High Unemployment Research Articles

Area-Level Factors of Dental Caries in Children and Adolescents in European Neighborhoods - a Systematic Review.

The WHO emphasizes the importance of taking area-level factors into account when formulating public health interventions. The aim of this systematic review was to identify which area-level factors are associated with children's dental caries in Europe and might therefore be a suitable starting point for public health interventions. We conducted a systematic review based on a search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library including all European studies on caries in children and their area-level factors published since the year 2000 in English or German. We included 39 studies and identified 13 area-level factors investigated in the literature: degree of urbanization, deprivation, mean housing price, gross-national product, mean level of education, unemployment proportion and income, density of supermarkets, snack bars and dental offices, health, diet, and crime. Rural residency and higher unemployment were weakly associated with poorer oral health regarding dental caries. Deprivation showed a stronger (inverse) association. For income, findings were ambiguous; studies showed associations in both directions. For the other determinants, the included studies found no association. Many studies reported associations between place of residence and children's dental caries, but the mediators on this causal path are still not clearly established. The area-level factors analyzed in this review seem to play a role, but more studies with designs that allow causal interpretation of findings are needed to establish solid robust evidence that can be used in the formulation of future health policies.

ANALISIS FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENDAPATAN MASYARAKAT DI KABUPATEN MALANG TAHUN 2018-2022

The income of the population of a society is important for welfare because it influences its ability to meet basic needs. In Malang Regency there are around 2,685,900 people with a GDP per capita of 43.73 million rupiah in 2022. This research applies a quantitative approach. The research results show that the Covid-19 pandemic, rising fuel prices, low levels of education, people's mindsets that care less about education, economic limitations, lack of employment opportunities, and climate conditions are the causes of the high number of poor people, low levels of education, and low levels of poverty. high open unemployment. The impact is an increase in crime, limited access to education, high levels of unemployment, poverty, and a decline in prosperous economic conditions. Apart from these factors, education has a significant influence on people's income. Community income is not significantly influenced by the number of poor people and the level of open unemployment. The Malang Regency Government has implemented various programs to overcome these challenges, including Indonesian Economic Heroes (PENA), creating opportunities for small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), the Malang Makmur equality education movement program (GERTAK Malang Makmur), the Smart Indonesia Card (KIP), labor-intensive programs, job training programs, and the Pre-Employment Card Program.

Strategi Perekrutan dan Pelatihan dalam Mengurangi Angka Pengangguran pada Dinas Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Kabupaten Karawang

In Karawang Regency, the high open unemployment rate in 2020 reached 11.52%, becoming a serious challenge that has the potential to cause negative impacts such as poverty, increased crime, school dropouts, and an increase in the number of beggars on the streets. This research aims to find effective strategies in reducing the unemployment rate in Karawang Regency through recruitment and training policies. This research uses qualitative research methods, located at the Karawang Regency Manpower and Transmigration Service. In this research, the data analysis technique used is a qualitative technique. Data source testing is carried out through the triangulation method, which aims to ensure that information from different sources is re-evaluated. Apart from that, expansion can be done by combining the results of the interviews. Strategies for reducing the unemployment rate in Karawang Regency include recruitment through the infoloker website which focuses on local placements and competency-based training to improve job seeker skills. As a result, the Karawang Manpower Office has succeeded in implementing an effective strategy in reducing unemployment in Karawang Regency. This strategy includes competency-based training and recruitment via the infoloker website. Competency-based training ensures trainees develop skills and knowledge that are relevant and applicable in their work context. Meanwhile, the infoloker website facilitates the job search process, making it more effective and efficient for labor users and job seekers. These strategies have shown a positive impact in reducing unemployment and improving the quality of the workforce in Karawang Regency.

