High Rutin Content Research Articles

Red Quinoa Bran Extracts Protects against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury and Fibrosis in Mice via Activation of Antioxidative Enzyme Systems and Blocking TGF-β1 Pathway.

The late stages of liver fibrosis are considered to be irreversible. Red quinoa (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz), a traditional food for Taiwanese aborigines, was gradually developed as a novel supplemental food due to high dietary fibre and polyphenolic compounds. Its bran was usually regarded as the agricultural waste, but it contained a high concentration of rutin known as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. This study is to explore the effect of red quinoa bran extracts on the prevention of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected CCl4 to induce liver fibrosis and treated with red quinoa whole seed powder, bran ethanol extracts, bran water extracts, and rutin. In the results, red quinoa powder provided more protection than rutin against CCl4-induced oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory factor expression and fibrosis development. However, the bran ethanol extract with high rutin content provided the most liver protection and anti-fibrosis effect via blocking the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)/interleukin 6 (IL-6) pathway and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) pathway.

Persea americana: Phenolic profile, Antioxidant potential, Antimicrobial Activity and in silico Prediction of Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Properties

The objective of this study was to carry out a phytochemical evaluation of the hydroethanol extract and chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions of the leaves of Persea americana and correlate with its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, in order to verify which phytoconstituent is responsible for these activities. In addition, an in silico study of the active constituents identified was carried out to evaluate pharmacological and toxicological properties. The butanol fraction yielded high content of phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, vitamin C and a very high content of rutin (20.6±0.5 mg/g) and quercetin (6.1±0.1 mg/g). The hydroethanol extract demonstrated IC50 of 6.7±1.7 in the DPPH method, ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated greater ability to scavenge H2O2 (28.5±0.1) and butanol fraction to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ (55.1±0.1). Significant antifungal activity was found in the hydroethanol extract and the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions (MIC of 32 µg/ml against Candida glabrata and C. glabrata fluconazole resistant). The ethyl acetate fraction showed antimycobacterial activity with an MIC of 156.25 µg/ml for all species tested. The phytoconstituents identified have no carcinogenic potential but rutin and quercetin might be mutagenic and inhibit cytochrome P450 isozymes, CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. The results provided a good understanding of the constituents present in the leaves of the plant and their potential for pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics application.

Impact of different geographical locations on varying profile of bioactives and associated functionalities of caper (Capparis spinosa L.)

Capparis spinosa L. (caper), is a traditionally used medicinal plant and widely studied for its biological properties. We aimed for the first time to compare the biological and phenolic fingerprints of C. spinosa buds, collected from Morocco, Turkey, and Italy. Phenolic compounds, fatty acids, and essential oils were profiled by chromatographic techniques. Enzymes inhibitory activities of different extracts were tested by spectrophotometric methods. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated by different assays including free radical scavenging, reducing power, metal chelating and phosphomolybdenum. Moroccan sample showed the highest phenolic content across all extraction types followed by Italian and Turkish. Rutin was detected as main compounds in the extracts and the Italian decoction extract had highest rutin content. Moroccan samples exhibited the highest activity in microwave and Soxhlet extracts. The highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity was observed in Turkish Soxhlet and Moroccan samples. The best butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory effects were also detected in the Italian extracts. The predominant fatty acid was α-linoleic acid (C 18:3 ω3; 28.65%), observed from Turkish sample. n-Hexadecanoic acid was the main component in the essential oils (13.9%, 25.03%, and 36.67% for Italian, Turkish, and Moroccan samples, respectively). Our results strongly advocate that future formulation of C. spinosa as active ingredient should also take into account the geographical origins and extraction techniques.

Transcriptomic identification of salt-related genes and de novo assembly in common buckwheat (F. esculentum)

