High Prevalence Of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Research Articles

A Comparison of Sequelae After a Practice Change From Vancomycin to Ampicillin Containing Antibiotic Regimens for Necrotizing Enterocolitis.

The aim of this study was to compare sequelae and acute kidney injury (AKI) occurrence among patients with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) after changing institutional guidelines replacing vancomycin with ampicillin for gram-positive coverage. This was a retrospective, single-center cohort analysis of patients from 2016-2020 (n = 73) with NEC at a surgical neonatal intensive care unit with a high community prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Multivariate logistic regression was utilized to assess associations. Twenty-five (34%) patients had at least 1 sequela related to NEC. Ampicillin containing regimens were not associated with any sequelae type or AKI. Postmenstrual age < 29 weeks at diagnosis ([OR] 5.8 [1.2-28.8], P = .03; and receipt of vasopressors [OR] 3.3 [1.1-10.2], P = .04) were independently associated with sequalae. Stage III NEC was independently associated with AKI, OR 10.6 (2-55.6), P = .005. In conclusion, ampicillin-containing regimens are effective for NEC management at our institution despite a high prevalence of MRSA.

Prevalence and Antibiogram of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage among Apparently Healthy University Staff and Students in Kaduna, Nigeria

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been frequently implicated in healthcare-associated infections. Hence, the objective of this paper was to investigate the prevalence and antibiogram of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal carriage among apparently healthy University staff and students in Kaduna, Nigeria. A total of 250 nasal swab samples were collected alongside demographic data. Gram staining and biochemical tests were carried out to identify the Staphylococcus aureus. Methicillin-resistance was determined phenotypically using cefoxitin disc. Antibiotics susceptibility testing of the MRSA isolates was carried out using agar diffusion method and the multidrug resistance determined. Out of the 250 nasal samples collected, 41 (16.4%) were confirmed to be S. aureus, out of which 25(61.0%) were methicillin resistant. Students from Faculties of Science and Medicine harboured higher percentages of MRSA (69.2% and 60.0%, respectively) in their nasal cavity. Gentamicin (84%) and ciprofloxacin (72%) were the most active antibacterial agents against the MRSA isolates. High level of resistance was recorded amongst the MRSA isolates to amoxicillin (80.0%), cotrimoxazole (52.0%), erythromycin (32.0%) and streptomycin (32.0%).Multidrug resistance was recorded in 48% of the MRSA isolates. In conclusion, there was a high prevalence of MRSA (61.0%) among Staff and students of Kaduna State University. Irrational use of antibiotics especially in the community and without prescription might be responsible for this.

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at a maternity and children hospital in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pathogens are considered a serious global health threat, leading to increased mortality and antimicrobial resistance. Rates in Saudi Arabia remain high, necessitating continuous surveillance. This study investigates MRSA prevalence and susceptibility at a Saudi maternity and children's hospital. MethodA cross-sectional study was conducted on pediatric (<18 years) and maternal patients with S. aureus infection from Jan. 2020 to March. 2022. Bacterial strains were obtained from patient’s clinical specimens and was identified by standard method. The BD Phoenix™ M50 was used for antibiotic susceptibility tests and MRSA detection. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square test) with SPSS software. ResultsOut of 152 S. aureus cases, 114/152 (75 %) were pediatric and 38/152 (25 %) were maternal patients. The overall MRSA infection was 69/152 (45.4 %). Among pediatrics, 31/54 (57.4 %) MRSA cases were female; over 30/54 (56 %) were under 1 year old; and most MRSA infections were obtained from skin 29/54 (53.7 %) compared to other sites of infections (p = 0.024). Among maternal cases, 15/38 (39.5 %) were MRSA, primarily from wound infections 14/15 (93.3 %) compared to other sites of infections (p = 0.39). All MRSA isolates were sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid. While 51/60(85 %) were sensitive to Trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole. ConclusionThis investigation found a high prevalence of MRSA among pediatrics and maternal inpatients, indicating a significant burden. All MRSA isolates were susceptible to vancomycin but demonstrated variable sensitivity to other antibiotics. These findings highlight the need for ongoing surveillance, infection control strategies, and research into alternative treatment options to combat this major public health threat.

