Higher Body Fat Percentage Research Articles

Inflammatory Status and Cardio-metabolic Risk Stratification of Rotational Shift Work.

To investigate the physiological effects of rotational shift work on measures of cardio-metabolic function. Sedentary, healthy men (n = 87; age 37 ± 9 years; body mass index: 30.7 ± 5.1 kg m2) were recruited and categorized via occupation. SHIFT group: currently employed in rotational shift work defined by 8-12 h morning, afternoon, and night rotations; or NSHIFT: working fixed daytime hours. Testing procedures included baseline objective sleep assessment and laboratory testing, conducted between 0600 and 0900 h to assess body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak), inflammatory status [C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-6, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)], glucose metabolism, heart rate variability (HRV), and self-reported leisure time physical activity (PA). SHIFT reported significantly less leisure time PA (P = 0.019), reduced VO2peak (P = 0.007), higher body fat percentage (BF%) (P = 0.021), increase response time to oral glucose tolerance test (P = 0.016), and higher IL-6 values (P = 0.008) compared with NSHIFT. A significant difference was observed in actigraphy measured total sleep time, with SHIFT recording reduced sleep following a night shift (P = 0.001). No group difference was observed in HRV or average sleep parameters (P > 0.05). Linear regression identified a significant association between occupation and inflammatory status (P = 0.006). Rotational shift work is associated with increased risk factors for cardio-metabolic disorders, despite no differences in sleep quality and quantity. The results suggest rotational shift work has a detrimental effect on the health and wellbeing of employees; with homeostatic desynchronization identified as potential pathogenic mechanisms.

BODY FAT AND VISCERAL FAT AMONG MARRIED MAN AND WOMAN IN RURAL SOCIETIES

High levels of body fat and visceral fat are the causes of metabolic disorders which are influenced by several factors, including gender. Good social economic condition has brought many changes in the food choices and eating behaviors among married man and woman in rural societies. This shift around nutrition has given rise to Body Fat dan Visceral Fat level which is lead to degenerative illness. Considering this condition, the present study was planned to 1) determine the differences of Body Fat and Visceral fat among married Man and Woman and 2) Find the relationship between the Body Fat with Visceral Fat among Man and Woman. A total of 34 Karang Tengah Villagers 15 Men, 19 women, 18-30+ years from all over the village were voluntary joining the study. Verbal Inform concern was obtained, a self-administered questionnaire was given, and the Body composition were measured by bio-electric impedance analysis device. Data were analyzed using SPSS – 23. The results indicated that Body Fat average in Man were lower than Woman with 21,28% and 39,25%, respectively (p-value 0.000). But different result showed in Visceral Fat, Men were Higher than Women, 10,4 and 7,26, respectively (p-value 0.028). Significant positive correlations were found among Body Fat and Visceral Fat level in both Men (r 0,977, p-value 0,000) and Women (r 0,971, p-value 0,000). Findings of present study suggest that there is need for coordinated efforts to reduce the prevalence of high percentage Body Fat and Visceral Fat and to develop healthy eating behaviors among Villagers.

Socio-Demographic Characteristics, Body Weight Status and Energy Intake among Users and Non-Users of Dietary Supplements among Government Employees in Putrajaya, Malaysia.

The use of dietary supplements is prevalent among many groups worldwide. However, few studies have examined their use among government employees. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the association among sociodemographic characteristics, body weight status, and energy intake with dietary supplement use among government employees in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Simple random sampling was used to select a sample of 460 government employees from six ministries in Putrajaya, Malaysia. The data used in this study were collected through anthropometric measurements (height, weight, % body fat, waist and hip circumferences), a self-administered questionnaire (sociodemographic characteristics and dietary supplements use), and an interviewer-administered questionnaire (24-hour dietary recall; fruit and vegetable intake). The results indicated that the prevalence of dietary supplement use was 55.4%, with vitamin C (38.4%) being the most popular type of dietary supplement. Health issues (80.8%) were the most common reason for usage, internet (59.2%) was the main source of information, and pharmacies (71.8%) were the most indicated places to purchase dietary supplements. A multivariate analysis showed that participants who were female, married, had better monthly income, lived within a smaller household size, had a normal body mass index, classified as having unhealthily high body fat percentage, did not skip breakfast, and consumed at least five servings of fruits and vegetables per day were significantly more likely to use dietary supplements. In conclusion, health-conscious groups were more prone to consume dietary supplements, and due to the high prevalence of dietary supplement use, dissemination of accurate scientific information regarding dietary supplements is highly recommended among government employees.