Common buckwheat (F. esculentum), annually herbaceous crop, is prevalent in people's daily life with the increasing development of economics. Compared with wheat, it is highly praised with high content of rutin and flavonoid. Common buckwheat is recognized as healthy food with good taste, and the product price of which such as noodles, flour, bread and so on are higher than wheat, and the seeds of which are bigger than that of tartary buckwheat, so if common buckwheat are planted more widely, people will spend less money on this healthy and delicious food. However, soil salinity has been a giant problem for agriculture production. The cultivation of salt tolerant crop varieties is an effective way to make full use of saline alkali land, and the highest salinity that the common buckwheat can sow is at 6.0%, so we chose 100 mM as the concentration of NaCl for treatment. Then we conducted transcriptome comparison between control and treatment groups. Potential regulatory genes related salt stress in common buckwheat were identified. A total of 29.36 million clean reads were produced via an illumina sequencing approach. We de novo assembled these reads into a transcriptome dataset containing 43,772 unigenes with N50 length of 1778 bp. A total of 26,672 unigenes could be found matches in public databases. GO, KEGG and Swiss-Prot classification suggested the enrichment of these unigenes in 47 sub-categories, 25 KOG and 129 pathways, respectively. We got 385 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after comparing the transcriptome data between salt treatment and control groups. There are some genes encoded for responsing to stimulus, cell killing, metabolic process, signaling, multi-organism process, growth and cellular process might be relevant to salt stress in common buckwheat, which will provide a valuable references for the study on mechanism of salt tolerance and will be used as a genetic information for cultivating strong salt tolerant common buckwheat varieties in the future.

Comparative evaluation of antioxidant activity and liquid chromatography–Mass spectrometry-based phytochemical profiling of various biological parts of Caryota urens

Introduction: Caryota urens belongs to the palm family and is widely distributed in Asia. Conventionally, it is used to treat gastric ulcers, snake bites, migraine, and rheumatic swellings. The objectives of this study were to determine the phytochemical content and antioxidant activities of hydroalcoholic and aqueous (Aq) extracts of various parts of C. urens. Materials and Methods: Extractions of various parts of C. urens were performed by cold maceration using different solvents such as 70% ethanol and distilled water. The extracts were subjected to assessment of their antioxidant potential using various in vitro systems such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical, lipid peroxidation, and phosphomolybdenum reduction. The extract was subjected to Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis to detect the phytoconstituents. Results: The total flavonoid and total phenol content was found to be highest in leaf hydroalcoholic extract (C. urens leaf hydroalcoholic extract [CULHA]), 43.84 ± 3.59 mg/g quercetin equivalent, and 41.68 ± 3.30 mg/g gallic acid equivalent, respectively. Hydroalcoholic extracts of C. urens (CULHA, C. urens fruit hydroalcoholic extract and C. urens bark hydroalcoholic extract) had the highest antioxidant activity when compared to Aq extracts. Phenolic acids, coumarins, carboxylic acids, and flavonoids were characterized by LC-MS. HPLC analysis further confirmed the presence of rutin, umbelliferone, and ferulic acid. Conclusion: A direct association between the high content of flavonoid rutin and antioxidant activity in leaf hydroalcoholic extract was noted. The fact that C. urens is rich in coumarins and rutin seems to explain the high antioxidant potential of this plant extract. Abbreviations Used: DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; LPO: Lipid peroxidation; SO: Superoxide; NBT: Nitroblue tetrazolium; PMS: Phenazine methosulfate; CULHA: C. urens leaf hydroalcoholic extract; CULAq: C. urens leaf aqueous extract; CUFHA: C. urens fruit hydroalcoholic extract; CUFAq: C. urens fruit aqueous extract; CUBHA: C. urens bark hydroalcoholic extract; CUBAq: C. urens bark aqueous extract; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; %: Percent; °C: Celsius; μg: Microgram; μl: Microliter; mg: Milligram; ml: Milliliter; OD: Optical density; IC50: Concentration yielding 50% inhibition; FTIR: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; LC-MS: Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; GAE: Gallic acid equivalent; QE: Quercetin equivalent; AE: Ascorbic acid equivalent; TPC: Total phenolic content; TFC: Total flavonoid content; TAC: Total antioxidant activity.

Effect of thermal treatment on rutin content in selected buckwheat products using calcium as an internal tracer

Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used for rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside) determination in selected buckwheat products (whole meal flour, broken seeds, seed hulls, herbs and baked cereal breads). The effect of various thermal procedures on content of rutin was evaluated using calcium as an internal tracker to correct changes in mass and composition of the buckwheat products. These factors are very seldom taken into account. The results show non-significant changes in rutin levels obtained in whole meal flour and broken seed samples after thermal treatment up to 150°C. Higher temperature already caused sudden fall in the observed rutin concentrations. The evaporation of some volatile compounds and degradation products can decrease the mass of the samples and formally increase the content of rutin (35.5 ±4.7 mg per 100 g for whole meal flour and 10.2 ±0.4 mg per100 g for broken seeds at 150°C). Serious decrease of rutin contents at elevated temperatures (>150°C) can be explained by its degradation (by breaking off the C-C bond in quercetin-3-rutinoside moiety) and/or evaporation (24.3 ±1.4 mg per 100 g for whole meal flour and 3.06 ±0.3 mg per100 g for broken seeds at 180°C). In case of baked cereal breads the level of rutin changed in dependence on the ratio between buckwheat and corn flour. Longer time leaching and higher temperature implicate higher rutin content in infusions prepared from buckwheat seed hulls and herbs.

