High Level Of Porosity Research Articles

Hierarchical materials with interconnected pores from capillary suspensions for bone tissue engineering

AbstractThe increasing demand for bone grafts due to the aging population has opened new opportunities for the manufacture of porous ceramics to assist in bone reconstruction. In our study, we investigate a new, promising method to manufacture hierarchically porous structures in a straightforward and tunable way. It consists of combining the novel technology of capillary suspensions, formed by mixing solid particles and two immiscible liquids, one less than 5 vol%, with freeze casting. We have successfully achieved alumina and beta‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) materials with both <2 µm and 20–50 µm as the smallest and largest pore sizes, respectively. The microstructure exhibits fully open pores and high levels of porosity (>60%). The capillary suspensions’ rheological behavior indicates that silica nano‐suspensions as a secondary fluid creates a stronger internal particle network than sucrose for the alumina system. Conversely, the opposite was observed with the β‐TCP system. These differences were attributed to the change in affinity between the secondary fluids and the solid loading. In our study, both systems have served to deepen the knowledge about the new area of capillary suspensions and proved their use in hierarchical porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

Melt Pool characteristics on surface roughness and printability of 316L stainless steel in laser powder bed fusion

Purpose Surface quality and porosity significantly influence the structural and functional properties of the final product. This study aims to establish and explain the underlying relationships among processing parameters, top surface roughness and porosity level in additively manufactured 316L stainless steel. Design/methodology/approach A systematic variation of printing process parameters was conducted to print cubic samples based on laser power, speed and their combinations of energy density. Melt pool morphologies and dimensions, surface roughness quantified by arithmetic mean height (Sa) and porosity levels were characterized via optical confocal microscopy. Findings The study reveals that the laser power required to achieve optimal top surface quality increases with the volumetric energy density (VED) levels. A smooth top surface (Sa < 15 µm) or a rough surface with humps at high VEDs (VED > 133.3 J/mm3) can serve as indicators for fully dense bulk samples, while rough top surfaces resulting from melt pool discontinuity correlate with high porosity levels. Under insufficient VED, melt pool discontinuity dominates the top surface. At high VEDs, surface quality improves with increased power as mitigation of melt pool discontinuity, followed by the deterioration with hump formation. Originality/value This study reveals and summarizes the formation mechanism of dominant features on top surface features and offers a potential method to predict the porosity by observing the top surface features with consideration of processing conditions.

Enhancing the performance of SiC-based varistors through the use of SPS processing and fluxes

SiC varistors, which are used as surge arrestors in high power/high energy applications, often contain high levels of porosity (∼25 %) which can degrade varistor performance. Starting with SiC-clay varistors (∼43 µm grain size SiC) we employed spark plasma sintering (SPS) and flux additions (to enable liquid phase sintering) to reduce the level of porosity and understand its impact on the microstructure and the electrical properties. Sintering by SPS at 1200 °C for 5 min increased the density to 94 % theoretical, increasing energy density capability by almost a factor of 10 (to ∼1100 J cm−3), but the non-linear coefficient (α) fell by 40 % (to 3.5) and breakdown field (Eb) fell by 75 % (to ∼200 V cm−1). Varistors prepared with nepheline syenite as a flux (replacing clay) which were pressureless sintered at 1200 °C had maximum densities of 80 %. The samples in which all the clay was replaced by the flux exhibited exceptional energy density performance (over 10,000 J cm−3) but suffered reductions in other parameters. Using small grain size SiC (∼3 µm) and 40 % syenite flux yielded consistently superior properties: low power range α value 12.2, high power range α value 32.5, breakdown field ∼5880 (V cm−1) and very low leakage currents ∼10−3 (mA/cm2).