BODY FAT AND VISCERAL FAT AMONG MARRIED MAN AND WOMAN IN RURAL SOCIETIES

High levels of body fat and visceral fat are the causes of metabolic disorders which are influenced by several factors, including gender. Good social economic condition has brought many changes in the food choices and eating behaviors among married man and woman in rural societies. This shift around nutrition has given rise to Body Fat dan Visceral Fat level which is lead to degenerative illness. Considering this condition, the present study was planned to 1) determine the differences of Body Fat and Visceral fat among married Man and Woman and 2) Find the relationship between the Body Fat with Visceral Fat among Man and Woman. A total of 34 Karang Tengah Villagers 15 Men, 19 women, 18-30+ years from all over the village were voluntary joining the study. Verbal Inform concern was obtained, a self-administered questionnaire was given, and the Body composition were measured by bio-electric impedance analysis device. Data were analyzed using SPSS – 23. The results indicated that Body Fat average in Man were lower than Woman with 21,28% and 39,25%, respectively (p-value 0.000). But different result showed in Visceral Fat, Men were Higher than Women, 10,4 and 7,26, respectively (p-value 0.028). Significant positive correlations were found among Body Fat and Visceral Fat level in both Men (r 0,977, p-value 0,000) and Women (r 0,971, p-value 0,000). Findings of present study suggest that there is need for coordinated efforts to reduce the prevalence of high percentage Body Fat and Visceral Fat and to develop healthy eating behaviors among Villagers.

Association of health-related physical fitness with kidney function and lipid profile among faculty in a university

Objective: To study the association of health-related physical fitness (HPF) with kidney function and blood lipid to provide a basis to prevent chronic diseases and making exercise prescriptions. Methods: This study was conducted in December 2019 with 299 faculty members of a university in Shaanxi, testing HPF indicators (muscle mass, body fat percentage, grip, sit-and-reach, vital capacity) , kidney function indicators (creatinine, uric acid, urea) , and blood lipid indicators[triglyceride (TG) , total cholesterol (TC) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ]. Spearman correlation analysis and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the association between HPF with kidney function and blood lipid indicators. Results: In men, muscle mass and grip strength were positively correlated with uric acid, body fat percentage was positively correlated with TG, sit-and-reach and vital capacity were negatively correlated with TG (r(s)=0.266, 0.337, 0.300, -0.339, -0.239, P<0.05) . In women, body fat percentage was positively correlated with uric acid, TG, TC and LDL-C, negatively correlated with creatinine and HDL-C, grip strength was positively correlated with creatinine, sit-and-reach was positively correlated with HDL-C and negatively correlated with TG, vital capacity was negatively correlated with urea (r(s)=0.240, 0.349, 0.214, 0.249, -0.254, -0.209, 0.186, 0.207, -0.255, -0.154, P<0.05) . Logistic regression showed that high body fat percentage was risk factor for abnormal uric acid and dyslipidemia in female faculty members (OR=1.114, 95%CI:1.023-1.213; OR=1.116, 95%CI: 1.034-1.208; P<0.05) . And high body fat percentage was risk factor for dyslipidemia in male faculty members (OR=1.129, 95%CI: 1.017-1.252, P<0.05) . Conclusion: High body fat percentage is associated with dyslipidemia and uric acid abnormalities in university faculty. HPF fitness assessment may be important for the prevention of chronic diseases related to kidney function or lipids.

Healthy Habits in Firefighters: Assessment in Shift Days Versus Days Off.