Effect of Ocimum sanctum and Crataegus pubescens aqueous extracts on obesity, inflammation, and glucose metabolism

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Ocimum sanctum and Crataegus pubescens extracts on obesity, inflammation, and glucose metabolism in obese rats. Both extracts exerted anti-obesogenic effects, which was associated to increased fecal triacylglycerol excretion and decreased their accumulation in adipose tissue, decreasing adipocyte hypertrophy. O. sanctum showed the greatest hypoglycemic effect, which was associated to its anti-inflammatory effect, as well as an increased hepatic glycogen content and decreased PEPCK and G6Pase hepatic activities. Conversely, C. pubescens (0.5 and 1.0mg/mL) increased Glut4, Irs1 and Pi3k gene expression in 3T3 L1 adipocyte cells. The beneficial effect of O. sanctum was associated to its high content of ellagic acid, epicatechin, epigallocatehin gallate and rutin, whereas the hypoglycemic effect of C. pubescens was mainly associated with its content of gallic acid. These results suggest that these herbs may be used for the elaboration of functional beverages with hypoglycemic properties.

Ruta chalepensis L. (Rutaceae) leaf extract: chemical composition, antioxidant and hypoglicaemic activities

Ruta chalepensis L. (Rutaceae) leaf extract was investigated for its chemical profile and antioxidant and hypoglycaemic properties. The antioxidant effects were investigated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), β-carotene bleaching, and metal chelating activity assays. The carbohydrate-hydrolysing enzymes inhibition assay was used to test the hypoglycaemic potential. R. chalepensis showed a high content of hesperidin and rutin with values of 591.9 and 266.7 mg/g dry extract, respectively. The extract exhibited a promising protection of lipid peroxidation (IC50 value of 16.9 μg/mL) and inhibited both α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes in a concentration-dependent manner. The highest activity was found against α-amylase (IC50 value of 69.0 μg/mL). The obtained results support the use of R. chalepensis leaves as healthy food ingredients.

Therapeutic potentials of Crataegus azarolus var. eu- azarolus Maire leaves and its isolated compounds

BackgroundHyperglycemia is a complicated condition accompanied with high incidence of infection and dyslipidemia. This study aimed to explore the phyto-constituents of Crataegus azarolus var. eu- azarolus Maire leaves, and to evaluate the therapeutic potentials particularly antimicrobial, antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic of the extract and the isolated compound (3β-O-acetyl ursolic acid).MethodsTotal phenolics and flavonoidal contents were measured by RP-HPLC analysis. Free radicals scavenging activity of different extraction solvents was tested in-vitro on DPPH free radicals. The antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract and its fractions as well as the isolated compounds were evaluated in-vitro on variable microorganisms. Animal models were used to evaluate the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of the ethanolic extract along with the isolated compound (3β-O acetyl ursolic acid).ResultsRP- HPLC analysis of the phenolics revealed high content of rutin, salicylic and ellagic acids. Six compounds belonging to triterpenes and phenolics were isolated from chloroform and n-butanol fractions namely: ursolic acid, 3β-O-acetyl ursolic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin 3-O-β methyl ether, rutin and apigenin7-O-rutinoside. Ethanolic extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenger activity compared to other solvents. Ethanolic extract, hexane fraction, ursolic acid, 3β-O acetyl ursolic acid and quercetin 3-O-methyl ether showed variable antimicrobial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and C. albicans. Administration of the ethanolic extract or 3β-O acetyl ursolic acid orally to the mice reduced blood glucose significantly in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Ethanolic extract significantly reduced LDL-C, VLDL-C, TC and TG and increased HDL-C in rats. Ethanolic extract and 3β-O acetyl ursolic acid reduced in-vitro activity of pancreatic lipase.ConclusionThis study reveals that Crataegus azarolus var. eu- azarolus Maire has the efficiency to control hyperglycemia with its associated complications. This study is the first to evaluate antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic potentials of 3β-O acetyl ursolic acid.

