indicator, which was pattern recognition

From acquisitive to conservative: The ontogenetic trajectory of root syndrome of annual and perennial co-generic species

Perennials has been proposed as new crops because their root syndrome offers more ecosystem services and a better use of resources than the annual one. Objective: To compare the ontogenetic trajectory of root syndromes of annual (P. gracilis and P. angustifolia) and perennial (P. pinetorum and P. mendocina) species of Physaria (Brassicaceae) and their root trait relationships. Results and ConclusionRoots became conservative as plants grew, independently of the life cycle of the species. However, perennials invested initially more resources in increasing storage capacity (bigger and thicker roots) while annuals favored increasing the exploration capacity (higher SRL). During first anthesis we found tradeoffs between acquisitive and conservative traits, as expected according to the Root Economic Spectrum (RES), but after the first year, those tradeoffs disappeared and perennials were able to combine a thick and deep taproot and high investment in C reserves with some well-developed acquisitive traits such as higher SRL and total length. This suggest that root traits should be selected during the second year, when no tradeoff exist. Differences between annuals and perennials in most structural taproot traits remained constant along the ontogenetic trajectory, thus the relative position of species in the RES did not change over time. We found a gradient of root strategies supported by the RES theory: from acquisitive in the annual P. gracilis (high SRL, STD and total length) to conservative in the perennial P. mendocina (high root biomass, root diameter, tissue density and storage) with intermediate strategies in P. angustifolia and P. pinetorum.

Modeling future cliff-front waves during sea level rise and implications for coastal cliff retreat rates

It is often assumed that future coastal cliff retreat rates will accelerate as global sea level rises, but few studies have investigated how SLR (sea level rise) might change cliff-front wave dynamics. Using a new simple numerical model, this study simulates the number and type (breaking, broken, or unbroken) of cliff-front waves under future SLR scenarios. Previous research shows breaking waves deliver more energy to cliffs than broken waves, and unbroken waves generate minimal impact. Here, we investigated six cliff-platform profiles from three regions (USA, New Zealand, and UK) with varied tidal ranges and wave climates. Model inputs included 2013–2100 hindcast/forecast incident wave height and tidal water level, and three future SLR scenarios. Results show the number of both cliff-front breaking and broken waves generally increase for a high-elevation (relative to tide) cliff-platform junction. In contrast, breaking/broken wave occurrence decrease by 38–92% for a near-horizontal shore platform with a low-elevation cliff-platform junction under a high SRL scenario, leading to high (96–97%) unbroken wave occurrence. Overall, results suggest the response of cliff-front waves to future SLR is complex and depends on shore platform geometries and SLR scenarios, indicating that future cliff retreat rates may not homogeneously accelerate under SLR.

Temperature drives the coordination between above‐ground nutrient conservation and below‐ground nutrient acquisition in alpine coniferous forests

Abstract Above‐ground nutrient conservation via resorption processes and below‐ground nutrient acquisition from soils are two important mechanisms for plants to maintain nutrition and ecosystem functions. However, the mechanism by which plants coordinate these two nutrient strategies, especially for ectomycorrhizal (ECM)‐dominated conifers in alpine forests, remains unclear. We investigated the relationships between above‐ground nutrient conservation and below‐ground nutrient acquisition and their environmental drivers by measuring leaf nutrient (i.e. nitrogen [N] and phosphorous [P]) resorption efficiency, resource foraging‐ and uptake‐related root morphological (root diameter [RD], specific root length [SRL]/area [SRA]) and physiological (root tissue density [RTD], root N and P concentration) traits, mycorrhizal colonization rate (MCR), rhizosphere effect on soil N and P cycling, and environmental factors of 40 ECM coniferous populations on the eastern Tibetan Plateau, China. Our results showed that with increasing leaf nutrient (N and P) resorption efficiency, conifers shifted from depending on the ‘outsourcing’ strategy by mycorrhizal fungi (high MCR) to relying on the ‘do‐it‐yourself’ strategy of root mining (high rhizosphere effect on N‐ and P‐mining‐related enzyme activities) rather than on root foraging (high SRL and SRA) and preferred more conservative roots (high RTD and low root N and P concentrations). Temperature was the main factor driving a negative relationship of ECM fungi foraging, root uptake and a positive relationship of root mining with leaf nutrient resorption, while precipitation resulted in a decoupled relationship between root foraging and leaf nutrient resorption. Our findings demonstrate temperature‐driven and diverse collaborations (e.g. trade‐off or synergy) between below‐ground nutrient acquisition and above‐ground nutrient conservation strategies in alpine ECM conifers and highlight that the preference for below‐ground nutrient acquisition strategies could influence the above‐ground nutrient utilization strategy. This is insightful for a holistic understanding of the adaptation and responses of alpine forests to climatic change. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