From Glory to Decline: Uncovering Causes of Oak Decline in Iran

ABSTRACTOak decline is a major concern in Iran. A literature search with the terms ‘Iran’ AND ‘oak’ OR ‘Quercus’ from 1963 through 2023 resulted in 635 articles with over 200 dealing specifically with oak decline. In Iran, oak decline is most severe in the Zagros forests, followed by the Arasbaran and Hyrcanian forests. Of Iran's 11 native oak species, Quercus brantii is the most affected. Several factors have been identified as contributing to oak decline in Iran. Some economic and social factors include high rural unemployment, livestock overgrazing and uncontrolled cutting of live tree branches with the wood used for firewood and foliage used as food for farm animals. These pruning wounds can serve as entry points for pathogens and attract insects. Important abiotic factors included extended drought, increasing air temperature and wind speed, and increased levels of airborne dust and heavy metals. Important pathogens identified in the early 2000s included Armillaria mellea and charcoal rot fungus (Biscogniauxia mediterranea). More recently, many other fungal pathogens (e.g., Discula quercina, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, Obolarina persica, Paecilomyces formosus and Phaeoacremonium tuscanicum) and bacterial pathogens (e.g., Bacillus pumilus, Brenneria goodwinii, Gibbsiella quercinecans, Rahnella victoriana and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) were found in association with declining oaks. Among the insects, severe oak defoliation has resulted from various Lepidoptera in the families Erebidae, Geometridae and Tortricidae. Similarly, several bark‐ and wood‐boring beetles in the families Buprestidae and Cerambycidae were reported from declining oaks, with the buprestid Agrilus hastulifer being one of the most common. It is hoped that this review will improve our understanding of the many factors involved in oak decline in Iran and promote the development of management strategies.

Implementasi Kebijakan Merdeka Belajar-Kampus Merdeka pada Perguruan Tinggi di Kalimantan Tengah

One of today's common problems is the high unemployment rate, dominated by university graduates. The Independent Learning Independent Campus (MBKM) program emerges as a policy response to answering this problem by attempting to make a link and match between learning in higher education and the needs in the world of work. This study aims to investigate how the MBKM policy has been implemented in several universities in Central Kalimantan. The study was conducted using a qualitative method by taking loci in three large universities in Central Kalimantan. The results found that several problems hinder the implementation of the MBKM Program.

Modeling a Time Study of the United States Consumer Price Index from 2014 to 2023

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI) over a ten-year period 2014 to 2023. The CPI, a critical measure of inflation, reflects the average change in prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of goods and services. This study will explore the intricate relationships between CPI and key economic variables, including unemployment levels, interest rates, and the sales index, using time series data and multiple regression analysis. The research identifies significant predictors of CPI and evaluates the extent to which these factors influence price levels in the U.S. economy. The findings reveal a strong positive correlation between CPI and interest rates, indicating that as borrowing costs increase, the CPI tends to rise correspondingly. Conversely, a negative relationship is observed between CPI and unemployment levels, suggesting that higher unemployment rates are associated with a decrease in CPI, possibly due to reduced consumer spending. The study also examines the sales index, finding a weaker yet notable relationship with CPI, which underscores the complex dynamics of consumer behavior and price levels. The analysis highlights the limitations of CPI as a comprehensive measure of the cost of living, pointing out its lack of significant correlation with real income and population growth. The study concludes that while CPI is an essential tool for measuring inflation and informing monetary policy, it may not fully capture the economic realities faced by the population. These insights suggest the need for policymakers to consider additional factors when using CPI to make informed decisions about economic policy and social welfare programs among the U.S. population.

The Role of the Writing Centre in Enhancing Student Employability a Case Study of a University in South Africa

In the quest of bridging the high graduate unemployment gap of South African graduates, universities introduced initiatives which sought to assist graduates gain the necessary working experience. South African graduates struggle to find sufficient employment due to lack of work experience. The peer-to-peer coaching led by senior students, who are postgraduate students, leads to the enhancement of graduate employability. Therefore, this paper sought to investigate the contribution of the writing centre in increasing the chances of employment for its consultants. In light of this, literature was consulted to reveal the role of the writing centre in promoting student employment. Unstructured interviews were conducted on fifteen (15) participants, who were identified through convenient sampling technique. Thematic analysis was adopted to analyse the collected data. The paper found that the programme equips students to be familiar with the working environment. The study further revealed that the writing centre office is under-capacitated financially. The study thus proposed that the programme must be financially supported by the university, Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET) and other external stakeholders to continue capacitating the development of students. The study, therefore, concluded that the writing centre office effectively promotes student employability and increases the working experience of writing centre consultants.