多収でルチン含量が改善されたそば品種「とよむすめ」の育成(北陸作物学会賞(学術賞))

多収でルチン含量が改善されたそば品種「とよむすめ」の育成(北陸作物学会賞(学術賞))

Phenolic profile and antioxidant properties of dried buckwheat leaf and flower extracts

Due to a high content of rutin (2-10%), dried buckwheat leaf and flower (DBLF) formulations were shown to be efficient in the treatment of vascular diseases. In order to find a cost effective way for the extraction of antioxidants, the effects of ethanol/water ratio and temperature on the extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds and the mechanisms of antioxidant action of the extracts were tested. Extraction with ethanol/water mixture (80:20, v/v) for 24 h at room temperature, after the mixture was just brought to boil was demonstrated to be an efficient and cheap way for obtaining a high yield of rutin (49.94?0.623 mg/g DBLF). The most abundant phenolic compounds in DBLF extracts were rutin and chlorogenic acid. Flavonoids, especially rutin, were shown to be the most responsible for the antioxidant activity in all investigated lipid model systems, acting as free radical scavengers, electron-donating substances and chelators of iron ions. In ?-carotene bleaching tests, the extracts with the highest activity were as efficient as BHT (butylated hydroxytoluole). Regarding the results of antihemolytic and Schaal oven tests, the extracts demonstrated remarkable ability to inhibit the oxidative destruction of erythrocytes and to prolong the beginning of the oxidation process in sunflower oil.

Evaluation of buckwheat (Fagopyrum species) germplasm for rutin content in seeds

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum species) is an important crop of nutritional and medicinal value due to presence of proteins, fats, polyphenols, vitamins, minerals and rutin, which has gained a great potential as a health and functional food in recent times. Buckwheat germplasm of 68 accessions collected from Himalayan region of five states of India were characterized for important biochemical traits and rutin content in seeds. A simple, precise and rapid high performance thin-layer chromatographic method was developed for quantification of rutin content in seeds of buckwheat germplasm. The results showed a wide range of variation in rutin content in seeds of buckwheat germplasm; with most of the accessions (75 %) containing rutin in the range of 0.03–0.05 %, followed by 15 % accessions with low rutin content of <0.03 %); while only 9 % accessions had higher rutin content (0.05–0.10 %). Biochemical constituents also showed a wide range of variation among three species of buckwheat germplasm for protein content (9.22–14.55 %), fat content (0.30–7.05 %), total flavonoids (1.26–2.32 %) and moisture content (8.20–12.30 %). Value rich promising accessions identified for biochemical traits and high rutin content can be further utilized.

Bread enriched with Chenopodium quinoa leaves powder – The procedures for assessing the fortification efficiency

The objectives of the study were to investigate the effect of fortification with ground Chenopodium quinoa leaves (QL) on the sensory value and nutraceutical potential of breads and to compare an in vitro physiological and chemical procedure for determination their quality. By QL addition, breads were mainly enriched with rutin and gallic acid. The highest content of rutin was found in buffer extracts (from 73.55 μg/g DM to 209.89 μg/g DM depending from QL addition), whereas the highest gallic acid content was observed after simulated digestion (from 1527.81 μg/g DM (control bread) to 2214.60 (bread with 5 g/100 g QL addition)). Antioxidant potential of enriched breads was significantly higher than activity of control. Breads were especially fortificated with bioaccessible lipids preventers and reductive compounds. Essential differences between both used procedures were illustrated by extractability and fortification factors. Chemical extraction overestimates the ability to chelate metal ions, while underestimates the ability to lipids prevention and reducing power of potentially bioaccessible and mastication-extractable compounds. The sensory evaluation, antioxidant tests, extractability and fortification factors showed that the replacements of wheat flour with up to 3 g/100 g QL powder in breads gives satisfactory results. Additionally, we propose the universal protocol for preliminary evaluation of efficiency of fortificated food.

Rutin, quercetin, and free amino acid analysis in buckwheat (Fagopyrum) seeds from different locations.