The aim of this study was to compare dietary habits, sleep habits, and injury incidence between shift days and days off among Spanish firefighters. 24-Hour dietary recalls, and sleep and injury questionnaires on both days were collected from 28 Sevillian professional firefighter, as well as anthropometric measurements and a physical activity questionnaire. Firefighters consumed 433 more kilocalories (P < 0.001), 2.4% and 3.1% more kilocalories from fat and monounsaturated fatty acids, respectively (P < 0.05), had 3.7 times greater chance of being injured and slept 2 hours and 18 minutes less (P < 0.001) in their shift days. Higher body fat percentages were found in older and less active firefighters. Shift work appears to influence their dietary habits, injury incidence, and sleep habits, so measures to alleviate the consequences of shift work in firefighters should be taken.

Hubungan Indeks Masa Tubuh (IMT) dengan Persen Lemak Tubuh, dan Lemak Viscelar di Kota Semarang

Indonesia is predicted to experience a demographic bonus period, namely the number of productive age population (aged 15-64 years) of 64%. The prevalence of obesity at productive age from 2007 to 2018 has increased from 8.6% to 13.6%. Obesity will result in high percent body fat andvisellar fat, and will result in various non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer and other non-metabolic complications such as arthritis. The onset of this disease in obese people is preceded by a group of symptoms such as hypertension, insulinresistance, dyslipidemia. Objectives: To determine the relationship between Body Mass Index and Percent body fat and to determine the relationship between Body Mass Index and Viscelar Fat. Methods: This study used a cross sectional design with purposive sampling method, namely thosevisiting the Aisyiyah Regional Leadership Stand in Semarang City at the Expo of Community Organizations in Semarang City. The sample is 115 people. Results: This study found that 35 (30.4%) men and 80 (69.6%) women, Average Age: (45.14 ± 14.55) years, Body Mass Index (25.39 ± 3.96), mean percent body fat (32.63 ± 6.68) mean viscelar fat (7.93 ± 5.13). There is a relationship between BMI and percent body fat (p = 0.000) and there is a relationship between BMI and Viscelar fat (p = 0.000).Keywords: Body Mass Index, percent body fat, Viscelar fat

Determination of Peak Aerobic Capacity in Normal Weight Obesity and Metabolically Healthy Obesity

ObjectivesThe true cardiometabolic risk of the novel body composition phenotypes normal-weight obesity (NWO) and metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) remains controversial. Cardiorespiratory fitness, as measured by peak oxygen uptake during exercise (VO2peak), is inversely correlated with CVD and mortality. The objective of this project was to determine VO2peak in NWO and MHO relative to appropriate positive and negative control groups. MethodsFor this cross-sectional study, participants aged 18–50 years were recruited into one of four groups based on BMI, body composition, and metabolic risk factors: NWO (normal BMI with high body fat percentage (BF%)); MHO (obese BMI, high BF%, and up to one of the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome (MetS) as defined by the International Diabetes Federation); MetS (obese BMI, high BF%, and at least three of the diagnostic criteria for MetS); and healthy controls (HC; normal BMI, BF%, and metabolic markers). Participants engaged in a maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer to determine VO2peak and a DEXA scan to assess BF%. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. ResultsA total of 35 participants completed this study (HC: n = 10; NWO: n = 8; MHO: n = 10; MetS: n = 7). VO2peak was greater in HC (44.2 ± 11.0 ml/kg/min) compared to NWO (28.6 ± 5.1 ml/kg/min; P = 0.002), MHO (25.4 ± 6.7 ml/kg/min; P < 0.0001) and MetS (24.3 ± 8.8 ml/kg/min; P = 0.0002). VO2peak was similar among NWO, MHO, and MetS (p’s ≥ 0.76). BF% was lower in HC (23.4 ± 5.5%) compared to NWO (32.6 ± 3.8%; P = 0.0099), MHO (41.9 ± 6.0%; P < 0.0001) and MetS (32.5 ± 6.1%; P = 0.016). BF% was also greater in MHO compared to NWO (P = 0.0085) and MetS (P = 0.0115). There was no significant difference in BF% between NWO and MetS (P > 0.9999). Across groups, there was a strong inverse correlation between BF% and VO2peak (r = –0.83). ConclusionsVO2peak did not significantly differ among all three at-risk groups (NWO, MHO, and MetS), and all were lower than HC. BF% also did not significantly differ between NWO and MetS groups, and BF% was actually greater in MHO compared to MetS and NWO. NWO and MHO, despite normal BMI and metabolic markers, respectively, have a VO2peak more similar to MetS than HC, suggesting increased cardiometabolic risk. Funding SourcesAmerican Society for Nutrition Mars. Inc Predoctoral Fellowship.