Microbiological Culture Sensitivity Profile of Chronic Otitis Media

Background and Objectives Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is one of the common diseases in otolaryngology, and it is important to know the species of pathogens and antibiotic susceptibility for its appropriate treatment. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections have increased, and pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance are changing along with the inappropriate use and overuse of antibiotics. The aim of this study is to investigate the current bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of CSOM.Subjects and Method We retrospectively investigated the bacteriological results of chronic otitis media with otorrhea in 272 outpatients who visited the department of otolaryngology from January 2017 to July 2022.Results A total of 272 cases were included in the study, of which 245 (90.1%) were diagnosed with CSOM without cholesteatoma and 27 (9.9%) were diagnosed with CSOM with cholesteatoma. Out of the total, 131 (48.2%) were male patients and 141 (51.8%) were female patients with a mean age of 60.0±14.93 years. Microbial growth was observed in 220 (80.9%) samples, but 17 (6.3%) samples showed no growth. Among the samples that showed growth, 184 (67.6%) were monomicrobial and 71 (26.1%) were polymicrobial. A total of 277 isolates were identified. The most common pathogenic organism was MRSA (23.1%), followed by &lt;i&gt;Pseudomonas aeruginosa&lt;/i&gt; (19.5%), methicillin-sensitive &lt;i&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/i&gt; (19.1%), and coagulasenegative staphylococci (8.3%). MRSA was highly susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid, teicoplanin (100%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, rifampin (over 96%). &lt;i&gt;P. aeruginosa&lt;/i&gt; showed highest susceptibility to ceftazidime (100%), then cefepime (96.3%) and imipenem &amp; amikacin (92.6%), and was most resistant to ticarcillin/clavulanic acid (57.4%) and ciprofloxacin (64.8%).Conclusion Considering the high prevalence of MRSA and Ciprofloxacin-resistant &lt;i&gt;P. aeruginosa&lt;/i&gt;, primary empirical antibiotics should be used with caution. Furthermore, periodic surveillance on the etiological agents of CSOM and its antimicrobial susceptibility is needed.

Biochemical Characteristics and Antibiograms of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Skin Wounds of Patients in a Tertiary-Level Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria

Infections by antibiotic-resistant pathogens are known to be the most challenging factor that can impair wound healing. Early detection and effective diagnosis contribute to appropriate therapeutic interventions, which significantly lead to successful treatment outcomes in non-healing wounds. The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate resistance patterns as well as characteristics of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Multi-drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR-PA) isolated from skin wounds of patients in the National Orthopaedic Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. Cultural and biochemical characterizations of the isolates were, therefore, carried out. Results of the biochemical tests confirmed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Antibiotic disk diffusion method was adopted for antimicrobial susceptibility tests (ASTs) on the isolates. Based on inhibition zone diameters obtained, various degrees of resistance (50 ‒ 100 %) as well as susceptibility (40 ‒ 70 %) of the organisms were recorded against the test antibiotics. This showed that there was high prevalence of MRSA and MDR-PA strains among the wound pathogens in that part of the country. From the findings, it could be inferred that the occurrence of multi-drug resistant pathogens would contribute significantly to poor clinical responses to wound treatments with antibiotics.

Prevalence of mecA and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Genes in Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates from Gaza Strip Hospitals.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are spreading worldwide in hospital and community settings, thus posing a serious public health problem. Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL), an important virulence factor of S. aureus, is a marker of community-acquired MRSA. Here we determined the prevalence of pvl genes among S. aureus isolates from different hospitals in the Gaza Strip, Palestine. A total of 285 S. aureus isolates were collected from five different hospitals in the Gaza Strip. All isolates were characterized for their susceptibility patterns to available antimicrobial agents and by using multiplex PCR for the detection of mecA and pvl genes. The overall prevalence of MRSA in Gaza hospitals was 70.2% (range: 76.3% to 65.5%) and that of pvl among S. aureus isolates was 29.8% (range: 32.9% to 26.2%). The pvl gene was equally prevalent among MRSA isolates (30.5%) and MSSA isolates (28.2%). The most effective antibiotics were rifampicin, vancomycin, and clindamycin, with susceptibility rates of 91.2%, 88.7%, and 84.6%, respectively. The highest percentage of strains were observed to be resistant to penicillin and amoxicillin with clavulanic acid-96.1% and 73.6%, respectively. Our results showed a high prevalence of MRSA and pvl-positive isolates in Gaza Strip hospitals, which likely reflects the situation in the community. It is mandatory to implement systematic surveillance of both hospital and community isolates, together with interventions (such as increased hand hygiene, use of hydroalcoholic solutions, and isolation of carriers) to limit their spread.

