Higher School Of Economics Research Articles

ОПЫТ СОЦИОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО АНАЛИЗА МНОГОАСПЕКТНЫХ ПОСЛЕДСТВИЙ ПАНДЕМИИ КАК НОВОЙ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ РЕАЛЬНОСТИ

The article points out on the consequences of the pandemic in everyday social life, in online mode. So, the informants were asked questions connected to significant changes during the onset of Covid-19 in various social spheres. The methodology of the analytical approach is based on a qualified assessment of the situation according to the results of large-scale field research by the largest survey and analytical centers (Public Opinion Foundation, Higher School of Economics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, etc.), as well as valid publications of Russian scholars on the topic in peer-reviewed publications. Within the framework of the study, the methodology of mini-interviews with university age and status strata directly associated with the educational process is involved in relation to the problems posed. In the article several statements are given, so they reveal the opinion of representatives of the senior group of respondents – Doctors of Sciences who teach at the university, who have experienced new realities personally and within students’ interaction. According to the results of the new social reality lessons, in the analytical content of the informants` answers there is still expectation of returning to the daily life.

О ПРЕПОДАВАНИИ ЛИНГВИСТИКИ В МГУ И РГГУ

In Moscow, linguistic education has been conducted at Moscow State University (since 1960), at the Russian State University for the Humanities (since 1991) and at the Higher School of Economics (since the 2000s); in the 1960s it was also conducted at the Moscow State Linguistic University. All of these universities have been training specialists in what is now called computational linguistics, but they also graduate linguists – scientists, translators and language teachers. Each of the universities has developed its own traditions, and though their priorities are different, quite a few of their graduates have made a contribution to scientific, practical and educational activities.

Inequality of Educational Opportunity in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia: An Empirical Analysis

This study seeks to assess inequality of educational opportunity in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia and measure the impact of specific circumstances. Inequality of opportunity suggests that outcomes significant for everyone or nearly everyone, such as income level, educational attainment or health status, are determined by factors or variables that are beyond individuals’ responsibility (so-called circumstances) and by factors for which individuals are deemed responsible (so-called efforts). Inequalities arising from efforts are considered ethically acceptable, while those that are due to circumstances are considered offensive and therefore must be eliminated. The study uses data from two waves (2006 and 2011) of the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey administered by Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE). Research methodology is based on the ex-ante approach to equality of opportunity. Three levels of educational attainment are analyzed: secondary school, vocational school, and college. Inequality of opportunity was lower during the Soviet period than in post-Soviet Russia at all levels of educational attainment, being the lowest at the level of at least secondary school and the highest at the level of at least vocational school. Parental education is the most powerful circumstance in both Soviet and post-Soviet periods, while ethnicity makes no significant contribution to inequality of opportunity. The roles of gender and place of birth are quite important in both periods and vary greatly as a function of educational attainment.

РАЗВИТИЕ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ХОЗЯЙСТВОВАНИЯ В РЕГИОНАХ РОССИИ

Currently, the development of the spatial and economic organization of economic management is due to the emerging opportunities for economic growth of the regions. The relevance of effective cluster policy is mainly related to the transition of the Russian economy to innovative development. An analysis of the main economic indicators of Russia's development in 2021 indicates the country's transition to economic growth, which is based on the development of territorial clusters that unite scientific and educational institutions, business, and authorities. According to the Russian Cluster Observatory of the National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, there are currently 26 innovative territorial clusters in Russia, as well as more than 125 industrial clusters, which employ more than 1000 companies with a total number of employees over a million people. The development of the cluster policy of the state was discussed in the works of A. V. Babkin, E. A. Golyashina, G. R. Khasaev, V. V. Chekmarev and others, the regional aspect of the cluster policy was analyzed by L. G. Batrakov, Yu. G. Lavrikov, L. S. Mokin and others, the issues of improving the complex based on the development of regional industrial clusters are reflected The goal of many studies was to develop a mechanism for cluster development, in particular on the basis of multichannel investment. Important problems of cluster policy development in the regions are: identification of factors of competitive advantages of regional clusters; increasing industrial production indices as a tool for effective cluster policies; Evaluation of effective cluster development; implementation of the “triple spiral” model in the regions.