Methodological Tools for Assessing Employment and Income of Rural Population under Unpredictable Conditions

Introduction. The modern Russian economy is facing serious problems in the field of labor resources, which leads to high unemployment and low wages. The development of effective solutions requires conducting evidence-based programs, including actions at the enterprise level, the regional labor market and the national level. The options offered to date by various researchers for assessing the employment and income of the rural population are characterized by an aspect and a lack of an integrated approach. Insufficient attention is paid to the integration of estimates, as well as the development of forecast values based on the expected dynamics of stochastic factors. The purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for assessing the employment of the rural population in the production of beekeeping products. Methods. The state and dynamics of the beekeeping industry development was analyzed on the example of the Perm Region. The study of indicators for assessing the employment level of the rural population included the effect of stochastic factors. The uncertainty influence was accounted by the use of correlation and regression analysis and a multidimensional model. The development of a population assessment methodology was based on the method of mathematical modeling. Results. The influence percentage of stochastic factors on changes in the employment level of the economically active population and the complex impact indicator of factors on the of employment level and incomes of the rural population of the Perm Territory were calculated with a forecast for 5 years. Conclusions. The proposed approach will make it possible to more effectively monitor the trends and dynamics of beekeeping development, which will further help to develop effective support measures for this industry.

Oil price shocks and human capital channels in Nigeria

Nigeria faces persistent challenges of high unemployment and poverty, worsened by its over-reliance on the oil sector. While many studies have investigated the relationship between oil price volatility and human capital development, few have examined how this relationship impacts both basic and advanced human capital channels in developing economies; this study addresses that gap by using a Structural Vector Auto Regression (SVAR) approach to investigate how oil price shocks influence human capital channels. Co-integration tests reveal significant long-term relationships among the variables. For the basic channel, oil price shocks are negatively associated with secondary school enrollment but positively linked to primary school enrollment. In the advanced channel, oil price has a positive effect on government expenditure on tertiary education but negatively affects tertiary institution enrollment. The impulse response function confirms that oil price fluctuations significantly affect both basic and advanced channels of human capital. The findings show the detrimental impact of oil price shocks on Nigeria's human capital development, which may negatively affect sustainable development. The study emphasises the urgent need for economic diversification to reduce the economy's vulnerability to oil shocks and promote long-term growth and human capital development.

Impact of entrepreneurial incubators on youth employment in South African local government

Background: Unemployment has been the central socioeconomic issue in South Africa since the democracy in 1994. As a result, the nation’s unemployed youth continue to be at risk in the job market. In the quest for alternatives, youth entrepreneurship has been acknowledged as a crucial strategy for empowering youth through innovation and technology.Aim: This study sought to analyse the impact of innovative entrepreneurial incubators (IEIs) in fostering youth employment within Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality.Setting: This study was conducted within the Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality to analyse the effectiveness of IEIs in supporting young entrepreneurs, thus increasing employment opportunities for the youth in South Africa.Methods: A sample of 20 semi-structured open-ended interviews was conducted, and thematic coding was used for data analysis.Results: The study found that there are several challenges pertaining to the effective implementation of IEIs to foster youth employment in South African municipalities. This is attributed to a lack of funding and educational programmes.Conclusion: The main recommendation is that all municipalities must establish IEIs and devise strategies to ensure that these are implemented effectively.Contribution: This study contributes to improved municipal governance through providing innovative mechanisms that foster effective and efficient implementation of IEIs in South African local government. This contribution aims to ensure that municipalities discharge their constitutional mandate to improve citizens’ standard of living through IEIs, especially in areas with high youth unemployment.