Epidemiology of clinically isolated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its susceptibility to linezolid and vancomycin in Egypt: a systematic review with meta-analysis

BackgroundMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major nosocomial pathogen that causes severe morbidity and mortality worldwide. For the establishment of national strategies to combat MRSA infection in each country, accurate and current statistics characterizing the epidemiology of MRSA are essential. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of MRSA among Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates in Egypt. In addition, we aimed to compare different diagnostic methods for MRSA and determine the pooled resistance rate of linezolid and vancomycin to MRSA. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis.MethodsA comprehensive literature search from inception to October 2022 of the following databases was performed: MEDLINE [PubMed], Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The review was conducted following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) Statement. Based on the random effects model, results were reported as proportions with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Analyses of the subgroups were conducted. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to test the robustness of the results.ResultsA total of sixty-four (64) studies were included in the present meta-analysis, with a total sample size of 7171 subjects. The overall prevalence of MRSA was 63% [95% CI: 55–70]. Fifteen (15) studies used both PCR and cefoxitin disc diffusion for MRSA detection, with a pooled prevalence rate of 67% [95% CI: 54–79] and 67% [95% CI: 55–80], respectively. While nine (9) studies used both PCR and Oxacillin disc diffusion for MRSA detection, the pooled prevalences were 60% [95% CI: 45–75] and 64% [95% CI: 43–84], respectively. Furthermore, MRSA appeared to be less resistant to linezolid than vancomycin, with a pooled resistance rate of 5% [95% CI: 2–8] to linezolid and 9% [95% CI: 6–12] to vancomycin, respectively.ConclusionOur review highlights Egypt's high MRSA prevalence. The cefoxitin disc diffusion test results were found to be consistent with PCR identification of the mecA gene. A prohibition on antibiotic self-medication and efforts to educate healthcare workers and patients about the proper use of antimicrobials may be required to prevent further increases.

Incidence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Recovered from Patients with Urinary Tract Infections in Zakho City/ Kurdistan-Iraq

The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) among patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) has become a significant cause of morbidity in all age groups. The aim of the current study was to identify S. aureus with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Moreover, it aimed to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and to detect the presence of the mecA, lukPV and icaA genes in isolated S. aureus among UTIs patients. A total of 402 urine samples were collected from patients diagnosed with UTIs aged (less than 80 years) at Zakho General Hospital in Zakho City, from August 2021 to March 2022. From these samples, a total of 37 (12.6%) S. aureus was identified and molecularly confirmed by the nuc gene. A high prevalence of MRSA 28 (75.7%) was identified from these isolates S. aureus by Oxacillin sensitive test and confirmed by mecA gene. Females were highly infected with UTIs than males, and most cases were in chronic condition and married. In addition, 18 (64.3%) and 21 (75%) of these isolates S. aureus were harbored luk-PV and icaA genes, respectively. There were widespread of antimicrobial resistance patterns for these bacteria. Isolated MRSA were highly sensitive to Imipenem. Interestingly, a significant positive correlation between mecA and both virulence marker genes (luk-PV and icaA) found in MRSA with UTIs. Conclusion, the data demonstrated, for the first time, alarming emergence of multidrug-resistant MRSA isolated from UTIs of community-acquired in Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Further studies are required in other cities to report whether or not MRSA is the cause of UTI patients in Iraqi Kurdistan.