Body Fat, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Carotid Artery Thickness Among Older Adults Participating in the Senior Games

Abstract Objectives To determine the relationship among body fat, cardiorespiratory fitness, and carotid artery thickness in a large group of older adults. Methods Data were collected at the Huntsman World Senior Games held in St. George, Utah between 2016–2019. Participants visited the Dixie Convention Center (St. George, UT) for free health screenings associated with the Games. The data were cross-sectional; for repeat participants only the most recent results were analyzed. The measures of interest for this study included: body fat, body mass index (BMI), cardiorespiratory fitness (predicted VO2max), and carotid artery intima media thickness (CIMT). Body fat percentage was measured using bioelectrical impedance. BMI was calculated via weight (kg) and height (m2). Predicted VO2max was calculated at rest using a heart rate monitor and the validated Polar fitness test. CIMT was obtained via images of the right and left carotid arteries, visualized and captured with a portable diagnostic ultrasound system. Differences by sex were determined using independent t-tests. Multiple regression was used to examine associations between measures. Results For this analysis, 649 participants (232 women; 326 men; 68.13 ± 8.71 y, 25.15 ± 4.92 kg/m2) were included. Women had a higher body fat percentage than men (32.00 vs. 22.42%) (t &amp;lt; 0.0001). However, men had a significantly higher BMI (26.28 vs. 24.01 kg/m2) and cardiorespiratory fitness (40.22 vs. 38.82 ml/kg/min) (t &amp;lt; 0.05) than women. Accounting for age and sex, body fat % significantly predicted CIMT thickness (P &amp;lt; 0.05) but BMI (P = 0.0853) and cardiorespiratory fitness did not predict CIMT thickness (P &amp;gt; 0.05). Conclusions CIMT thickness appears to be related to body fat percentage among older adults. Subsequent studies could examine how reduction in body fat changes CIMT thickness and how that influences risk of chronic disease, such as stroke. Funding Sources There was no funding for this project.

MO121ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BONE MINERAL DENSITY, BODY COMPOSITION AND SERUM SCLEROSTIN IN MALE STONE-FORMERS

Abstract Background and Aims Reduced bone mineral density (BMD) has been observed in stone-formers (SF). Although obesity is considered a protective factor for bone health due to increased mechanical load, the role of muscle mass (lean) or body fat remains controversial. Sclerostin, an antagonist of the Wnt signaling pathway, is secreted by osteocytes and its actions involve the inhibition of bone formation, FGF23 stimulation, and increased urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion. Recent studies also indicate its association with body composition. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between BMD and body composition with serum sclerostin levels in male SF. Method This is a retrospective study, based on medical records of SF with available data of BMD and body composition, serum and urinary biochemistry and hormonal measurements including sclerostin. BMD had been assessed at lumbar spine (L1-L4), femoral neck (FN) and total femur (TF) and body composition (fat and lean mass) in a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results Fifty-five male SF (37.2 ± 9.3 years) were included. Patients were divided into tertiles according to the percentage of body fat (T1, n = 19, 8.7-20.0 %; T2, n = 20, 20.1-26.0 %; T3, n = 16, 26.1-38.0 %). There was no statistical difference in BMD in any of the sites between these tertiles. Higher urinary sodium and serum sclerostin were observed in T3 versus T1 (280 ± 93 vs 199 ± 75 mEq/day, p &amp;lt;0.05; 33.6 ± 14.7 vs 24.7 ± 8.3 pmol/L, p&amp;lt;0.05, respectively). There was an inverse association between serum sclerostin and lean mass (β= -0.30, p=0.001) and direct association with fat mass (β=0.40, p=0.001), urinary calcium and phosphorus (β=0.29, p=0.02; β=0.32, p=0.01). In a multivariate linear regression model, lean mass was an independent predictor of BMD at L1-L4, FN and TF (β= 0.70, p&amp;lt;0.001; β=0.70, p&amp;lt;0.001; β=0.57, p=0.00, respectively) and at the TF there was also an inverse association between body fat and PTH (β= –0.51, p= 0.03; β= –0.25, p= 0.03). Conclusion These data suggest that male SF with a higher percentage of body fat had higher levels of serum sclerostin, which were directly associated with calciuria and phosphaturia but not with BMD. In addition, lean mass was an independent predictor of BMD. Further studies are needed to determine long-term effects of serum sclerostin levels upon bone formation in SF.