Integrating theory and practice in value engineering within Egypt’s construction industry

Egypt’s economy is unstable, marked by high unemployment, low incomes, and safety concerns, which impede its rapid development. One crucial sector that faces difficulties is construction, dealing with issues like funding shortages, payment disputes, and ineffective project management. Conventional project success criteria strongly emphasize efficient resource use and waste minimization. These criteria are symbolized by the iron triangle of cost, time, and quality. A key instrument for obtaining value for money in building projects is value engineering (VE). Even though VE is acknowledged in theory, its application is still limited in most developing countries, including the Egyptian construction industry. Therefore, to bridge the gap between theory and practice, this paper attempts to investigate the current state and application of VE in Egypt. The study further outlines strategies for integrating VE into construction practices and identifies obstacles to their implementation. This study employed both qualitative and quantitative research approaches to attain the research aim, beginning with a thorough literature review to assess the application of value engineering (VE) in both local and international construction industries. Then, a web-based survey was conducted to gather diverse perspectives on VE’s role and its current practice in Egyptian construction projects. The gathered data were analyzed mainly using descriptive and thematic analysis approaches. The paper’s findings revealed that there is a large gap between VE in theory and practice in Egypt. Reasons include lack of awareness and understanding, time and financial constraints, and resistance to change. Bridging the gap to enhance VE in Egypt includes a focus on the role of educational institutions and training, public awareness and recognition, and early project lifecycle integration. This research has gained insights about VE environment, process, duration, types of projects applied, and effectiveness, aiming to get a comprehensive overview of VE in Egypt. Furthermore, this research has identified a significant gap between VE theory and practice in Egypt. To bridge this gap and enhance the implementation of VE in Egypt, strategies such as focusing on the role of educational institutions, increasing public awareness and recognition, and integrating VE approach early in the project lifecycle are suggested. These findings will guide construction industry practitioners to deeply understand the current state of VE in Egypt and practically integrate VE in the construction industry to minimize unnecessary costs, enhance functionality requirements, and achieve value for client’s money.

The role of gene–environment interaction in the formation of risk attitudes

Understanding the formation of risk preferences is crucial for elucidating the roots of economic, social, and health inequalities. However, this area remains inadequately explored. This study employs a risk preference measure directly linked to the labor market to examine whether previous experiences with high unemployment rates influence current risk decision-making among the elderly, and whether this impact varies by genotype. The findings indicate that individuals with low genetic predispositions for risk tolerance are more significantly influenced by historical fluctuations in unemployment rates than those with high genetic predispositions for risk tolerance. Consequently, this paper identifies genetic endowment as a crucial moderating factor that shapes how past experiences impact current decision-making processes. This disparity in how past experiences shape risk preferences based on genetic predisposition may further amplify inequalities in health, wealth, income, and other outcomes associated with risk preferences.

Regional socioeconomic characteristics and density of general practitioners in Germany: A nationwide cross-sectional and longitudinal spatial analysis

ObjectivesLimited healthcare availability impacts population health. Regional disparities in GP density across Germany raise questions about their association with regional socioeconomic characteristics. Study designThis longitudinal nationwide ecological German study used regional data at the county level (n = 401) from 2015 to 2019 provided by the Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR). The outcome was general practitioners (GPs) density, defined as the number of GPs per 10,000 inhabitants. MethodsUnivariate Moran's I, cluster analysis (LISA), and spatial lag of X (SLX) models were employed to analyse the spatial distribution of GP density and its correlation with various regional socioeconomic characteristics from a cross-sectional and longitudinal perspective. ResultsIn contrast to the univariate analysis, rural counties showed the highest GP density the multivariate model. Several counties were identified as embedded in low- or high-GP-density clusters. In 2015 and 2019, larger household size (2015: std. β = −2.31, p = 0.021; 2019: std. β = −4.14, p < 0.001) and higher unemployment rate (2015: std. β = −2.84, p = 0.005; 2019: std. β = −5.47, p < 0.001) were associated with lower GP density. In the longitudinal model, a greater increase in the unemployment rate was related to a greater decrease in GP density (std. β = −2.17, p = 0.030). ConclusionA higher regional unemployment rate is linked to lower GP availability in Germany, and a greater increase in the unemployment rate was related to a greater decrease in GP availability over time. This necessitates policy intervention to avoid socioeconomic disparities in GP care.