The board work experience diversity and the performance of Russian companies

The goal of this study is to empirically assess the influence of the board of directors’ work experience diversity on the performance of Russian non-public companies. The board work experience diversity is measured by the diversity index proposed by the authors, as well as by the number of work experience types and categories. Russian boards are characterized by a low level of diversity, directors with work experience in the same company prevail, on the second and third places is the experience in other enterprises in the industry and the experience in the group of related companies. It has been established that there are no prevailing combinations of experience in industrial companies. A positive influence of the directors’ work experience diversity on the increase of companies’ return on capital from 2017 to 2019 was found. The analysis is based on the data from a 2018 survey of industrial managers conducted by the Higher School of Economics.

Transnational practices of migrants from post-Soviet states in Russia

For the first time, using quantitative survey data, the author analyze prevalence of the main transnational practices of migrants from the post-Soviet states in the Moscow region. The empirical basis of the study consists of the sociological surveys of migrants conducted in 2017 and 2020 by the Center for Ethnopolitical and Regional Studies for the Higher School of Economics and the team of the Center for the Study of Interethnic Relations of the IS FCTAS RAS . The author concludes that close relationships exist between migrants and their countries of origin, as well as the widespread prevalence of transnational practices. The basis of ties consists of frequent trips to the country of origin, the presence of a large number of relatives in the country of origin, regular communication with them, as well as regular cash transfers from migrants to their homeland, which form the basis of the household economy in these countries. The relationship of some transnational practices (including remittances) with the long-term migration strategies of the respondents suggests that the reorientation of migration from short-term to long-term will also reduce the scale of transnationalism.

Analysis of the impact of socio-economic problems in rural area on agricultural education

The article evaluates the results of scientific research on the specific features of the formation of qualified labor resources in the agricultural sector. The results of the study conducted by a group of experts from the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia and the SRI Higher School of Economics with the participation of the author in 2017 are compared with the results of similar studies in the period 2018-2020. The article reveals the existing close relationship between social problems in rural areas and the lack of interest in graduates of specialized agricultural higher educational institutions in job placement in their specialty. The work analyzes the negative impact of short industrial practice of students on the agricultural education quality and assesses the consequences of the lack of a modern technological base for conducting practical training in many higher educational institutions, which leads to the unreadiness of graduates for independent work. The possible ways of finding a balance of interests between the regional administration, higher agricultural educational institution, students and business are considered on the example of the activities of the Omsk State Agrarian University named after P.A. Stolypin. The article also highlights the problems in the field of education and obtaining new competencies faced by representatives of peasant (farm) households. In conclusion, proposals are made to solve the urgent problems of agricultural education. Basic provisions: - the job placement of graduates of higher educational institutions in agricultural enterprises is negatively affected by the social problems of the village; - graduates of agricultural universities do not meet the expectations of employers, as educational institutions do not provide sufficient practical knowledge and skills due to the lack of orientation for the practical activities of future specialists; - for representatives of peasant (farm) households, distance education forms and the availability of highly qualified consultants in the field of digital technologies and product promotion are necessary.