Molecular detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from different foodstuffs in Egypt.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is a major public health problem. Therefore, this study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of MRSA in various food products. A total number of 204 food samples including raw milk (n = 30), cheese (n = 60), chicken (n = 25), beef (n = 24) and fish (n = 65) were collected from August to November of 2021 within different localities in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, the northern region of Egypt. All samples were assessed through a series of bacteriological and biochemical techniques to identify MRSA. Out of 204 samples, 52(25.49%) isolates were presumptively identified as MRSA on oxacillin resistance screening agar base media. Of these 52 isolates, 17(32.69%) were characterized as coagulase-positive. For the molecular confirmation of MRSA, all isolates were subjected to polymerase chain reaction assays to detect mecA and mecC. In addition, mecA was identified in all the isolates (100%), whereas, none was positive for mecC. Therefore, based on the detection of mecA, the overall occurrence rate of MRSA among the samples was 8.33%. The isolates were also subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Cefoxitin, cefuroxime, oxacillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid were completely resistant (100%) to the isolates, however, susceptible to vancomycin and ciprofloxacin. Raw milk had the highest prevalence of MRSA (13.30%), followed by chicken (12.00%), fish (9.20%), cheese (5.00%) and beef (4.20%). Due tothe possibility of transmission of these strains to humans, the high prevalence of MRSA in various foodstuffs in Egypt poses a potential public health risk.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Tertiary care Hospital

Background &amp; Objective: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a major therapeutic issue across the world. The current study is designed to evaluate the trends in the susceptibility pattern of MRSA strains isolated from various clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital in Islamabad. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern will not only add data but will also guide us about treatment options for MRSA infection.&#x0D; Methodology: This study was done in the Microbiology laboratory of Dr. Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital, Islamabad after approval from the institutional ethical committee from May 2021 to December 2021. It was a descriptive cross-sectional study in which 155 clinical samples which revealed growth of Staphylococcus aureus were included by nonprobability convenient sampling technique. The cefoxitin disk was used to detect methicillin susceptibility. The susceptibility pattern of MRSA strains was seen against various antibiotics. The data entry and analysis were done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.&#x0D; Results: Out of 155 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, 90(58.1%) isolates were MRSA. All the MRSA strains were sensitive to linezolid and vancomycin. The majority of the strains were sensitive to minocycline (71.1%), gentamycin (70%), and clindamycin (68.9%). The strains showed a relatively lower degree of sensitivity to other antimicrobials: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (20%), ciprofloxacin (25.6%), levofloxacin (31.1%), and erythromycin (24.4%). There were only 2 MRSA strains isolated from urine samples which were sensitive to nitrofurantoin.&#x0D; Conclusion: There is a very high prevalence of MRSA in our setup. The majority of isolates are also resistant to macrolides, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and fluoroquinolones. Fortunately, all the MRSA strains are sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid.

Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA in Bedridden Patients and Residents of Long-Term Care Facilities.

At present, multidrug-resistant microorganisms are already responsible for community-acquired infections. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a serious public health risk worldwide because of the rapid spread and diversification of pandemic clones that are characterized by increasing virulence and antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence and factors associated with nasal, oral and rectal carriage of S. aureus and MRSA in bedridden patients and residents of long-term care facilities for the elderly (LTCFs) in Botucatu, SP, Brazil. Nasal, oral and rectal swab isolates obtained from 226 LTCF residents or home-bedridden patients between 2017 and 2018 were submitted to susceptibility testing, detection of the mecA gene, SCCmec characterization, and molecular typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors associated with the presence of S. aureus and MRSA. The prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA was 33.6% (n = 76) and 8% (n = 18), respectively. At the nine LTCFs studied, the prevalence of S. aureus ranged from 16.6% to 85.7% and that of MRSA from 13.3% to 25%. Living in an LTCF, male gender, a history of surgeries, and a high Charlson Comorbidity Index score were risk factors associated with S. aureus carriage, while MRSA carriage was positively associated with male gender. This study showed a high prevalence of S. aureus among elderly residents of small (&lt;15 residents) and medium-sized (15-49 residents) LTCFs and a higher prevalence of MRSA in the oropharynx.

Predominance of t355/ST152/SCCmec V clonal type among PVL-positive MRSA isolates in a tertiary care hospital in Belgrade, Serbia.

Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is continually changing. Frequency of genotypes typical for community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) is increasing in hospitals, as well as resistance to antimicrobial agents. Moreover, different clones predominate in different geographic regions, and temporal shifts occur in the predominant clonal type. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of MRSA, CA-MRSA and PVL-positive MRSA isolates from patients hospitalised in the Military Medical Academy (MMA) and from outpatients, and to perform genotyping of PVL-positive MRSA isolates. MRSA isolates were obtained by standard microbiological techniques. PVL-positive MRSA were detected by single PCR. Determination of SCCmec types in MRSA isolates was done using multiplex PCR and genotyping of PVL-positive MRSA by PFGE, MLST and spa typing. The prevalence of MRSA among S. aureus isolates from different clinical specimens was 43.4%. In outpatients the prevalence of MRSA was 3.2%. SCCmec types specific for CA-MRSA were found in 26% of MRSA isolates from hospitalised patients. In groups, hospitalised patients and outpatients, the prevalence of PVL-positive MRSA isolates was 4%, and all of them harboured SCCmec type V genetic element. PFGE revealed minor differences between four groups of PVL-positive MRSA isolates, but all of them belonged to ST152, and all except one were of the t355 spa type. High prevalence of MRSA and CA-MRSA in MMA, especially the presence of PVL-positive CA-MRSA, represent a serious health threat for patients. Genotype t355/ST152/SCCmec V is the dominant MRSA clone among PVL-positive CA-MRSA.

High prevalence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin positive, multidrug resistant, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains circulating among clinical setups in Adamawa and Far North regions of Cameroon.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the earliest pathogens involved in human infections, responsible for a large variety of pathologies. Methicillin was the first antibiotic used to treat infections due to S. aureus but infections due to Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) originated from hospital settings. Later, severe infections due to MRSA without any contact with the hospital environment or health care workers arose. Prevalence of MRSA has shown an alarming increase worldover including Cameroon. This Cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate the occurrence of MRSA infections in five different, most frequented Hospitals in northern Cameroon. Socio demographic data was recorded through questionnaire and different clinical specimens were collected for bacterial isolation. Identification of S. aureus was confirmed via 16s rRNA amplification using S. aureus specific primers. Molecular characterisation was performed through mecA gene, Luk PV gene screening and SCCmec typing. A total of 380 S. aureus clinical isolates were obtained of which 202 (53.2%) were nonduplicate multidrug resistant isolates containing, 45.5% MRSA. Higher number of MRSA was isolated from pus (30.4%) followed by blood culture (18.5%), and urine (17.4%). Patients aged 15 to 30 years presented high prevalence of MRSA (30.4%). Majority isolates (97.8%) carried the mecA gene, PVL toxin screening indicated 53.3% isolates carried the lukPV gene. Based on PVL detection and clinical history, CA-MRSA represented 53.3% of isolates. SCCmec typing showed that the Type IV was most prevalent (29.3%), followed by type I (23.9%). Amongst MRSA isolates high resistance to penicillin (91.1%), cotrimoxazole (86.7%), tetracycline (72.2%), and ofloxacin (70.0%) was detected. Meanwhile, rifampicin, fusidic acid, lincomycin and minocycline presented high efficacy in bacterial control. This study revealed a high prevalence of MRSA among infections due to S. aureus in Northern Cameroon. All MRSA recorded were multidrug resistant and the prevalence of CA MRSA are subsequently increasing, among population.

Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Northeastern Saudi Hospitals

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is responsible for serious threats to human health, causing various syndromes worldwide. Here, our purpose was to estimate the prevalence of nosocomial MRSA among isolates from King Khalid Hospital (KKH) and Maternity and Children Hospital (MCH) at Hafar Al-Batin Governorate, Saudi Arabia, and to determine the resistance of these isolates to common antibiotics used for treatment. One-hundred clinical specimens were collected from admitted patients during a six month period, and subjected to MRSA screening using traditional microbiological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was also performed and confirmed by the VITEK2 automated system. Among the 37 S. aureus strains isolated from KKH, 23 (62.16%) were identified as MRSA. In MCH, 38 (60.31%) out 63 isolated strains were identified as MRSA. According to AST, few MRSA strains were resistant to teicoplanin, fosfomycin, linezolid, and mupirocin in both hospitals. Vancomycin resistance was not detected in any of the MRSA strains. Twelve MRSA strains from KKH and 17 strains from MCH were considered multidrug resistant (MDR). In conclusion, prevention is critical to reduce the high prevalence of MRSA.

Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections among Hospitalized Wound Patients from Selected Tertiary Hospitals within Enugu Metropolis

The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus infection especially in wound infections continues to rise. This study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitalized patients with wound infections in selected tertiary hospitals within Enugu metropolis. A total of 385 samples comprising mainly of wound swabs were collected using Levine’s technique and cultured on blood agar, MacConkey agar and Mannitol salt agar. Staphylococcus aureus was identified based on their conventional cultural characteristics, gram staining reactions and biochemical tests. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 25.0 package. A total of 188 (48.8%) Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from 385 patients with wound infections. Of 188 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 86 (22.3%) were identified as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 102(26.5%), methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) respectively. The prevalence rate of MRSA according to the gender of the participants was 37(9.6%) for males and 49(12.7%) for the females with a mean age of 31.77. Generally, the isolates showed the highest resistance to Ampicillin (100%), Penicillin (100%) and Cefoxitin (100%) and were moderately sensitive to Clindamycin (52.3%) and Gentamycin (54.7%). No statistical significance was established (P&gt;0.05) among these factors. This study highlighted high prevalence of MRSA among hospitalized wound patients and as such, the need for infection control strengthening in hospitals cannot be overemphasized.

Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Isolated from Some Communities and Hospitals in Nsukka, Nigeria

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a human pathogen that has emerged as a serious public health problem both in hospital and community settings. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of MRSA from healthcare and community environments. A total of 900 samples comprising 600 hospital and 300 community samples were examined. S. aureus was isolated and identified from hospital and community samples using standard laboratory procedures and MRSA strains were identified using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. A total of 505 (56.1%) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were recovered out of which 295 (32.8%) were MRSA. Generally, among the hospital samples, S. aureus was recovered from 367 (61.2%) samples out of which 209 (56.9%) were MRSA while among the community samples, S. aureus was recovered from 150 (50%) samples, out of which 86 (28.7%) were MRSA. From individual hospitals, MRSA had prevalence between 30.0% and 50.0% but the differences were not significant (p˃0.05). Similarly, the differences in prevalence among different sample types (urine, wound, swabs etc.) were not significant (p˃0.05). In the five communities sampled, MRSA had prevalence values between 26.7% and 30.9% but again no significant differences were apparent. The MRSA isolates exhibited a high rate of resistance to most of the antibiotics tested. Most of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic and 190 isolates (64.4%) were resistant to four or more antibiotics. The most resisted antibiotics for hospital samples were amoxicillin (88.5%); pefloxacin (70.8%); cotrimoxazole (62.2%); penicillin G (59.3%) and oxacillin (64.6%) while the least resisted were erythromycin (31.1%); ciprofloxacin (42.1%); gentamycin (46.9%); cefuroxine (45%) and streptomycin (37.3%). For the community isolates, the most resisted were penicillin G (65.1%); oxacillin (74.4%); and ceftriaxone (75.6%) while the least resisted were cotrimoxazole (40%); ciprofloxacin (31.4%) and amoxicillin (26.7%). The E test for the detection of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged from 0.75 µg/ml to 8 µg/ml. This study showed that there is high prevalence of MRSA in Nsukka, that the MRSA strains have developed resistance to other classes of antibiotics in addition to β-lactams.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of MRSA Isolated from Infection Wound, Catheters Swabs and Sewage Water Samples

Nosocomial infection is a major problem in the world today. Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, usually resistant to several antibiotics and also intrinsic resistance to ß- lactam antibiotics, shows a particular ability to spread in hospitals and now present in most of the countries. The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of MRSA and their rate of resistance to different anti staphylococcal antibiotics. A total of 100 health care associated (HA) sources such as wound, catheters swabs and sewage water samples were screened for MRSA and their antibiotic resistance pattern was performed. Out of 41 isolated strain of S.aureus, 34% were found to be methicillin resistant. There was high prevalence of MRSA in wound (44%), catheter samples (28%) and (22%) in sewage water sample. Almost all MRSA strains were resistant to penicillin followed by cloxacillin and cephalexin, co-trimoxazole. About 60-70% MRSA strains were resistant to erythromycin, ceftazidime, lincomycin, cephalexin, erythromycin and tetracycline. The determination of prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of MRSA will help the treating clinicians for first line treatment in referral hospitals.

High Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Healthcare Facilities and Its Related Factors in Myanmar (2018-2019).