Diabetes Mellitus and its Association with Work Patterns and Characteristics: A Narrative Review.

Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of disability with adverse effects on the quality of life. It also affects occupational health by impacting several work-related parameters. This review discusses the relationship between diabetes and absenteeism, presenteeism, work impairment and unemployment. The association between work and diabetic complications such as neuropathic pain, diabetic foot, psychological issues and hypoglycemia due to treatment is also examined. Evidence points to a relationship between diabetes and absenteeism, reduced work productivity, and, thus, overall work impairment. A stronger negative impact on work performance is mediated by painful diabetic neuropathy and diabetic foot. In addition, psychological distress has been positively correlated with total workdays lost and frequency of absence. Depression in the diabetic population has also been linked with increased absenteeism, presenteeism, and work disability. Moreover, hypoglycaemia induced by antidiabetic medication may affect work attendance and performance. Finally, diabetes has been associated with inequality in the work environment, lower job satisfaction and higher unemployment rates, mainly because of its complications.

Assessment of the causes of educational decline in the Maghreb countries

The education systems in Maghreb countries, including Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia, are experiencing significant deterioration due to a mix of internal and external factors. Internally, challenges such as outdated curricula, poor teacher training, overcrowded classrooms, and inadequate infrastructure undermine the quality of education. These issues are worsened by administrative inefficiencies and insufficient investment. Externally, socio-economic problems like high unemployment, political instability, and limited funding further strain the education sector. Additionally, the rapid pace of globalization and technological advancements outstrip the capabilities of these education systems to adapt. Cultural factors, including societal attitudes toward education, also contribute to the decline. Addressing these issues requires comprehensive reforms, such as updating curricula, investing in infrastructure and teacher training, and shifting cultural perceptions to prioritize education as a cornerstone for national development.

Clinical characteristics of adults with alcohol dependence syndrome comorbid with antisocial personality disorder: a cross-sectional study.

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, typically emerging by age 15 years and involving behaviors such as deceitfulness, impulsivity, and aggressiveness. The present study sought to examine the prevalence of the comorbid ASPD in adult people with Alcohol Dependence Syndrome (ADS) and identify clinical characteristics associated with ASPD. A cross-sectional study of 100 consecutive subjects diagnosed with ADS was conducted. Subjects were examined between August 2023 and September 2023. Various assessments and questionnaires were employed, including the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-II). A computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain was performed on 47.5% participants. Out of the 100 individuals screened for the study, 20 were excluded. The study found that 35% of the examined study participants had a comorbid ASPD. Individuals with both ADS and ASPD were more likely to be younger, started drinking at an earlier age, had higher hospitalization rates, and scored higher on the AUDIT test (all P < 0.05%). Also, they had lower education levels, higher rates of unemployment, and lower marriage rates (all P < 0.05%). In addition, they reported more family members with ADS, incarceration, or mental illness and a higher frequency of traumatic experiences (all P < 0.05%). Depression, anxiety, stress (all P < 0.05%), and sleep problems (P = 0.058) were correlated with ASPD. Participants with the comorbid ASPD had lower MoCA scores (P = 0.046) and struggled with attention and linguistic subtests compared to subjects with ADS only. The study highlights the high prevalence of comorbid ASPD in participants with ADS, shedding light on their demographic and psychometric characteristics. Individuals with the comorbid ASPD are more likely to face cognitive deficits, especially in linguistic and attention-related tasks. The findings underline the importance of considering the comorbidity of ASPD in ADS subjects. The study implies that the understanding of the associated risk factors can aid in developing more targeted treatment interventions.