The Relationship Between Body Mass Index with Body Fat Percentage of Participants EXPO 2021 Universitas Teuku Umar

Body mass index (BMI) is to monitor nutritional status adults, especially those related to deficiency and overweight. Body fat percentage can describe the risk of degenerative diseases.This study was conducted to measure the relationship between BMI and body fat percentage. Methods An analytical study was conducted to 41 male and 51 female participant from Universitas Teuku Umar. The body weight was measured using scales, whereas the body height was measured using microtoise. The body fat percentage was measured using Karada Scan. The BMI was calculated by dividing the body weight in kilogram divided by body height in meter square. Data was collected from 16-18th February 2021 and analyzed by Pearson’s correlation test. The results showed BMI underweight, normal, and overweight were 10,9, 57,6, and 31,5. High body fat percentage in men were 75,6% and in women were 35,5%. There is a relationship between the nutritional status of the women group and the body fat percentage with p-value is obtained = 0.021. Furthermore, for men, there is no relationship between nutritional status in the men group and the body fat percentage. There is a relationship between nutritional status and body fat percentage in women. Among this population, BMI can still be used to determine body fat percentage

Abstract P028: Increased Cardiometabolic Risk And Autonomic Function Alterations In Normal Weight Obesity

Introduction: Normal weight obesity (NWO) is defined by the presence of normal body mass index (BMI) with high body fat percentage. In this setting, high body fat seems to affect even non-obese individuals, predicting cardiovascular risk. Hypothesis: High body fat percentage, in eutrophic individuals, affects anthropometry, hemodynamic, autonomic function and cardiometabolic risk. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited workers of a public hospital from 2018 to 2020. Inclusion criteria: age ≥ 18 yr.; BMI: 18.5 to 24.9 Kg/m 2 . Exclusion criteria: pregnancy/lactating women; BMI &lt; 18.5 Kg/m 2 or ≥ 25 Kg/m 2 . High body fat percentage was categorized, by sex and age, as: 20 to 39 years, &gt;19.9% and &gt;32.9%; 40 to 59 years, &gt;21.9% and &gt;33.9%; and 60 to 79 years, &gt;24.9% and &gt;35.9% for men and women, respectively. Blood assays: fasting glucose, lipid profile and C reactive protein; anthropometry: neck, waist and hip circumferences; bioimpedance: visceral fat area and body fat percentage; hemodynamic parameters: blood pressure and double product; autonomic function: orthostatic test (30:15 ratio), orthostatic hypotension test and heart rate variability (HRV): high and low frequency and sympathovagal index; cardiometabolic risk: body shape index, atherogenic dyslipidemia, atherogenic index, atherogenic index of plasma and Framingham score. Statistical analysis: Mann-Whitney and chi-squared test. P&lt;0.05. Ethics: according to Helsinki declaration, revised in 2013. Results: A total of 52 from 241 volunteers were eutrophic: 23 were NWO, that exhibited higher visceral fat area, anthropometric measures, blood pressure and double product; and worse lipid profile, HRV frequency domain and cardiometabolic risk parameters compared to the 29 with normal body fat percentage (table 1) . Conclusions: NWO individuals have metabolic, hemodynamic, anthropometric and autonomic alterations that, associated with new indexes related to atherogenesis, confirm the early cardiometabolic risk of this profile.

Body Composition in Elite Soccer Players from Youth to Senior Squad.