О ДОХОДАХ И ЦЕНАХ КАК АРГУМЕНТАХ БЛАГОСОСТОЯНИЯ РОССИЙСКИХ ГРАЖДАН

The article is inspired by the declared excessive optimism of the adherents of the Higher School of Economics about the successful passage of the crisis in modern Russia for the first time in the post-Soviet period, optimism that causes Cartesian doubts. If, for example, we consider the dynamics of the basic foundation – the Russian economy, then its growth potential, even according to official Rosstat data, was exhausted back in 2008, which caused a chronic decline in disposable income of the population. of course, we will support the optimists, Russia has been in a crisis since the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic in a more favorable position compared to countries with more deve- loped economies «due to» the deformed structure compared to the Soviet period of the national economy, its raw materials orientation. There are very few reasons for optimism, if we take into account the art of Rosstat, as servants of two «masters– - the government and the people, to underestimate the scale of the fall in the real sector of the economy, rising prices and, what is very important and alarming for households, inflation rates, especially food, according to national statistics, exceeding 20% year-on-year. Statistics, the authors believe, should be independent and therefore Rosstat should be reassigned to the State Duma. Neither is the direction in which Russia is moving, the direction indicated by teachers from the International Monetary Fund/ IMF/ and other global organizations, encouraging. For which the country deserves their generous praise. A number of conditions imposed on Russia and recommendations of the IMF are being considered, including a reduction in the number of Russian banks, inflation targe- ting, a flexible exchange rate and the so-called budget rule, a possible further increase in the retirement age, etc. The article analyzes the current socio-economic reality in Russia, adequately reflected in quantifiable macroeconomic, social and demographic indicators, significantly «undermined” by the coronavirus pandemic in 2020. The dynamics of the growth of prices and incomes of the population (who “ran faster” from 2013 to 2020 and why) are presented as the main arguments of the welfare function of the country’s population. The underlying causes of the record price growth in Russia for socially significant food products are revealed and the main directions of not only their taming, but also their stabilization and even reduction are substantiated.

Mortality as a social problem: 2001–2017

The article presents a sociological analysis of the mortality rate of the population of post-Soviet Russia. The socio-demographic characteristics of respondents who passed away due to diseases of the circulatory system, respiratory system, cancer, suicide, homicide, external causes and due to the old age are analyzed. Statistical data of Rosstat (2018) and sociological databases of RLMS-HSE (2001–2017) are used as an empirical basis, the results of the analysis are consistent. In the conditions of Russia's depopulation, not only the health of an individual is important, but also the health of the nation as a whole. As the analysis reveals, only 5% of the population of modern Russia die of old age, while 95% of deaths are a consequence of social factors. In the opinion of the author the reasons for this situation are the optimization of the Russian health care system, the "modernization" of the economy, a dangerous ecological situation, degradation of the institutions of family and marriage, of the educational institutions, unemployment, low incomes of the population, etc. The article analyses the social factors affecting the causes of death of men and women, socio-demographic portraits of the deceased are given. The author demonstrates the unfolding demographic catastrophe of modern Russia - a decrease in the birth rate and an increase in mortality, that will inevitably be followed by an economic collapse and social chaos. The analyzed problem is not unique and characteristic only for Russia. This catastrophe looms over the countries of Eastern Europe and the Baltic states. The data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey by the National Research University Higher School of Economics and Demoscope LLC with the participation of the Population Center of the University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) and the Institute of Sociology of the Federal Research Sociological Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow) was used as an empirical sociological basis for the study.

Online Learning as e-Learning: The Quality and Results (Critical Analysis)

This article critically examines the result obtained by researchers at the Higher School of Economics in relation to the results of the experiment to assess the quality of online learning. It is noted that the thesis about the possibility of “complete replacement of traditional forms of education with online education without loss of quality” is distorted in the media, and the conclusions are based on insufficient data. To clarify the conditions of the transition and implementation of online technologies, it is proposed to hold a large-scale experiment with a randomly selection mechanisms for participants of training courses, instructors, disciplines (modules). The article focuses on the fact that while the impact of online education on the psychology and physiology of students has not been sufficiently studied, there is a risk of deteriorating health, as well as a drop in the quality of education. It is proposed to develop temporary standards limiting the maximum time of work online for different categories of students and teachers.The risks of «financial bubbles» in the online education market due to the rush demand after the COVID-19 pandemic for government agencies and private businesses has been identified. The conclusion is made about the priority development of short-term online courses related to the development of rather narrow and applied competencies in demand by the modern information society, about the possible success of online technologies in case of obtaining a “second higher” education and improving qualifications. High-quality online systems in the field of higher education require serious investments in research and development in the field of psychology and pedagogy of education, the use of medical control tools. In the medium term, the benefits of this research, conducted by medical scientists, educators and psychologists, will be used by organizations on the “second wave” of interest to online learning. From an organizational point of view, the correct “rotation” of the contingent of students, when part of the time they study full-time, and part of the time they learn online with computers / tablets and high-quality Internet access, will not lead to a deterioration in the quality of education, but will significantly reduce the spread of the pandemic.