SELF REGULATED LEARNING OF VOCATIONAL STUDENTS IN MATHEMATICS LEARNING DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The Covid-19 pandemic that is currently sweeping the world, including Indonesia, made the government make the decision to implement PSBB (large-scale social restrictions) by asking people to stay at home, including the learning process at school. The learning process carried out online or online indirectly makes students adapt to the new learning process. Students are required to be able to do self-regulation in learning (self regulated learning). Self regulated learning is important for students, especially when learning is carried out online. This study aims to obtain a picture of self-regulated learning of class XI SMK students during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research is a quantitative-descriptive study using a survey method. The instrument used was a self-regulated learning questionnaire which had 23 statement items. Data collection was carried out using an online questionnaire on google form which was given to students of class XI Fashion Design Vocational Schools. The results of the SRL research for students of class XI Fashion Design at SMK Negeri 3 Pekanbaru during the pandemic were 17% students with high SRL, 53% students with moderate SRL and 30% students with low SRL. tudent's SRL is low on indicators of evaluating learning processes and outcomes as well as self-efficacy (self-concept), this is influenced by individual, behavioral and environmental factors.

Analisis Kemampuan Koneksi Matematis Mahasiswa ditinjau dari Self Regulated Learning(SRL) pada Pembelajaran Daring

This study aims to examine the ability of mathematical connections to be viewed from independent learning (SRL) in learning flat geometry courses. One class sample, namely second-semester students, collected 26 people, the mathematics education study program STKIP La Tansa Mashiro Rangkasbitung-Lebak, the 2020/2021 academic year. This type of research is descriptive qualitative chosen because it aims to describe the ability of students to solve math problems independently. The instrument used in this study is 30 questions for high, medium and low-level SRL, aiming to determine student learning independence. In contrast, five questions are given through the WhatsApp class group for the test instrument for mathematical connection abilities used in descriptions. The subjects in this study were selected based on active students and had good grades during bold learning activities. Then the interview test process was carried out six about the explanation between the researcher and the research subject. The results of the analysis of students' mathematical connection abilities, the mean value of the complete subject type SRL group = 96 with a score of 100%, moderate SRL of semi-complete type = 92.67 with a score of 90%, and Low SRL of incomplete type = 91 .67 with a score of 80%. Based on this, it shows that the value of the SRL category (high, medium, low) in the bold learning done after the analysis significantly affects the students' mathematical connection abilities.

An innovative MOOC platform: the implications of self-directed learning abilities to improve motivation in learning and to support self-regulation