Structural effects on thermal conductivity of micro-thick Li4Ti5O12-based anode

This study investigates the structural effects on the cross-plane thermal conductivity of Li4Ti5O12-based anode active material. Three structures are investigated: a basic structure consisting of LiBr/LiCl/Li4Ti5O12, polyvinylidene difluoride, and Super P (sample #1); a structure without Li4Ti5O12 (sample #2); and a structure without LiBr/LiCl (sample #3). Despite its high porosity level (77%), sample #1 exhibits higher thermal conductivity than sample #3 (64% porosity) in both air and vacuum conditions, potentially due to the extra structural bonding provided by LiBr/LiCl. The observed difference in cross-plane thermal conductivity between air and vacuum conditions provides insights into the configuration of the anode's active material in the heat transfer direction. The lower limit corresponds to the parallel thermal circuit configuration of active material and air, which is the product of the sample's porosity and thermal conductivity of air. Our analysis suggests that in sample #2, the anode's active material and air inside the pores demonstrate a more serial configuration, while in sample #3, they exhibit a more parallel configuration in the heat transfer direction. However, the thermal conductivity difference observed for sample #1 falls below the theoretical lower bound indicating significant thermal radiation within the pores. Furthermore, the in-plane thermal conductivity is predominantly controlled by the copper foil. Sample #2 exhibits the lowest in-plane thermal conductivity. This is attributed to the severe oxidization of the copper foil by LiBr/LiCl, which is confirmed by structure characterization.

Looking beyond X-ray: Neutron tomography analyses of Late Bronze Age weapons from the Somló Hill

Three spearheads and an arrowhead from the Somló Hill (Veszprém County, Hungary) Urnfield site are selected for X-ray radiography and neutron tomography analyses. The four weapons can be dated to the late phase of the Urnfield period between Ha B1 and Ha B2 and originate from different contexts: spearheads Nos. 1–2 from Hoard I, spearhead No. 3 from Hoard III, and an arrowhead (No. 4) as a stray find. Macroscopic characteristics of these newly discovered weapons attest to different stages of production and use, from as-cast to finished, used and heavily used products. The applied methods provide information on the inside of the objects, with special attention to the quality of the casting and traces of repair. Neutron tomography potentially offers an unbiased and quantifiable evaluation of the objects’ porosities and their levels from a modern industrial perspective. All three spearheads from Somló Hill showed different levels of porosity inside, the morphological characteristics of which suggest that they were probably caused by gas porosity. The long spearhead No. 1 from Somló Hill also shows traces of a misrun defect repaired by the cast-on technique. Traces of production and use suggest that except for one spearhead (No. 3), which was cast almost solid and showed high levels of porosity together with other types of defects, such as flashes and incomplete casting, all other studied objects were finished products used for combat and hunting.

Tartaric Acid Cross-Linking Polyvinyl Alcohol as Degradable Separators for Rechargeable Lithium Ion Batteries.

The escalating focus on environmental concerns and the swift advancement of eco-friendly biodegradable batteries raises a pressing demand for enhanced material design in the battery field. The traditional polypropylene (PP) that is monopolistically utilized in the commercial LIBs is hard to recycle. In this work, we prepare a novel water degradable separators via the cross-linking of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and dibasic acid (tartaric acid, TA). Through the integration of non-solvent liquid-phase separation, we successfully produced a thermally stable PVA-TA membrane with tunable thickness and a high level of porosity. These specially engineered PVA-TA separators were implemented in LiFePO4 (LFP)|separator|Li cells, resulting in superior multiplicative performance and achieving a capacity of 88 mAh g-1 under 5 C. Additionally, the straightforward small molecule cross-linking technique significantly reduced the crystalline region of the polymer, thereby enhancing ionic conductivity. Notably, after cycling, the PVA-TA separators can be easily dissolved in 95 °C hot water, enabling its reutilization for the production of new PVA-TA separators. Therefore, this work introduces a novel concept to design green and sustainable separators for recyclable lithium batteries.

Synthesis and biophysical characterization of porous bi-phase calcium phosphate/gelatin-PVA scaffold: Enhanced antibacterial, osteoconductivity and anticancer activity via silver nanoparticles and methotrexate incorporation