In this study, five common buckwheats and nine tartary buckwheats grown at different locations were analyzed for the contents of rutin, quercetin, and amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography and spectrophotometry. The rutin content was higher than quercetin in buckwheat seeds. Rutin content was in the range from 0.05 (0.05 g per 100 g dry seeds) to 1.35% of buckwheat seeds. Quercetin content varied from 0.01 to 0.17% and in some common buckwheats it was even difficult to detect. Comparatively, tartary buckwheat seeds contained more rutin and quercetin than common buckwheat seeds. Meanwhile, the bran has higher rutin content than the farina in tartary buckwheat seeds, with a respective content of 0.45 to 1.19% and 0.14 to 0.67%. It was found that amino acid contents were around 1.79 to 12.65% (farina) and 5.74 to 7.89% (bran) in common buckwheats, and 1.73 to 5.63% (farina) and 2.64 to 16.78% (bran) in tartary buckwheat seeds. The highest total rutin content was found to be 1.35% in tartary buckwheat seeds from Sichuan, China. The highest total amounts of amino acid were detected to be 20.13% in tartary buckwheat seeds from Changzhi, Shanxi Province (China). Our results suggested that food products made of whole-buckwheat flour are healthier than those made of fine white flour.

Regeneration of buckwheat plantlets from hypocotyl and the influence of exogenous hormones on rutin content and rutin biosynthetic gene expression in vitro

We developed an in vitro regeneration system using the buckwheat species, Fagopyrum esculentum (Wenshatianqiao, WS) and Fagopyrum tataricum (Jiujiangkuqiao, JJ) in order to test the relationship between biosynthesis and accumulation of rutin and expression of genes encoding rutin biosynthetic enzymes. Hypocotyl explants were incubated on MS solid medium supplemented with 2,4-D and different concentrations of BA to optimize callus production from ‘WS’ and ‘JJ’, respectively. We also compared the rutin content in F. esculentum and F. tataricum plantlets regenerating with and without BA, after treatment with salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) for 12, 24, 48 h. The highest rutin content (5.01 mg gFW−1) in regenerating plantlets was found in F. tataricum treated with SA for 24 h. We found no significant accumulation of rutin in F. esculentum. Following qRT-PCR analysis, gene expression patterns of rutin-biosynthesis-related genes regulated by SA and MeJA were found to be significantly different between the two buckwheat species. Four genes (FtCHS, Ft4CL, FtF3H and FtFLS) were up-regulated at different time points in ‘JJ’ following application of BA, SA, and MeJA, especially after 24 h MeJA treatment, where the FtCHS expression level was 11.55 times that of control. In ‘WS’ following the same treatment regime only two genes, FeCHS (2.67-fold) and Fe4CL (2.42-fold), were significantly up-regulated by MeJA and only at the latest time point (48 h); results for other genes and treatments were found to be close to or even lower than the control. These results provide an improved method for F. esculentum regeneration, extend the process to F. tataricum, and suggest that, although the gene expression patterns were quite different in F. esculentum and. F. tataricum, rutin content could be enhanced to a great extent by exogenous hormones.

BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF GINGER RHIZOMES, AND GARLIC BULBS EXTRACTS

The study aimed to use two extracts from garlic and ginger at different four doses (50, 100and 200,400mg/kg) for ginger and garlic, respectively, and the extracts were used to decrease the harmful effect of over toasted bread. The extracts were added to the basal diet containing10% over toasted bread .Thirty –six male albino rats were used in the animal experiment and the rats received tested diets and water in groups (1-6) for 30 days .The rats' weights and the eaten and uneaten food were recorded then blood samples were collected in tubes containing EDTA for blood analysis .The obtained results throughout chemical analysis for plant samples and the blood can be summarized as follows: Our results showed that in ginger total carbohydrates, lipid, protein, ash and fiber were higher than garlic sample, but the content of moisture and vitamin C was higher in garlic sample than ginger sample and the contents of iron, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, zinc and total content of polyphenols and flavonoids in ginger sample were higher than garlic sample. As well as, fourteen polyphenols were detected in the two samples except catechein and salicylic acid. Pyrogallic acid was the highest polyphenol in garlic and ginger samples, respectively. In addition, most flavonoids were found in garlic and ginger samples, garlic has higher content of rutin, luteolin, querectrin , hypersoid and their values were 5.31, 32.53, 20.48, 13.99 ppm respectively than ginger. Also, our results revealed that the content of acrylamide in over toasted bread was 315.7microgram/ g of sample and over toasted bread did not appear any effect on the body weight gain, daily food intake, and food conversion ratio. In addition, over toasted bread did not change the levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, antioxidant capacity and glucose, the change was not significant P<0.05. So, the plant extracts (ginger and garlic) have got therapeutic effect for increasing both hemoglobin and hematocrit to normal level, while over toasted bread in positive group led to increase the levels of liver enzymes ,total cholesterol ,LDL,VLDL, triglycerides and decrease SOD level , but the sixth group which contains(400 mg/kg b.w) could successfully decrease previous blood parameters and increase SOD level.