PurposeMassive open online courses (MOOCs) have received wide publicity and many institutions have invested considerable effort in developing, promoting and delivering such courses. However, there are still many unresolved questions relating to MOOCs and their effectiveness in a blended-learning context. One of the major recurring issues raised in both academic literature and in the press about MOOCs is the consistently high dropout rate of MOOC learners.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, we applied mixed methods as an exploratory case study, which prioritised the quantitative and qualitative approaches for the data collection processes. The data were collected using a MOOC Online Self-regulated Learning Questionnaire (MOSLQ) adapted and created from an existing measuring instrument. The quantitative data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Version 22) tool to conduct descriptive analysis. The qualitative results obtained from the transcribed focus group interviews in this study revealed the various behavioural patterns of how undergraduate students self-directed their learning. This focus group interview was conducted to reveal the various ways students organised and strategised their learning patterns in order to derive satisfaction in their distinctive learning behaviours and encourage motivation within their study approaches. Quantitative data collected online included a 30 items survey of which 17 respondents completed the survey items in the blended-learning study. The online course survey included 19 items of which data were gathered from 11 respondents.FindingsAcross the data, it is noticeable and clear that time management and goal setting were among the dimensions that are highly rated close to high level among SRL skills investigated in this study. We found that goal setting and task strategies predicted much better attainment of individuals controlling personal course goals, while help seeking was associated with lower goal attainment among majority of the participants.Research limitations/implicationsThe study also identified several challenges. For example, there were some challenges in learners completing the survey questions even when several reminders were sent out forth nightly. At this preliminary stage, learners participated as lurkers without engaging fully with other non-academic and academic interactive activities such as surveys, in course quizzes and forums. Most of the participants in this course said they enrolled to know more about the new trend MOOC, to make friends, to have fun and so on. Although, these are some of their intentions for participating, some of the participants at some points contributed to discussion forums.Practical implicationsOur platform currently allows learners to direct their learning within the course and also allow the choice of content prerequisite in order to recommend resources necessary for their learning. This study indicates the necessity to support SRL skills and directing development of self-determination skills among the participants. This study when applied to a larger sample will demonstrate effective measurement on areas of reliability and validity as results from this small sample has indicated some high SRL skill levels for individual learners within the research.Social implicationsHowever, the success of any e-learning or MOOC platform should consider the following best practices and objectives: the learners' entire learning experience, the strategies used in developing the course content, the planning of the course delivery and the methods of delivery. Therefore, all e-learning platforms should be designed with a primary focus on the way students learn to improve their own learning skills and help them regulate their own independent learning habits. In another related study, the success of any e-learning course implementation should be carefully considered with regards to the course's underlying pedagogy and how learners engage with the content.Originality/valueThere are many e-learning platforms in existence globally, but little has been mentioned about the development of a MOOC platform in general that could allow independent learning and also adequately demonstrating the components and features used in these MOOC designs. This research's implication is to aid instructional designers to apply best practices in the development of an online course. The best approach in designing a good course is to consider the learners and how they could engage with the course resources independently and develop the ability to self-direct their learning. One of the main goals of e-learning platforms is primarily based on developing learning resources that would be suitable for linear course structure as directed by the course developer or instructor.

The role of information technology on the online learning success based on self-regulated learning data

Strategies in Covid-19 mitigation positively acquire changes in individuals’ conduct. Teachers and students hurry to vary their interaction using online learning. In online learning, where learning control is higher in students, self-regulated learning or SRL becomes a fundamental issue to check. This research could be a quantitative descriptive study to elucidate how the SRL profile of scholars in Covid-19 emergencies. The information was gathered using Google Form. The SRL questionnaire covers four subscales: planning (5 items), monitoring (6 items), controlling (6 items), and reflecting (5 items). Profile of SRL is grouped at high, moderate-low, and low SRL compared to the common SRL of all students. However, students as an entire tend to own quite high SRL. So it is often expected that students won’t encounter learning problems by using online learning.

Capability analysis of student mathematical representation viewed from self-regulated learning

This study aims to analyze the ability of students’ mathematical representation in terms of Self-regulated Learning. This study focuses on the ability of visual representation, symbolic representation, and verbal representation. This study used a qualitative approach with test data collection techniques, questionnaires, and interviews. The data analysis technique used is the analysis technique according to Miles and Huberman through the phase of data reduction, data representation, and conclusion drawing. Students with SRL who are high in representation have lower grades than medium and low SRL The ability of verbal and symbolic representation of high SRL students has superior value from medium and low SRL. Indicators of mathematical representation can be achieved maximally by high SRL students. Students who have SRL are currently, the ability of visual representation is superior to high SRL students, symbol representation has a lower value than low SRL. So it can be concluded that SRL students are having difficulties in writing mathematical symbols. Low SRL students have advantages in visual representation. Indicators that can be achieved by SRL students are low only at the drawing stage. Low SRL students still have difficulty in expressing their abstract ideas in the form of mathematical representations.