In our relentless pursuit of advancing bone tissue regeneration, we have meticulously crafted multifunctional scaffolds that transcend traditional approaches. These freeze-dried scaffolds, composed of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) intricately woven into a gelatin-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix, harbor the potential to revolutionize regenerative medicine. The scaffolds are characterized with XRD, FTIR, SEM, 3D images of the SEM, mechanical properties, swelling and degradation tests, drug release, cell viability, antibacterial and anticancer tests. Our in-situ synthesis of BCP within the PVA framework yielded a biphasic structure comprising hydroxyapatite (HAp) and beta-tricalcium phosphate. These scaffolds exhibit good mechanical compressive strength (ranging from 28 to 173 kPa) and boast high porosity levels (approaching 80 %) enhance the processes of nutrition and waste removal. The incorporation of silver nanoparticles (Ag) introduces antimicrobial prowess, resulting in a complex scaffold texture characterized by well-defined pores and rugged walls. The interconnectivity within this fibrous network contributes to enhanced mechanical properties. Additionally, our scaffolds facilitate the sustained release of methotrexate (MTX), a potent anticancer agent. Within the first day, MTX is promptly delivered, potentially impacting cancer cells. These Ag-containing scaffolds effectively combat common pathogens, demonstrating significant antibacterial activity as an essential property for preventing infections at the implantation site. Notably, our scaffolds, whether infused with Ag or MTX (at a concentration of 0.25 wt%), exhibit no toxic effects on Vero and MG-63 cells within a 24-hour window. However, higher Ag content (2.0 wt%) shows cytotoxicity. In summary, our multifaceted scaffolds, poised at the intersection of science and creativity, hold immense promise for bone tissue engineering. Further investigations will explore long-term effects, broader microbial contexts, and in vivo models.

Electron beam powder bed fusion additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V alloy lattice structures: orientation-dependent compressive strength and fracture behavior

High porosity level lattice structures made using electron beam powder bed fusion additive manufacturing (EBPBF) need to be sufficiently strong and the understanding of the mechanical anisotropy of the structures is important for the design of orthopedic implants. In this work, the combined effects of loading direction (LD), cell orientation, and strut irregularity associated with EBPBF of Ti6Al4V alloy lattices on the mechanical behavior of the lattices under compressive loading have been studied. Three groups of simple cubic unit cell lattices were EBPBF made, compressively tested, and examined. The three groups were [001]//LD lattices, [011]//LD lattices, and [111]//LD lattices. Simulation has also been conducted. Yield strength (σy-L) values of all lattices determined experimentally have been found to be comparable to the values predicted by simulation; thus, EBPBF surface defects do not affect σy-L. σy-L of [001]//LD lattices is 1.8–2.0 times higher than those of [011]//LD and [111]//LD lattices. The reason for this is shown to be due to the high stress concentrations in non-[001]//LD samples, causing yielding at low loading levels. Furthermore, plastic strain (εp) at ultimate compression strength of [001]//LD samples has been determined to be 4–6 times higher than the values of non-[001]//LD samples. Examining the tested samples has shown cracks more readily propagating from EBPBF micro-notches in non-[001]//LD samples, resulting in low εp.

Molecular dynamics simulations of the effect of porosity on heat transfer in Li2TiO3

Heat transfer is a key consideration in the development of tritium breeder blankets for future fusion reactors. For solid tritium breeder materials there is a fine balance to be struck between high levels of porosity to encourage tritium release and minimising it to maintain the thermal and mechanical properties. Therefore, in this work we employ molecular dynamics simulations to understand how the introduction of porosity influences the thermal conductivity of lithium metatitanate ceramic breeder material. Our simulations predict that increasing the porosity leads to a decrease in the thermal conductivity which is in good agreement with previous experimental observations. By contrast, we do not observe the increase in the thermal conductivity at high temperatures, that is observed in some experiments. We argue that this increase is a consequence of sintering or some other modification of the experimental sample rather than a fundamental change in the heat conduction mechanism in the crystal matrix.

SEM Image-based Porosity Analysis of Fire Damaged High Strength Concrete

The porosity of concrete affects the durability of reinforced concrete structures, wherein high levels of porosity are linked to a shorter service life. Recent works have noted that high porosity levels naturally exist in the aftermath of a fire exposure – especially when concrete is classified as high strength concrete (HSC). To shed more light into this phenomenon, this paper showcases a method for measuring the porosity of HSC under elevated temperatures through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In this method, SEM-based images were examined to quantify the surface porosity of fire-affected HSC. Detailed image analysis was performed for HSC exposed to various heating durations. The study concludes that the surface porosity obtained via the SEM processing method is in good agreement with that from the SEM-based method (with a minor average difference of 3.8%). As such, the proposed method is expected to be reliable for the porosity analysis of fire-damaged concrete.

Preparation and Modification of Collagen/Sodium Alginate-Based Biomedical Materials and Their Characteristics.