There is a strong relationship between body composition and performance in male soccer players. This study aimed to display an optimal body height and weight, and body composition profile of male soccer players for four competitive age groups. This cross-sectional study included four groups: U-15 (n = 152), U-17 (n = 154), U-19 (n = 61), and seniors (n = 27). Body height and weight were measured under standard conditions, and the bioelectrical impedance analyzer (BIA) analyzed body composition. On average, soccer players in the U-15 group had significantly lower body height, weight, body mass index, skeletal muscle mass, fat-free mass, total body water and basal metabolic rate than U-17, U-19 and seniors, but a higher percentage of body fat than U-17 and U-19, p < 0.05. In addition, the results show significant non-linear increases in body height, weight and body composition as the age of soccer players increases, with the exception of the percentage of body fat mass, which tends to significantly decrease with age. The main findings of this study are that body fat mass remains stable and similar across all age groups, including in the senior squad.

Prevalence of adiposity-based chronic disease in middle-aged adults from Czech Republic: The Kardiovize study.

Aims/HypothesisThe need for understanding obesity as a chronic disease, its stigmatization, and the lack of actionability related to it demands a new approach. The adiposity‐based chronic disease (ABCD) model is based on adiposity amount, distribution, and function, with a three stage complication‐centric rather than a body mass index (BMI)‐centric approach. The prevalence rates and associated risk factors are presented.MethodsIn total, 2159 participants were randomly selected from Czechia. ABCD was established as BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 or high body fat percent, or abdominal obesity and then categorized by their adiposity‐based complications: Stage 0: none; Stage 1: mild/moderate; Stage 2: severe.ResultsABCD prevalence was 62.8%. Stage 0 was 2.3%; Stage 1 was 31.4%; Stage 2 was 29.1%. Comparing with other classifiers, participants in Stage 2 were more likely to have diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome than those with overweight, obesity, abdominal obesity, and increased fat mass. ABCD showed the highest sensitivity and specificity to detect participants with peripheral artery disease, increased intima media, and vascular disease.Conclusion/InterpretationThe ABCD model provides a more sensitive approach that facilitates the early detection and stratification of participants at risk compared to traditional classifiers.

Characterization of Reproductive and Morphological Variables in Female Elite Futsal Players.

We aimed to characterize the age of onset of training, age at menarche, menstrual periodicity, and performance perception during the menstrual cycle and examined the impact of these reproductive variables on body composition, morphology, and body weight satisfaction in Brazilian elite futsal players. The study consisted of 115 female Brazilian elite futsal players from the top national teams. Data were collected during the twentieth Women’s Brazil Futsal Cup. Players were interviewed and self-reported their age of onset of training, age at menarche, menstrual periodicity, and the menstrual period, where they performed best. We also asked for what they considered to be their ideal body weight as well as information related to their training (i.e., volume and frequency). Subsequently, anthropometric measurements (i.e., body mass, height, circumferences, diameters, and skinfold thickness) were performed to estimate the body composition and determine morphological characteristics (e.g., somatotype). Fifty-nine (53.2%) players were postmenarche-trained and 52 (46.8%) were premenarche-trained. Eighteen (16.2%), 65 (58.6%), and 28 (25.2%) were classified as early, normal, and late menarche, respectively. Only 11 (9.6%) and 1 (0.9%) had irregular menstrual cycles and were amenorrheic, respectively. Seventy-three (69.5%), 23 (21.9%), and 9 (8.6%) reported that their game performance was the best at the follicular phase, menses, and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, respectively. No associations between the four reproductive-related variables were found. Postmenarche-trained players had significant lower age at menarche and higher percentage body fat. The somatotype profile registered lower ectomorphy rate for the postmenarche-trained participants after controlling for covariates. Early menarche group presented higher sum of six skinfold thickness and endomorphy rate compared to normal and late menarche groups. No differences were found when menstrual periodicity groups and best performance groups were compared, except for higher femur width in the regular menstrual cycle group compared to the irregular one. The association between body weight satisfaction and the four reproductive-related variables were not observed. Premenarche-trained Brazilian elite futsal players had the menarche later than the postmenarche-trained athletes. Most of the participants had menarche age classified as “normal,” presented “regular” menstrual cycles and perceived to perform better during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

Deletion of Proteinase Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2) Does Not Ameliorate Age‐Related Obesity