The analysis of mathematic problem solving ability by polya steps on material trigonometric reviewed from self-regulated learning

The problem solving ability is a personal capability to identify the existing condition and relate it to knowledge owned by students. The steps in problem solving according to Polya are problem understanding, planning, implementing and evaluating of problem solving. This is a descriptive qualitative research which aims to describe and analyze students’ ability in problem solving based on Polya’s steps reviewed from self-regulated learning. The subject of the research is two students in each SRL (high, middle, low). The method of collecting data is test and interview. The result of the research comes to the students with high SRL can apply the Polya steps. The students with middle SRL can apply the problem understanding step. In the step of planning, students write the strategy leading to the correct answer but it has not completed yet. In the implementation step, students do the planned strategy but less complete in doing the calculation and they give improper conclusion at the evaluation step. Meanwhile, the students with low SRL can understand the problem by writing down what they know and what is asked. At the planning step, students write the relevant strategy but improper as heading to incorrect answer. At the step of implementation, they do not do the strategy appropriately as well at the stage of evaluation.

Effect of Packaging Materials and Storage Periods on the Vigor Parameters of Some Selected Varieties of Soybeans in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria

This study was carried out in 2017 at the Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi Nigeria. The study was aimed at evaluating the effect of packaging materials and storage period on the vigor parameters of some selected varieties of soybeans in Makurdi. The experimental design was 3x5x6 factorial CRD comprising 3 varieties, 5 storage periods and 6 packaging materials by 3 replicates. Samples were collected from National Cereal Research Institute, Yandev sub-station. The soybeans were cleaned, dried and the moisture content noted. Five hundred grams was measured into the various packaging material stored and at Strategic Grains Reserve, Federal Ministry of Agriculture Makurdi. The seeds in storage was sampled periodically (2, 4, 6 and 8 months) to determine quality by conducting standard germination test with 100 seeds (100 seeds/rep). The investigation revealed that V3 (TGx 1448-2E) stored for 2 months had the highest Shoot seedling length while V1 (TGx 923-3F) stored for 8 months had the least shoot seedling length. Soybeans stored in cloth had a very high Shoot seedling length at 2 months but dropped thereafter and turned out to be the lowest at the end of the storage period. V2 (TGx 1904-6F) stored in laminate paper produced the longest Shoot seedling length and also produced the shortest with V1. The seedling root length was longest in V3 stored for 2 months and least in V1 stored for 8months.Soybeans stored in cloth for 2 months produced very high SRL 2 months but dropped to 0.00 at the end of the storage period. V2 did better in LDPE than all the packaging materials. V1 had the shortest SRL in soybeans stored in bottle. The highest seedling vigor was recorded in V3 stored for 2 months while the lowest seedling vigor was recorded in V1 stored for 8 months. V2 in plastic container had the highest seedling vigor whileV1 in plastic had the lowest. However, significant differences were observed at (P< 0.05) in the interaction effect. In the present study, LDPE proved to be the best packaging material and the variety that had more resistance to deterioration was V2 (TGx 1904-6F). Soybeans that are stored at ambient should be in storage material that are impervious to air and moisture otherwise the seeds will lose viability and vigor. In addition, varieties that are prone to fast deterioration should not be stored longer.

Relationship Between Seed Mass and Young-Seedling Growth and Morphology Among Nine Bluebunch Wheatgrass Populations

To better match plant materials to ecological sites for the purpose of rangeland seedling establishment, we examined the relationship between seed size and growth and morphological traits in young seedlings of bluebunch wheatgrass (BBWG) (Pseudoroegneria spicata [Pursh.] Á. Löve), a perennial Triticeae bunchgrass native to the Intermountain West. Traits examined included onset of germination, seedling biomass traits, and seedling surface-area traits. We grew seeds of nine BBWG populations that varied for seed size and were produced in a common environment under 2 contrasting d/n temperature regimes (20/15°C; 10/5°C). Lighter-seeded populations germinated and initiated shoots earlier. Heavier-seeded populations displayed high levels of biomass-related traits (e.g., shoot and root biomass and shoot length), while lighter-seeded populations displayed high levels of surface area−related traits (e.g., specific leaf area and specific root length [SRL]). Correlations between seed size and young-seedling traits were mostly similar under the two temperature regimes. However, root length−related traits showed more positive correlations with seed size under the low-temperature regime, which is more similar to actual field-emergence conditions during early spring. P-24, a light-seeded population, originated from the most arid site and exhibited the highest SRL at low temperature, while T-17t, a heavy-seeded population, originated from the most mesic site and exhibited moderate SRL. Three populations used for rangeland revegetation, “Whitmar,” “Goldar,” and Anatone Germplasm, all exhibited low seed mass and high SRL. However, only Anatone displayed high root-to-shoot length ratio under both temperature regimes, perhaps explaining its wide and successful use in rangeland seedings.