(1) Background: Collagen and sodium alginate are commonly used in the field of biomedical materials due to their excellent biocompatibility. This study focuses on the preparation, modification, and characterization of collagen/sodium alginate (C/SA)-based biomedical materials. (2) Methods: The characteristics, including surface chemistry, mechanical properties, hygroscopicity, and porosity, were analyzed. The hemostatic activity in vitro was measured using a blood clotting assay and dynamic blood clotting assay. (3) Results: The results from microstructure and porosity measurement revealed that all of the sponges exhibited a porosity of more than 95 percent. The sponge cross-linked with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) showed better tensile strength and lower elongation at break. The sponges cross-linked with EDC/NHS and oxidized sodium alginate (OSA) exhibited the highest hygroscopicity in comparison with the uncross-linked sponge. (4) Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the C/SA-based material we prepared exhibited a high level of porosity, enabling efficient absorption of tissue exudate and blood. Additionally, the materials revealed excellent hemocompatibility, making them suitable for use as a hemostatic dressing in the field of biomedical materials.

Porous MnF2 with micro-nanostructures coated by a nitrogen doped carbon shell as an anode for enhanced lithium storage

MnF2, an intriguing anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), has garnered significant attention due to its high theoretical capacity. However, its commercial viability is impeded by issues such as volume expansion and poor conductivity. In this study, we present the development and fabrication of MnF2@NC microspheres with micro-nanostructured pores, comprising MnF2 nanoparticles encapsulated within a nitrogen-doped carbon shell. This was achieved through a combination of hydrothermal synthesis and fluorination techniques. The MnF2@NC composite exhibits a high level of porosity, effectively mitigating the significant volume expansion of MnF2 and facilitating efficient charge transport. Moreover, the incorporation of nitrogen-doped carbon shell enhances the overall structural and promotes electrical conductivity. Leveraging these inherent characteristics, the MnF2@NC electrode demonstrates exceptional electrical conductivity and superior long-term stability. The MnF2@NC electrode serves as an anode for LIBs, exhibiting a remarkable reversible capacity of 991.2 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g, exceptional cycle performance with a capacity retention of 872.2 mAh/g after 700 cycles at 1.0 A/g, and outstanding rate capability surpassing the reported outcomes of MnF2-based composite anodes. These results unequivocally demonstrate the suitability and potential applicability of MnF2@NC as high-capacity anodes for LIB.

Tough polycyclooctene nanoporous membranes from etchable block copolymers.

Porous materials with pore dimensions of the nanometer length scale are useful as nanoporous membranes. ABA triblock copolymers are convenient precursors to such nanoporous materials if the end blocks are easily degradable (e.g., polylactide or PLA), leaving nanoporous polymeric membranes (NPMs) if in thin film form. The membrane properties are dependent on midblock monomer structure, triblock copolymer composition, overall molar mass, and polymer processing conditions. Polycyclooctene (PCOE) NPMs were prepared using this method, with tunable pore sizes on the order of tens of nanometers. Solvent casting was shown to eliminate film defects and allowed achievement of superior mechanical properties over melt processing techniques, and PCOE NPMs were found to be very tough, a major advance over previously reported NPMs. Oxygen plasma etching was used to remove the surface skin layer to obtain membranes with higher surface porosity, membrane hydrophilicity, and flux of both air and water. This is a straightforward method to reliably produce highly tough NPMs with high levels of porosity and hydrophilic surface properties.

Functional properties and optimization of dietary fiber concentrate from sago hampas using response surface methodology

Sago hampas, whose major components are fiber and starch, is an underutilized by-product generated from starch extraction of sago stems. In order to increase its added value and applications, sago hampas could be developed into dietary fiber concentrate. This research purposed to obtain the optimum condition of enzymatic hydrolysis process of sago hampas to isolate the dietary fiber components. A central composite design of response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize processing variables, namely, sago hampas slurry concentration (0.1–0.2 kg/kg), reaction time (45–135 min), and enzyme concentration in the substrate (10–35 mL/kg). Enzymatic hydrolysis using α-amylase at 108 °C was employed to remove starch components (becoming maltodextrin), escalate dietary fiber content, and modify the crystallinity of fiber. The goals of optimization were to maximize total dietary fiber (TDF), water-holding capacity (WHC), and oil-holding capacity (OHC) of the dietary fiber concentrate and to maximize dextrose equivalent (DE) of the maltodextrin solution obtained. The optimum process condition was found when the variables sago hampas slurry concentration, reaction time, and enzyme concentration were 0.14 kg/kg, 121 min, and 25 mL/kg, respectively. The optimal condition was verified by laboratory experiment resulting in TDF, WHC, OHC, and DE of 92.98 %, 26.34 g of water per g of sample, 5.64 g of oil per g of sample, and 10.37 %, respectively. TDF increased while the starch decreased significantly following conversion to dietary fiber. It is associated with the improvement in the functional properties of dietary fiber. The OHC, cation exchange capacity, emulsifying activity, swelling capacity, and solubility all exhibited significant increases. The morphological structure of the dietary fiber concentrate revealed a fiber matrix degradation with a high level of fiber porosity while the crystallinity was decreased from 61 % to 42 %. The properties of dietary fiber concentrate indicate appropriate parameters for food industry applications.