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health problem. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a common bacterium associated with a variety of community and hospital infections. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) accounts for most SA related morbidity and mortality. In this study, we determined the prevalence and factors associated with SA and MRSA in Myanmar. Methods: We collected the data retrospectively by reviewing an electronic register containing the results of bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing of biological specimens received from healthcare facilities during 2018–2019. Results: Of the 37,798 biological specimens with bacterial culture growth, 22% (8244) were Gram-positive. Among the Gram-positive bacteria, 42% (2801) were SA, of which 48% (1331) were judged as MRSA by phenotypic methods. The prevalence of MRSA was higher in the older age groups, in female patients, in urine specimens and specimens received from the intensive care unit and dermatology departments. One site (Site F) had the highest MRSA prevalence of the seven AMR sentinel sites. Most SA isolates were sensitive to vancomycin (90%) by phenotypic methods. Conclusions: The high prevalence of MRSA indicates a major public health threat. There is an urgent need to strengthen the AMR surveillance and hospital infection control program in Myanmar.

Prevalence and Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Methicillin Resistant S. aureus Isolated from Frozen Chicken Meat in Bangladesh.

Infections by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are continuously expanding within the community. Chicken meat is usually contaminated by MRSA, and this contaminated chicken meat is an important source of foodborne infections in humans. In this study, a cross-sectional supershop survey was conducted to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of MRSA in 113 domestic frozen chicken meat samples purchased from nine branded supershops available in five divisional megacities of Bangladesh. The study also focused on the determination of methicillin resistance gene in MRSA isolates. S. aureus was identified by standard culture-based and molecular methods, and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. MRSA was screened by cefoxitin disk diffusion test. Methicillin resistance gene was identified by PCR. Of samples, 54.9% were positive for S. aureus, and, of these, 37.1% isolates were identified as MRSA. All the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR): 52.2% were resistant to 6–8 antimicrobial classes, and 47.8% isolates to 9–12 classes. Three (3.2%) isolates of S. aureus were possible extensively drug resistant. The highest rates of resistance were observed against cefoxitin (100%), followed by nalidixic acid, ampicillin and oxacillin (97.7%), colistin (91.3%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and amoxicillin (87%), penicillin-G and cloxacillin (82.6%), oxytetracycline (78.3%), and cefixime (73.9%). Screening of methicillin resistance gene revealed that 43.5% isolates of MRSA were positive for mecA gene. The high prevalence of MDR MRSA in frozen chicken meat samples in this study emphasizes the need for better sanitary education of food handlers in hygienic practices focusing on their potential role as reservoirs and spreaders of MRSA.

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Prevalence, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Detection of mecA Gene among Cardiac Patients from a Tertiary Care Heart Center in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Background:Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant human pathogen associated with nosocomial infections. mecA in the S. aureus is a marker of MRSA. The main objective of this study was to detect mecA and vanA genes conferring resistance in S. aureus among cardiac patients attending Sahid Gangalal National Heart Centre (SGNHC), Kathmandu, Nepal between May and November 2019.Methods:A total of 524 clinical samples (blood, urine, sputum) were collected and processed. Bacterial isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) and screening for MRSA was carried out by cefoxitin disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin for MRSA was established by agar dilution method and chromosomal DNA was extracted and used in polymerase chain reaction targeting the mecA and vanA genes.Results:Out of 524 specimens, 27.5% (144/524) showed bacterial growth. Among 144 culture positive isolates, S. aureus (27.1%; 39/144) was the predominant bacteria. Among 39 S. aureus isolates, all isolates were found resistant to penicillin followed by erythromycin (94.9%; 37/39), gentamicin (94.9%; 37/39) and cefoxitin (87.2%; 34/39). Out of 39 S. aureus, 87.2% (34/39) were MRSA. Among 34 MRSA, 8.8% (3/34) were vancomycin intermediate S. aureus (VISA). None of the MRSA was resistant to vancomycin. All of the 3 VISA isolates were obtained from inpatients. Of 39 S. aureus, 82.1% (32/39) harbored mecA gene. Similarly, the entire VISA isolates and 94.1% (32/34) of the MRSA isolates were tested positive for mecA gene.Conclusions:High prevalence of MRSA among the cardiac patients indicates the increasing burden of drug resistance among bacterial isolates. Since infection control is the crucial step in coping with the burgeoning antimicrobial resistance in the country, augmentation of diagnostic facilities with routine monitoring of drug resistance is recommended.