Variation in specific root length among 23 wheat genotypes affects leaf δ 13 C and yield

Abstract Identifying root traits that are associated with efficient nutrient and water utilization is crucial for improving plant functioning and productivity. In the case of wheat genotypes, such root traits could be used by plant breeders to improve grain yield and quality. In this study 23 wheat genotypes (Triticum spp.) belonging to different breeding groups were planted in a randomized block design field experiment in NSW, Australia and fertilized with 100 (LN) and 234 kg N ha−1 (HN). Root traits were measured at stem elongation, and aboveground plant material was collected at stem elongation, grain filling and plant maturity. Differences in specific root length (SRL, the ratio of root length to dry mass) among genotypes confirmed their genotypic variability. SRL in the topsoil at stem elongation was a good predictor of leaf δ13C (a proxy of leaf-scale water use efficiency, WUEi) both at grain filling and at plant maturity, and of grain yield in both LN and HN treatments. Notably, genotypes with higher SRL (longer and thinner roots) had a higher leaf δ13C (i.e. higher WUEi) and N concentrations and were associated with lower grain yield. High N rates increased leaf δ13C and N concentrations without overall increasing grain yield. Genotypes with higher SRL were more responsive to higher rates of fertilization producing leaves with higher N and grain with higher protein concentrations. Therefore, SRL is a key root trait affecting grain yield through control on soil water uptake, and affecting grain quality through control on soil N uptake when N availability is high. We suggest that SRL should be considered by plant breeding schemes as a target trait to modify grain yield and quality.

Root Development and Profile Characteristics of Bermudagrass and Zoysiagrass

Irrigation for commercial and residential turf is becoming limiting, and water scarcity is one of the long-term challenges facing the turfgrass industry. Potential root development and profile characteristics of turfgrass provide important information regarding their drought resistance mechanisms and developing drought-resistant cultivars. The objective of this study was to determine the potential root development and root profile characteristics of two bermudagrass species and two zoysiagrass species using experimental lines and commercial cultivars. The species evaluated in the study were: African bermudagrass (Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt-Davy), common bermudagrass (CB) [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon], Zoysia japonica (ZJ) (Steud), and Zoysia matrella (ZM) L. Plants were grown outdoors in clear acrylic tubes encased in poly vinyl chloride (PVC) sleeves. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with four replications. Rates of root depth development (RRDD) during the first 30 days were obtained. Root length density (RLD) in four different horizons (0–30, 30–60, 60–90, and 90–120 cm) was determined 60 days after planting. Specific root length (SRL, m·g−1) was also calculated dividing total root length by total root dry weight (RDW). The root depth in four turfgrass species increased linearly during the first 30 days after planting. Common bermudagrass (CB) had high RRDD and uniform RLD in different horizons, while ZM accumulated the majority of its roots in the upper 30 cm. Z. matrella had higher RLD than CB in the upper 30 cm. African bermudagrass had higher SRL than CB. There was limited variation within the two African bermudagrass genotypes studied except at the lowest horizon (90–120 cm). Two genotypes in CB and ZJ, respectively, including ‘UF182’ (ZJ), which consistently ranked in the top statistical group for RRDD, and RLD for every horizon, and ‘UFCD347’ (CB) demonstrated greater RLDs in the lower horizons in comparison with the commercial cultivars.