Using Debate to develop Writing Skills for IELTS Writing Task 2 among STEM Students

The paper focuses on the issue of developing essay writing skills in the context of IELTS preparation and explores the issue of whether academic debate can enhance STEM students’ ability to structure their essays, develop a smooth progression of ideas, and provide supported and extended arguments, which, in turn, may result in higher scores for the IELTS Task Response and Coherence and Cohesion categories. To answer this, a study was undertaken in the academic years 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 among STEM undergraduate students in the National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia. The study involved two groups of students (36 students in each): the group that attended regular IELTS preparation classes and the other that, in addition to regular classes, attended debate classes where among other things Toulmin’s argument structure was taught. At the beginning and end of the experiment both groups submitted essays that were analysed according to IELTS rubrics for Task Response and Coherence and Cohesion, and the presence or absence of the elements of Toulmin’s argument structure. In addition, the essays were assessed by an independent IELTS teacher. An independent-samples t-test and Levene’s test were utilised to determine the significance of the collected data. The findings revealed that, on average, the students of the experimental group scored well in Task Response and Coherence and Cohesion, yet some results were inconsistent, which requires further research.

Issues of territorial development of the Republic of Tatarstan based 
 on an innovative approach

The current realities of economic development bring to the fore tools that can provide not so much quantitative growth as qualitative changes in economic systems at different levels. Competitive advantages can be achieved by innovative tools, the development of which can be hindered by a number of factors: lack of funding, qualified personnel, high taxes, unfair competition, etc. Against the background of these problems, the advantages of special economic zones, industrial parks, clusters, territories of advanced socio-economic development, disclosed in this article, are obvious. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the need for active implementation of innovative tools for territorial development in municipalities of the Republic of Tatarstan, as well as in other regions of the Russian Federation, in order to activate innovative and investment activities in them. In terms of objectives, tasks of the article are: to describe an innovative infrastructure that defines territorial development in the Republic of Tatarstan; to investigate the basic results of activity of innovative tools for territorial development in the Republic of Tatarstan; to develop recommendations for implementation of innovative development of territories in the municipalities of the Republic of Tatarstan. Achieving this goal is realized through the use of research methods such as description, comparison, analysis, etc. The empirical basis of the study was data published on the websites of the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, the Higher School of Economics, The Association of Clusters and Technoparks of Russia, and other materials. As a result of the research, the main tasks of ensuring positive progressive dynamics of the Republic of Tatarstan with the use of innovative tools for territorial development are formulated: SEZs, industrial sites, industrial parks, territories of advanced socio-economic development and others. The article pays close attention to the justification of the need for municipalities of the Republic of Tatarstan to use these innovative tools, which have proven their effectiveness as growth drivers for the development of territories.

Dynamics of Russians’ Health Status in 2003–2018: The Relationship Between Objective and Subjective Characteristics

The article uses data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey – Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE) from 2003–2018 to analyze the dynamics of the health status of Russians, determined through subjective and objective characteristics. It is shown that, regardless of the chosen indicator, relatively few Russians currently have a good health, and the proportion of people without diagnosed diseases and those who assess their health as good does not differ much. Analysis of the dynamics of various health characteristics has shown that against the background of a decrease in the share of Russians without diagnosed health problems, the number of people with positive self-assessments of their health has increased. However, this growth appeared in the period of 2003–2013, and then stopped. Results of the multinomial regression model demonstrate that having diagnosed diseases leads to a downward bias in self-assessments of individual’s health, the degree of which depends on the nature of the disease. However, the complete absence of such diseases does not mean that an individual evaluates his health as good, since several socioeconomic and demographic factors, including psycho-emotional state, also have a significant impact on this self-assessment of health. The article also shows that objective and subjective health characteristics are associated with the self-care practices, which, although they have become somewhat more popular in the period of 2003–2018, still are used only by a minority of Russians, even among young people.