Anthocyanin’s as marker for selection of buckwheat plants with high rutin content

This study is focused on the selection analysis of high rutin contents in various buckwheat species and cultivars, such as Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. (Cultivars Lileya, Bilshovik, Rubra), F. tataricum G. (ssp. rotundatum (Bab) Krot. and ssp. tuberculatum Krot.), F. cymosum Meissn, and Fagopyrum giganteum Krot. Rutin contents in vegetative organs of plants showed good correlation with anthocyanins contents in vegetative organs of Rubra cultivar. The presence of anthocyanin’s contents in the vegetative organs of buckwheat can be a reliable genetic marker for screening plants with high content of rutin. In the third generation of selection process with the proposed selection method by us, a genetic line of Rubra cultivar with high rutin content in the vegetative mass has been obtained. The proposed method of selection based on the color visual assessment of plant parts of buckwheat which is correlated with anthocyanin contents. The color visual assessment of vegetative organs of buckwheat plants can be marker for selection buckwheat cultivars with high anthocyanin’s and rutin contents.

메밀 싹 추출물 에멀젼의 제조 및 에멀젼의 열 안정 특성

메밀 성분 중 루틴의 추출 효율을 높이기 위해 메밀을 발아한 후 루틴 및 polyphenol 추출 효율이 높은 추출방법을 선택하였다. 메밀의 발아는 흙 재배가 효율적이었으며, 8일 후에는 polyphenol 함량이 10.66 mg/g으로 메밀 종자에 함유되어 있던 polyphenol 함량의 10배 이상 높은 양을 얻을 수 있었다. 발아 메밀에서 추출된 루틴을 포함한 polyphenol 성분은 에멀젼을 제조하여 열에 대한 안정성을 높이는데 효율이 있는지를 확인하였다. 에멀젼은 homo mixer만을 통과시키는 것보다 유압식 균질기를 통과시켰을 때 포접 효율이 높을 뿐만 아니라 열처리 온도에 대하여 열 안정성이 우수한 것을 알 수 있었다.

Phenolic compounds and vitamins in wild and cultivated apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruits grown in irrigated and dry farming conditions

BackgroundTurkey is the main apricot producer in the world and apricots have been produced under both dry and irrigated conditions in the country. In this study, phenolic compounds and vitamins in fruits of one wild (Zerdali) and three main apricot cultivars (‘Cataloglu’, ‘Hacihaliloglu’ and ‘Kabaasi’) grown in both dry and irrigated conditions in Malatya provinces in Turkey were investigated.ResultsThe findings indicated that higher content of phenolic compounds and vitamins was found in apricot fruits grown in irrigated conditions. Among the cultivars, ‘Cataloglu’ had the highest rutin contents both in irrigated and dry farming conditions as 2855 μg in irrigated and 6952 μg per 100 g dried weight base in dry conditions and the highest chlorogenic acid content in irrigated and dry farming conditions were measured in fruits of ‘Hacıhaliloglu’ cultivar as 7542 μg and 15251 μg per 100 g dried weight base. Vitamin C contents in homogenates of fruit flesh and skin was found to be higher than β-caroten, retinol, vitamin E and lycopen contents in apricot fruits both in irrigated and dry farming conditions.ConclusionThe results suggested that apricot fruits grown in both dry and irrigated conditions had high health benefits phytochemicals and phytochemical content varied among cultivars and irrigation conditions as well. However, more detailed biological and pharmacological studies are needed for the demonstration and clarification of health benefits of apricot fruits.

Utilization of tartary buckwheat bran as a source of rutin and its effect on the rheological and antioxidant properties of wheat-based products

Tartary buckwheat bran, a by-product of buckwheat flour production was utilized as a source of rutin, and the extracted rutin-enriched material (REM) was used to fortify wheat-based foods of which rheological and antioxidant properties were characterized. REM contained a high content of rutin (29.6g/100g), compared to raw buckwheat bran (5.17g/100g). REM did not affect dough stability during mixing at room temperature. However, it reduced the thermo-mechanical properties of wheat flour in the dough system as well as the pasting parameters in the aqueous slurry during heating and cooling. When wheat flour was replaced with REM at 2, 4, and 6% in the formulation of wheat-based noodles, the products contained 0.28–1.35g/100g of rutin, satisfying the recommended daily dose of rutin. Moreover, REM provided antioxidant properties for wheat-based products by enhancing the DPPH radical-scavenging activity, ferric reducing ability power, and ABTS radical-scavenging activity.