The purpose of this study was to determine if proteinase activated receptor 2 (PAR2) plays a role in the development of age-related obesity and insulin resistance. Body composition and insulin action were assessed in 18-month old male PAR2 knockout (PAR2-KO) mice, age-matched male C57BL6 mice (AG), and young male C57BL6 mice (YG, 6 months old). Body composition was assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (Bruker LF50 BCA Mini-Spec) and insulin action was assessed by glucose tolerance (GT), insulin tolerance (IT) and AICAR tolerance (AT) testing. Body mass was significantly higher in PAR2-KO and AG mice when compared to YG mice (P ≤.0001). Surprisingly, PAR2-KO mice weighed significantly more than AG mice (P=.042). Similar to body mass, epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT) mass was significantly higher in PAR2-KO and AG mice when compared to YG mice (P ≤.0001). No significant differences in EWAT mass existed between PAR2-KO and AG mice (P=.95). Body composition analysis revealed that PAR2-KO and AG mice had significantly greater fat mass and higher body fat percentage than YG mice. Further, fat mass was significantly greater in PAR2-KO mice compared to AG mice (P=.045); however, only a trend for differences in body fat percentage was observed between PAR2-KO and AG mice (P=.09). No differences existed in lean body mass among the PAR2-KO, AG, and YG mice (P=.58). With regards to insulin action, area under the curve (AUC) for GT was significantly lower in PAR2-KO compared to AG mice (P =.0003) and YG mice (P=.001); however, no differences existed for the AUC for IT or AT indicating that PAR2-KO mice have greater insulin secretion rather than enhanced insulin sensitivity. In summary, age-related obesity does not appear to be dependent on PAR2 expression; in fact, an absence of PAR2 may increase adiposity with advancing age.

Shared genetic etiology and causality between body fat percentage and cardiovascular diseases: a large-scale genome-wide cross-trait analysis

BackgroundAccumulating evidences have suggested that high body fat percentage (BF%) often occurs in parallel with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), implying a common etiology between them. However, the shared genetic etiology underlying BF% and CVDs remains unclear.MethodsUsing large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) data, we investigated shared genetics between BF% (N = 100,716) and 10 CVD-related traits (n = 6968-977,323) with linkage disequilibrium score regression, multi-trait analysis of GWAS, and transcriptome-wide association analysis, and evaluated causal associations using Mendelian randomization.ResultsWe found strong positive genetic correlations between BF% and heart failure (HF) (Rg = 0.47, P = 1.27 × 10− 22) and coronary artery disease (CAD) (Rg = 0.22, P = 3.26 × 10− 07). We identified 5 loci and 32 gene-tissue pairs shared between BF% and HF, as well as 16 loci and 28 gene-tissue pairs shared between BF% and CAD. The loci were enriched in blood vessels and brain tissues, while the gene-tissue pairs were enriched in the nervous, cardiovascular, and exo-/endocrine system. In addition, we observed that BF% was causally related with a higher risk of HF (odds ratio 1.63 per 1-SD increase in BF%, P = 4.16 × 10–04) using a MR approach.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that BF% and CVDs have shared genetic etiology and targeted reduction of BF% may improve cardiovascular outcomes. This work advances our understanding of the genetic basis underlying co-morbid obesity and CVDs and opens up a new way for early prevention of CVDs.

Does Obesity Affect the Severity of Exercise-Induced Muscle Injury?

This literature review investigates the effects of obesity on exercise-induced muscle injury and reexamines the potential mechanisms of exercise-induced muscle injury related to obesity. Several studies reported that high body mass index and percent body fat can significantly affect the markers of muscle injury after exercise, including maximal strength, delayed onset muscle soreness, creatinine kinase level, and myoglobin level. The potential mechanisms resulting in these outcomes include structural changes in the cell membrane induced by high fat levels, increased inflammatory responses due to adipose tissues, reduced muscle satellite cell activation and myogenesis due to lipid overload, differences in muscle fiber distributions, and sedentary behaviors. These mechanisms, however, must be verified through more research. As obesity is a potential risk factor increasing the severity of exercise-induced muscle injuries, the exercise intensity and duration for obese patients must be carefully selected, and a preconditioning intervention (e.g., low-intensity eccentric training) may be considered before or during the early stages of the exercise program.

NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN OLDER HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS DEPENDING ON COMORBIDITY

Objective: Obesity and the type of obesity are an important prognostic factor in older patients with hypertension and comorbidity (including chronic heart failure (CHF)). The aim of this study was to investigate nutritional status in older hypertensive patients with CHF. Design and method: 119 older hypertensive patients withCHF (89 males, mean age was 68.9 ± 6.7 years) were studied. Arterial hypertension was defined according to ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypertension, 2018. Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) was estimated. Comorbidity was regarded as high at index less or equal 6 scores. Nutritional status was assessed: the presence of obesity, type of obesity, body composition, including percentage of lean and fat tissue. Results: The CCI was 5.9 ± 1.9 scores. 67 (56.3%) older hypertensive patients with CHF had high comorbidity. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was more common in the comorbidity structure (57; 47,9%). Obesity was observed in 59 (81.9%) patients, 56 (77.8%) with abdominal obesity, 116 (97%) - had a higher percentage of body fat. Lean body mass index, body fat index, percentage of lean body mass and percentage of body fat did not differ in patients depending on the level of comorbidity (p &gt; 0.05). There was a direct relationship between the percentage of body fat and CCI (r = 0.30, p = 0.006). However, patients with CKD had lower total water volume (42.4 ± 6.9 and39,1 ± 6.7 liters resp., p = 0,009) and lean body mass (58.0 ± 9.4and53,7 ± 9.3 kg resp., p = 0,01) compared to older hypertensive patients with CHF without CKD. Conclusions: Older patients with arterial hypertension and CHF are characterized by obesity (abdominal obesity) and sarcopenic obesity. Body composition is independent on comorbidity. However, patients withCKD had lower total water volume and lean body mass, which also causes a poor prognosis.

Associations of physical activity, sedentary time, and diet quality with biomarkers of inflammation in children

ABSTRACT We investigated the associations of physical activity (PA), sedentary time (ST), and diet quality with biomarkers of inflammation in 390 children (192 girls, 198 boys) aged 6–8 years. PA energy expenditure (PAEE), light PA, moderate PA (MPA), vigorous PA (VPA), moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and ST were assessed by combined movement and heart rate sensor. Finnish Children Healthy Eating Index was calculated using data from 4 d food records. Body fat percentage (BF%) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP), leptin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), adiponectin, tumour necrosis factor-α, and glycoprotein acetyls were measured from fasting blood samples. PAEE, MPA, VPA, and MVPA were inversely associated with hs-CRP (β=−191 to −139, 95% CI=−0.294 to −0.024), leptin (β=−0.409 to −0.301, 95% CI=−0.499 to −0.107), IL-6 (β=−0.136 to −0.104, 95% CI=−0.240 to −0.001) and PAEE, MPA, and MVPA were inversely associated with glycoprotein acetyls (β=−0.117 to −0.103, 95% CI=−0.213 to −0.001). ST was directly associated with hs-CRP (β=0.170, 95% CI=0.070–0.269), leptin (β=0.355, 95% CI=0.265–0.445), and IL-6 (β=0.105, 95% CI=0.005–0.205). VPA was inversely associated with hs-CRP, leptin, and IL-6 in children with higher BF% (β=−0.344 to −0.181, 95% CI=−0.477 to −0.033) but not among children with lower BF% (β=−0.007–0.033, 95% CI=−0.183–0.184). In conclusion, PA was inversely and ST directly associated with circulating levels of biomarkers of inflammation among children. Furthermore, we observed that PA was inversely associated with these biomarkers for inflammation in children with a higher BF%. Highlights Systemic inflammation, as indicated by increased circulating concentrations of biomarkers for inflammation, may be important in causal pathways leading to insulin resistance, sub-clinical atherosclerosis, and eventually clinical manifestations of cardiovascular diseases. Higher levels of physical activity and lower levels of sedentary time were associated with more favourable inflammatory profile. Body fat percentage modified these associations and especially vigorous intensity physical activity was inversely associated with biomarkers of inflammation on children with higher body fat percentage but not in children with lower body fat percentage.