The Evolution of Peacekeeping Operations : Interview with Professor Alexander I. Nikitin

Professor Dr. Alexander I. Nikitin is a leading Russian IR scholar, an expert on problems of international security, international conflicts, peacekeeping operations, activities of international organizations. Professor of the Political Sciences Department at MGIMO University, Director of the MGIMO Center for Euro-Atlantic Security of the Institute for International Studies, Director of the Center for Political and International Studies, Professor of the State Management Department of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, Professor of the Public Policy Department of the Research University - Higher School of Economics, President Emeritus of the Russian Political Science Association (RPSA) and Chairman of the RPSA International Cooperation Council. Subject area: International Security, Peacekeeping, Conflict Resolution, International Relations, NATO Policy and Russia - NATO Relations, International Organizations (UN, OSCE, NATO, CSTO, SCO), Nuclear Policy and Non-Proliferation, Regulation of Private Military and Security Companies, Civil-Military Relations. Born in 1958, graduated from the Department of Philosophy of Moscow State University in 1979. PhD (International Relations) in 1983 and 2000. Research work for 10 years (1979-1989) in the USA and Canada Studies Institute (Senior Research Fellow, Head of Section). From 1989 to the present day Dr. Nikitin has been teaching in the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (from 1996 to the present day - Professor of the Department of Political Sciences). From 2004 to the present day - Director of the Center for Euro-Atlantic Security of the Institute for International Studies at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations. Center specializes in research in the spheres of international security and international relations. In his interview Professor Dr. Alexander I. Nikitin describes the current state of international peacekeeping, current trends and characteristics of conflicts and their impact on international relations. Professor Nikitin assesses Russias participation in peacekeeping operations within the UN and other formats of international cooperation.

‘Stalinist Russocentrism’: An Interview with David Brandenberger about the Second Russian Edition of his Monograph National Bolshevism: Stalinist Mass Culture and the Formation of Modern Russian National Identity, 1931-1956 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002. viii, 378 p.)

David Brandenberger holds a doctorate in history (PhD.) and is professor of Russian and Soviet history in the Department of History at the University of Richmond (USA). He is also an associate researcher at the National Research University “Higher School of Economics” in Moscow. He is the author of books on the formation of Russian national identity during the Stalin era and on the infl uence that party propaganda and mass culture had on that process. In this interview, David Brandenberger discusses the arguments and methodologies that contributed to his monograph that was initially published in English and then in two Russian editions: National Bolshevism: Stalinist Mass Culture and the Formation of Modern Russian National Identity, 1931-1956 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), Natsional-bol’shevizm: stalinskaya massovaya kul’tura i formirovaniye russkogo natsional’nogo samosoznaniya, 1931-1956 gg. (St Petersburg: Akademicheskiy proekt, 2009) и Stalinskiy russotsentrizm: Sovetskaya massovaya kul’tura i formirovaniye russkogo natsional’nogo samosoznaniya, 1931-1956 gg . (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2017). Among other things, the author discusses how his thoughts on the topic of this book have evolved since its fi rst publication in light of scholarly debate and the increased availability of primary and secondary sources.