In situ growth of Zr-based metal-organic frameworks on cellulose sponges for Hg2+ and methylene blue removal

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are characterised by high porosity levels and controllable structures, making them ideal adsorbents for wastewater. However, obtaining substrate materials with mechanical stability, excellent pore accessibility, and good processability for compositing MOF crystal powders to adsorb multiple pollutants in complex aqueous environments is challenging. In this study, porous MOFs@ modified cellulose sponge (MCS) composites were fabricated using MCS as a scaffold to provide anchoring sites for the coordination of Zr4+ ions and further in situ synthesis of MOFs, namely UiO-66@MCS and UiO-66-NH2@MCS, which effectively removed heavy metal ions and organic dyes. MOFs@MCS composites exhibit excellent water and dimensional stability, maintaining the pore structure by ambient drying during reuse. Compared with UiO-66@MCS composite, UiO-66-NH2@MCS composite exhibited a higher adsorption capacity of 224.5 mg·g−1 for Hg2+ and 400.9 mg·g−1 for methylene blue (MB). The adsorption of Hg2+ onto the MOFs@MCS composites followed the Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models, whereas the Freundlich and pseudo-second-order models were more suitable for MB adsorption. Moreover, the MOFs@MCS composites exhibited excellent reusability and were selective for the removal of Hg2+. Overall, this approach effectively combines Zr-based MOFs with mechanically and dimensionally stable porous cellulose sponges, rendering the approach suitable for purifying complex wastewater.

Adsorption of ciprofloxacin on co-pyrolyzed biochar from fish scale and pine needle

The biochar (FS-PNBC) is prepared by pyrolyzing mixed biomass of fish scale and pine needle in varied proportions in a tube furnace. The biochar was characterized by a specific Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analyzer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). In a solution with an initial concentration of 60 mg/L, the adsorption of ciprofloxacin (CIP) by a 1:1 ratio of fish scale and pine needle co-pyrolyzed biochar (FS-PNBC1) reached 27.97 mg/g. The adsorption properties such as thermodynamics, kinetics, isothermal adsorption, and adsorption factors were investigated by batch experiments. The results indicate that FS-PNBC exhibits a significantly large specific surface area, abundant pore structure, and a high level of porosity. After approximately 180 min, adsorption equilibration was achieved in a pH=4 solution. The kinetic data was well-matched with a quasi-second-order model, suggesting that chemisorption plays a role in the adsorption process. Isothermal adsorption and thermodynamic results indicate that the adsorption of CIP by biochar is more consistent with the Freundlich model, which suggests multilayered non-homogeneous phase adsorption and an exothermic entropy-increasing reaction capable of proceeding spontaneously. FS-PNBC contains oxygen-containing functional groups, and through FTIR analysis, it was observed that hydrogen bonding, π-π bonding, and electrostatic interaction are closely linked to adsorption. This study demonstrates that biochar produced through the co-pyrolysis of fish scale and pine needle has the potential to serve as an efficacious adsorbent for extracting ciprofloxacin from wastewater.

Development of improved porous asphalt mixtures with high porosity levels

Porous asphalt (PA) mixtures are gaining wider acceptance in pavement construction due to their benefits in terms of road safety, noise mitigation and stormwater management. Increasing demands, such as those imposed by climate change, require the design of mixtures that provide enhanced functional properties, while keeping the same durability of conventional porous asphalt mixtures. This study proposes different experimental PA mixes with higher air voids content and suitable structural capability than a conventional PA mixture. The functionality of the mixtures was evaluated in accordance with total and interconnected air voids, while the mechanical performance was assessed in terms of raveling resistance both in dry and wet conditions, tensile strength, and moisture sensitivity. The binder drain down was also verified. In a first stage, the experimental results were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics tests. As multiple responses were obtained, principal component analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) were applied to explore the association pattern among the test results and experimental designs. The study concluded that PA mixes with air voids content of up to approximately 28% and admissible values of resistance can be designed. The use of polymer modified binder (PMB) and the inclusion of fibers and hydrated lime (HL) was essential for the formulation of the mixes.