Sex-specific chrono-nutritional patterns and association with body weight in a general population in Spain (GCAT study)

BackgroundAltered meal timing patterns can disrupt the circadian system and affect metabolism. Our aim was to describe sex-specific chrono-nutritional patterns, assess their association with body mass index (BMI) and investigate the role of sleep in this relationship.MethodsWe used the 2018 questionnaire data from the population-based Genomes for Life (GCAT) (n = 7074) cohort of adults aged 40–65 in Catalonia, Spain, for cross-sectional analysis and its follow-up questionnaire data in 2023 (n = 3128) for longitudinal analysis. We conducted multivariate linear regressions to explore the association between mutually adjusted meal-timing variables (time of first meal, number of eating occasions, nighttime fasting duration) and BMI, accounting for sleep duration and quality, and additional relevant confounders including adherence to a Mediterranean diet. Finally, cluster analysis was performed to identify chrono-nutritional patterns, separately for men and women, and sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics were compared across clusters and analyzed for associations with BMI.ResultsIn the cross-sectional analysis, a later time of first meal (β 1 h increase = 0.32, 95% CI 0.18, 0.47) and more eating occasions (only in women, β 1 more eating occasion = 0.25, 95% CI 0.00, 0.51) were associated with a higher BMI, while longer nighttime fasting duration with a lower BMI (β 1 h increase=-0.27, 95% CI -0.41, -0.13). These associations were particularly evident in premenopausal women. Longitudinal analyses corroborated the associations with time of first meal and nighttime fasting duration, particularly in men. Finally, we obtained 3 sex-specific clusters, that mostly differed in number of eating occasions and time of first meal. Clusters defined by a late first meal displayed lower education and higher unemployment in men, as well as higher BMI for both sexes. A clear “breakfast skipping” pattern was identified only in the smallest cluster in men.ConclusionsIn a population-based cohort of adults in Catalonia, we found that a later time of first meal was associated with higher BMI, while longer nighttime fasting duration associated with a lower BMI, both in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.

Sustainability and South Africa’s mature mines: The innovation imperative

Given the current reserves, numerous South African Witwatersrand gold and Bushveld platinum mines have a shorter remaining lifespan than the period they have been in full production. This situation presents a paradox: while mines aim for sustainable development, the inherently unsustainable nature of mining poses challenges. A fundamental question emerges: how can mines approaching the end of their economic lives enhance sustainability? One approach is to extend their production lifespan. This approach is especially important in the context of South Africa with its already unacceptably high unemployment rate. Mature mines in established mining jurisdictions face sustainability issues. Thus, this study argues that innovative skills development, research, and partnerships can help sustain mining operations, although commodity prices fluctuate and mines near the end of their economic viability. The study presents novel ideas to assist mature mines in extending their life and reducing the vulnerability of affected mine workers.

Exploring Career Readiness Among Youths With Disabilities

Guided by the Social Cognitive Career Theory, this study aimed to further explore factors associated with career readiness among college students with disabilities. Through online survey, students with disabilities were assessed with the Career Futures Inventory–Revised (CFI-R), a 28-item assessment tool that evaluates various aspects of career adaptability, such as positive attitudes toward career planning. Internships and career conversations are effective strategies for fostering career readiness. Our findings implied that certain subgroups of students with disabilities may face unique challenges in their academic journey. Given the high unemployment rate among college graduates with disabilities, our findings recommend that education institutions proactively reach out to offer targeted support services.

Economic Impacts of the 1997 Compulsory Education Reform in Turkey: New Findings and Employment Analysis

This study investigates the economic impact of Turkey's 1997 compulsory education reform, which extended mandatory schooling from five to eight years. Utilizing data from the seventh wave of the World Values Survey and employing an instrumental variable approach with Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) estimation, we provide new insights into the reform's outcomes. The findings reveal that the reform significantly increased educational attainment and reduced gender disparities. However, the anticipated economic benefits were limited, with higher unemployment rates and a lower likelihood of high-skilled employment among treated cohorts. Additionally, those affected by the reform reported lower perceived improvements in their standard of living compared to their parents. These results suggest that the expansion of education increased the supply of educated individuals, potentially lowering the overall value of education in the labour market.