Comparative Analysis of Interregional and Intersectoral Mobility in Russia

One of the most important characteristics of the labour market is labour mobility that allows assessing the economic efficienc y o f labour . A comparativ e analysi s i s necessar y fo r determinin g th e degre e o f mobility . I n term s o f spatia l and sectoral characteristics, the paper assesses the degree and dynamics of mobility in the Russian labour market based on previously published studies, as well as the authors’ findings. To determine the degree of mobility, the research uses various approaches, applying both direct (mobility costs, transition matrices) and indirect indicators (structural unemployment, wage differentiation, unemployment rate, gross regional product (GRP)). The analysis uses the data of the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey — Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE) and Federal State Statistic Service (Rosstat) for 2000– 2016. The obtained results demonstrate a relatively low intersectoral and interregional mobility in Russia compared to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Low intersectoral mobility may indicate weak exchangeability of the sectors and high mobility costs. The largest number of transitions is observed in trade, where employees do not need any specific knowledge. Generally, other transitions are made between related sectors that require similar knowledge from employees. The lowest intersectoral mobility is characteristic for the education and health sectors. According to the Shorrocks index, in Russia, interregional mobility is lower than intersectoral mobility. Low spatial mobility is explained by high migration costs, including those associated with “poverty traps”, the peculiarity of statistical accounting of migrants and the size of Russian regions. The obtained results are correct for the examined period and the applied criteria. The changes in labour mobility in Russia caused by global digitalisation of the economy and the transition to remote working require a separate study.

Covid-19: A Disaster in the Linguistic Dimension of Different Countries

Covid‑19 is highly relevant in 2020; among other things, it is attracting new global socio-communicative and linguistic research. Scholars are addressing the linguistic response to the social and psychological situation in different countries in the era of coronavirus. Thus, the Editorial Board has created a forum for specialists to communicate (in writing), one which makes it possible to provide information about their sources on Covid‑19 and illustrate theoretical materials. The participants chose to analyse different aspects of language during the pandemic; medical terminology and its relevant vocabulary were the same for all countries. The conversation goes beyond the scope of linguistics, as it is important for the researchers to characterise measures taken by governments to combat Covid‑19 and the public’s reaction to them as reflected through language. Additionally, the authors focus on spontaneous linguistic responses to the pandemic in the form of language games, metaphors, and references to historical memory of combatting disasters. The pandemic has also caused long-standing forms of speech communication to change. Researchers from different European countries have took part: Arto Mustajoki (University of Helsinki, Finland; National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia), Nadezjda Zorikhina Nilsson (Stockholm University, Sweden), Rafael Guzmán Tirado (University of Granada, Spain), Anna Tous-Rovirosa and Daria Dergacheva (Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain). The conversation was moderated by Irina Vepreva and Tatiana Itskovich (Ural Federal University Yekaterinburg, Russia).

Employment of Graduates of Pedagogical Universities: Statistics vs Mythology

Introduction.Today, one of the most debatable issues currently discussed in the professional community is the problem of the effectiveness of teacher education system. A significant number of the leaders of the educational sector and the expert community are convinced that teacher training system has long ceased to meet the challenges of the time and needs to be reorganised. The most radical position was declared at the Higher School of Economics: “To stop the degradation of education, it is necessary to include all pedagogical institutions of higher education into the composition of classical universities, as it is done in most Anglo-Saxon countries”. The underlying claims to the pedagogical system are the significant extent to which graduates of pedagogical institutions avoid working in their specialty, as well as the overproduction of pedagogical specialists in the absence of need for them. Meanwhile, instead of substantiated quantitative estimates of these phenomena in the literature, we will find only approximate figures calculated on limited statistics obtained by experts. Theaimof the present research is to review the results of employment of graduates of higher education institutions trained in teacher specialties, relying on a new information base – federal statistical observation form No. ОО-1 “Information about the organisation providing training for educational programmes of primary general, basic general, secondary general education”, and the assessment of the effectiveness of teacher education system based on a quantitative approach.Methodology and research methods.The methodological framework of the research is based on the systematic approach in which general scientific (comparative, retrospective analysis, systematization, generalisation) and statistical research methods (statistical and correlation analysis, etc.) were employed.Results and scientific novelty.In the current research, it is proved that the allegations of low efficiency of the system of teacher education are untenable. In assessing the profile employment of graduates, the market for pedagogical labour is limited by experts to job vacancies in secondary schools, while institutions of pre-school, additional, special correctional, as well as secondary and higher professional education fall out of sight. Moreover, graduates of all pedagogical specialties (educators, masters of vocational training, speech therapists, psychologists, additional education teachers, etc.), as well as extramural graduates, are mistakenly included in the number of young specialists – teachers. As a result, the actual amount of teacher training is unjustifiably overstated. A comparison of overstated training with an understated number of jobs inevitably leads to erroneous estimates of the effectiveness of the training system.In addition, it was established that the admission to schools of youngteachers of higher qualification is 25–30% higher than the actual graduationof students of teaching specialties of the full-time department of universities,which would be impossible if the graduate employment profile was low. Thisexcess is explained by the minimisation of the volume of teacher training to acritical level and the growing recruitment to teacher positions of non-specialiststeachers, which is caused by errors in planning of determining the benchmarksfor enrollment to study at universities.Practical significance.The authors believe that this article will allow to clarify approaches to assessing the effectiveness of teacher education system and adjustthe control figures for university admission in the field of “Education and Pedagogical Sciences” in accordance with the current personnel supply and demand.