Recent Development in LiFePO4 Surface Modifications with Carbon Coating from Originated Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) to Improve the Conductivity of Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review and Bibliometrics Analysis

Using lithium-ion batteries has emerged as a viable approach to lessen the negative effects of fossil fuel use. LiFePO4 (LFP) is one of the lithium-ion batteries that are eco-friendly and safer than others. However, LFP has a main limitation with the poor rate performance due to its low electronic conductivity number. This study aims to present a bibliometric review of the analysis using VOSviewer of surface modification using carbon coating of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to improve the challenge of synthesis, structure, electrochemical stability, and performance of LFP. The results of this study showed that surface modification of LiFePO4 electrodes using carbon compounds produced from MOFs improved the efficiency of electrochemical energy storage and conversion technologies. High levels of porosity and customizable characteristics are offered by metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) ideal for surface modification which improves the battery conductivity. The bibliometric analysis showed that research on lithium-ion batteries is currently receiving attention, a sign of its significance and rising popularity. It is suggested for researchers especially Indonesian researchers to contribute more to this field.

Electrospun Nanofibrous Conduit Filled with a Collagen-Based Matrix (ColM) for Nerve Regeneration.

Traumatic nerve defects result in dysfunctions of sensory and motor nerves and are usually accompanied by pain. Nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) are widely applied to bridge large-gap nerve defects. However, few NGCs can truly replace autologous nerve grafts to achieve comprehensive neural regeneration and function recovery. Herein, a three-dimensional (3D) sponge-filled nanofibrous NGC (sf@NGC) resembling the structure of native peripheral nerves was developed. The conduit was fabricated by electrospinning a poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) membrane, whereas the intraluminal filler was obtained by freeze-drying a collagen-based matrix (ColM) resembling the extracellular matrix. The effects of the electrospinning process and of the composition of ColM on the physicochemical performance of sf@NGC were investigated in detail. Furthermore, the biocompatibility of the PLGA sheath and ColM were evaluated. The continuous and homogeneous PLGA nanofiber membrane had high porosity and tensile strength. ColM was shown to exhibit an ECM-like architecture characterized by a multistage pore structure and a high porosity level of over 70%. The PLGA sheath and ColM were shown to possess stagewise degradability and good biocompatibility. In conclusion, sf@NGC may have a favorable potential for the treatment of nerve reconstruction.

3D Printing of Bioactive Gel-like Double Emulsion into a Biocompatible Hierarchical Macroporous Self-Lubricating Scaffold for 3D Cell Culture.

The interconnected hierarchically porous structures are of key importance for potential applications as substrates for drug delivery, cell culture, and bioscaffolds, ensuring cell adhesion and sufficient diffusion of metabolites and nutrients. Here, encapsulation of a vitamin C-loaded gel-like double emulsion using a hydrophobic emulsifier and soy particles was performed to develop a bioactive bioink for 3D printing of highly porous scaffolds with enhanced cell biocompatibility. The produced double emulsions suggested a mechanical strength with the range of elastic moduli of soft tissues possessing a thixotropic feature and recoverable matrix. The outstanding flow behavior and viscoelasticity broaden the potential of gel-like double emulsion to engineer 3D scaffolds, in which 3D constructs showed a high level of porosity and excellent shape fidelity with antiwearing and self-lubricating properties. Investigation of cell viability and proliferation using fibroblasts (NIH-3T3) within vitamin C-loaded gel-like bioinks revealed that printed 3D scaffolds offered brilliant biocompatibility and cell adhesion. Compared to scaffolds without encapsulated vitamin C, 3D scaffolds containing vitamin C showed higher cell viability after 1 week of cell proliferation. This work represented a systematic investigation of hierarchical self-assembly in double emulsions and offered insights into mechanisms that control microstructure within supramolecular structures, which could be instructive for the design of advanced functional tissues.