Root trait responses of six temperate grassland species to intensive mowing and NPK fertilisation: a field study in a temperate grassland

Plant traits may characterize functional ecosystem properties and help to predict community responses to environmental change. Since most traits used relate to aboveground plant organs we aim to explore the indicative value of root traits. We examined the response of root traits (specific root length [SRL], specific root surface area [SRA], root diameter [RD], root tissue mass density [TMD], root N concentration) in six grassland species (3 grasses, 3 herbs) to four management regimes (low vs. high mowing frequency; no fertilization vs. high NPK fertilization). The replicated experiment in temperate grassland with long continuity simulated the increase in grassland management intensity in the past 50 years in Central Europe. Increasing mowing frequency (one vs. three cuts per year) led to no significant root trait changes. NPK fertilization resulted in considerable trait shifts with all species responding in the same direction (higher SRL, SRA and N concentration, lower TMD) but at different magnitude. Fertilization-driven increases in SRA were mainly caused by lowered tissue density while root diameter reduction was the main driver of SRL increases. We conclude that root morphological traits may be used as valuable indicators of environmental change and increasing fertilization in grasslands.

Growth and Physiological Traits of Canopy and Root Systems Associated with Drought Resistance in Tall Fescue

ABSTRACTWater uptake and usage are important factors affecting plant adaption to drought stress. The objective of this study was to determine morphological and physiological traits of the grass canopy and root systems governing plant water relations in association with genetic variability in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) drought resistance. Grass canopy and root traits (turf quality [TQ], relative water content [RWC], evapotranspiration [ET] rate, single‐leaf net photosynthesis rate [Pn], stomatal conductance [gs], stomatal aperture [SA] and density, transpiration rate [Tr], root length [RL], root dry weight [RDW], root viability or root electrolyte leakage [REL], and specific root length [SRL]) were examined in seven tall fescue genotypes during drought stress in two repeated trials of a controlled‐environment growth chamber study (May–June and September–October 2011). All these canopy and root traits exhibited significant variability in drought responses among tall fescue genotypes while Pn, gs, Tr, RL, RDW, and SRL also varied among genotypes under well‐watered conditions. Correlation and principal component analysis of traits associated with genetic variability in drought resistance demonstrated that the superior turf performance (higher TQ) and leaf hydration status (higher RWC) under drought stress were associated with sustained stomatal opening (greater SA and gs) and water use rate (higher Tr and ET), maintaining higher Pn as well as the development of the root system with higher viability (lower REL) and finer diameter (higher SRL). Integration of canopy and root traits controlling both water consumption and water uptake will facilitate breeding improvement of drought resistance in tall fescue and other cool‐season grass species.

Fine root traits in adult trees of evergreen and deciduous taxa from low and high elevation in the Alps

Based on evidence for herbaceous plants we expected that trees become more efficient in terms of soil exploration by roots and, thus, produce longer and finer roots (higher specific root length, SRL) with increasing elevation. We tested this hypothesis in situ by excavating roots of eight tree taxa, all belonging to genera found frequently in both lowland and high elevation sites. Across three treeline, one montane and four lowland sites from elevations ranging from 320 masl to 2,235 masl, no elevational differences were found in SRL for both broadleaved and conifer tree species. Irrespective of the elevation preference of a species, SRL of evergreen conifers was significantly lower than that of deciduous species. However, there is an increase in total root length for a given 3rd order root diameter with elevation in the broad-leaved taxa. Our findings clearly demonstrate that a high SRL is not an essential attribute of trees growing in a cold high elevation climate in temperate regions, but there is some indication that fine roots get longer as elevation increases.

Phosphate uptake by white clover (Trifolium repens L.) genotypes with contrasting root morphology

Phosphorus (P) response curves were established for white clover genotypes with either relatively long, fine roots (LFR), or relatively short, thick roots (STR) in a glasshouse experiment. The LFR genotype had smaller average root diameter, greater specific root length (SLR, cm mg‐1 root dry weight), longer roots and more branched roots than the STR genotype. Root dry weight of the genotypes was identical across all P levels. P uptake per unit root mass was higher in the LFR genotype, resulting in greater P acquisition and higher shoot dry weight yields than for the STR genotype. We concluded that development of white clovers with high SRL and frequent root branching could contibute to an improvement in the efficiency of phosphate use in pastoral farming.