Карьерные стратегии женщин-инженеров на предприятиях ракетно-космической отрасли: цели и возможности реализации

Статья посвящена исследованию восприятия карьеры работницами предприятий ракетно-космической отрасли «советского» и «постсоветского» поколений. Основная цель исследования — описать карьерные стратегии женщин-инженеров и их элементы: карьерные цели, шаги к их достижению, оценку достижений. Эмпирическую базу исследования составляют 33 полуструктурированных глубинных интервью с женщинами-инженерами: специалистами «советского» поколения и теми, кто начал свой трудовой путь после распада СССР. Проведенный анализ показал, что для старшего поколения женщин характерно восприятие карьеры исходя из понимания коллективных целей и своей личной роли в общем деле. Карьера для них воспринимается как успешный результат коллективных достижений. Для молодых инженеров характерны целенаправленные действия для повышения профессионализма и административного роста: карьера воспринимается ими через личностные достижения. В то же время представители обоих поколений считают, что в РКО существуют различные «неформальные» барьеры для женщин, и они проявляются сильнее для сотрудниц, мотивированных на должностное продвижение. Благодарность. Автор выражает благодарность, своему научному руководителю к. соц. наук, доценту НИУ ВШЭ Савинской Ольге Борисовне за ценные советы и комментарии в процессе подготовки статьи. Автор также благодарит всех респонденток, принявших участие в исследовании.

Presidential Elections in Russia: Opportunities and Limitations of Electoral Consolidation

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the processes of electoral consolidation around incumbents, as well as around opposition candidates, in Russian presidential elections. On the basis of a comparative analysis of the parliamentary and presidential campaigns over six electoral cycles, the author identifies shifts in the turnout and voting patterns for candidates in presidential elections in comparison to the previous State Duma elections. His research shows that almost all viable candidates in presidential elections rely on the electorate of a certain party—usually the one that nominates the candidate (the only important exception to this rule was the vote for P. Grudinin in the 2018 election). The study also shows that an increase in turnout in presidential elections plays into the hands of the incumbent (except for B. Yeltsin in 1996), although in some cases it can boost support for a strong opposition candidate (G. Zyuganov in 1996) or an entirely new candidate (M. Prokhorov in 2012). Having compared voting patterns between parliamentary and presidential elections, the author comes to the conclusion that an incumbent is usually able to win over ambivalent voters and, depending on the political context, voters from various party clusters; for example, supporters of A Just Russia, LDPR, liberal parties, and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (at the level of certain regions). Opposition candidates possess much more limited opportunities for this kind of consolidation or lack them altogether. The author interprets these trends as a manifestation of strategic voting based on voters’ rational choice in favor of the incumbent. English translation © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, from the Russian text © 2018 “Politiia.” “Prezidentskie vybory v Rossii: Vozmozhnosti i predely elektoral’noi konsolidatsii,” Politiia, 2018, no. 2(89), pp. 23-50. Rostislav Feliksovich Turovsky is a doctor of political science and a professor in the School of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, of the National Research University Higher School of Economics. Translated by Lucy Gunderson. Translation reprinted from Russian Politics and Law, vol. 56, nos. 3-6. DOI:10.1080/10611940.2019.1784629.