High Negative Effects Research Articles

The decision-making by citizens: Evaluating the effects of rule-driven and learning-driven automated responders on citizen-initiated contact

While many studies have investigated the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) deployment in the public sector on government-citizen interactions, findings remain controversial due to the technical complexity and contextual diversity. This study distinguishes between rule-driven and learning-driven AI and explores their impact as automated respondents on citizen-initiated contact, an important scenario for public participation with initiative. Based on a conjoint experiment with 763 participations (4578 observations), this study suggests that AI deployments enormously reduce the likelihood of citizen-initiated contact compared to human response, with learning-driven AI having a higher negative effect than rule-driven AI. In addition, the causal effects of respondent image, contact channel, contact purpose, and matter attributes on citizen-initiated contact, as well as their moderating effects, are explored. These findings make theoretical implications and calls for public participation in the roaring AI deployment in the public sector.

Screen Time Usage and Mental well-being among adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study

Modern kids are exposed to a wide variety of gadgets and are surrounded by technological advances, including television, cell phones, laptops, and other devices. Young people now spend more time than ever before using electronic gadgets in their daily lives and participating in screen based activities. Aim: This study aims to examine screen time usage, mental well-being and its effect among adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done among 100 adolescents. Responses were collected by self-structured screen time usage, Warwick-Edinburg Mental well-being scale and self-structured screen time effects scale. Findings: The collected data were analysed by using SPSS version 20.0 and the findings revealed that 42% and 45% of adolescents were using smartphone for 1-3 hours on weekends and weekdays respectively. Forty six percent of adolescents were had low mental well-being. The excessive screen time use reported often feeling moods, headache, frustrated, poor concentration and problem in their eyes. The screen time usage were significantly associated with effects of screen usage (r= 0.27, p=0.04). Conclusion: The study concluded that the adolescents had higher screen time usage on weekends. Increased screen time use predominantly was associated with higher negative effects.

Stabilization/solidification of heavy metal-contaminated marl soil using a binary system of cement and fuel fly ash.

The stabilization/solidification (S/S) method is one of the most effective remediation techniques for treating contaminated soils. Several stabilizers, mostly the cementitious materials, have been used for the S/S treatment. In this paper, the feasibility of utilizing fuel fly ash (FFA) as a partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) for the S/S treatment of marl soil contaminated with heavy metals was investigated. Two industrial waste materials, namely steel and electroplating wastes, were used to synthetically contaminate the marl soil. The stabilizers comprising of OPC and FFA were mixed with the contaminated soil at different dosages ranging from 10 to 40%, by mass, and a total of 48 S/S-treated soil mixtures were prepared. A series of experiments, including density, porosity, permeability, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP), were carried out on the soil mixtures to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed S/S treatment. Test results showed that the incorporation of FFA at higher volumes reduced the density and increased the porosity and permeability of the treated mixtures. Although FFA addition resulted in reducing the UCS values by an average of 46%, and this reduction was more significant at higher FFA percentages, the UCS values of all mixtures were more than 0.35 MPa (350 kPa), which passed the minimum requirements set by USEPA. In addition, the metal immobilization ability of the proposed treatment was confirmed by the TCLP analysis. As compared to the negative effect of the contamination of the soil by the electroplating waste, the contamination of the soil by steel waste had a higher negative effect. The results of this study would contribute in selecting an environment-friendly treatment of the contaminated soils using industrial waste materials, such as FFA, as a partial replacement of OPC. Nevertheless, the present study is an initial attempt to explore the possibility of utilizing FFA as a partial replacement of OPC in S/S treatment of marl soil contaminated with heavy metals. It is recommended to conduct another study in future including analysis of the treated soil mixtures using XRD, SEM, and FTIR techniques to better understand the stabilization/solidification mechanism and its implications on the test results.

Effect of cooking methods on the nutritional quality of selected vegetables at Sylhet City

The study was carried out to analyze the impacts of boiling, steaming, and microwave cooking on the physicochemical properties, the content of bioactive compounds, and boiling effect on mineral and heavy metal content of six widely consumed vegetables in Bangladesh's north-eastern region. In comparison to raw, boiled, and microwave-cooked vegetables, those that are steam-cooked retain a higher percentage of β-carotene with the exception of carrots. Boiling vegetables led to the most substantial reduction in ascorbic acid content (from 9.83 % to 70.88 %), with spinach experiencing the greatest decline. In contrast, microwaving had the mildest effect on ascorbic acid, preserving over 90 % of the initial content. The decrease in carotene content may be associated with color changes (decreasing greenness and increasing hue angle) in the chosen vegetables. The colorimeter shows the L* value (lightness/darkness) of all cooked vegetables significantly decreased. In terms of total polyphenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), boiling had a higher negative effect on most vegetables than the other two cooking methods, with losses of up to 70.3 % and 82.27 %, respectively. All cooked vegetables, with the exception of carrot and microwave pumpkin, had substantial reductions in free radicals scavenging activity, with losses ranging from 8.48 % to 56.73 %. In comparison to raw vegetables, boiled vegetables significantly lost minerals like potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn). On the other hand, the calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) content of all cooked vegetables, except for carrots and peas, exhibited an increase, ranging from 6 to 17 % and 6–12 %, respectively. The Cr concentration in all vegetables and the Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cd content in the spinach sample was higher than the FAO/WHO recommended maximum permissible level (MPL), whereas the accumulation of Cu and Ni content was lower in all vegetables. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that microwaving was the most effective method for retaining the nutritional value of vegetables, while steaming had a moderate impact.

Oxytocin system polymorphisms rs237887 and rs2740210 variants increase the risk of depression in pregnant women with early abuse.

Prepartum depression is associated with early adversity, pregnancy complications, preterm delivery, postpartum depression, and long-term effects on child neurodevelopment. The oxytocin (OXT) system is affected by early adverse experiences and has been associated with depression. In the current study, we investigated risk factors for prenatal depressive symptoms, mainly the effects of early childhood and adolescence trauma, in combination with the presence of certain variants of polymorphisms of OXT and OXT receptor (OXTR) genes. We hypothesized that early childhood and adolescence trauma has higher negative effects in carriers of genetic variants of the OXT/OXTR system, increasing their risk for depression. Early in pregnancy (8-14weeks), 141 pregnant women from a Uruguayan population were asked to provide DNA samples and complete questionnaires that assessed their experience of child abuse, depression symptoms, and other variables that included demographic information. Our results showed that 23.5% of pregnant women had depressive symptoms. Several OXT and OXTR genetic variants were associated with higher risk of prepartum depression only in those pregnant women who suffered emotional abuse during infancy or adolescence. Logistic regression (Nagelkerke's R2 =.33) revealed that women who suffered early abuse and were carriers of the variants CC of rs2740210 (OXT) or AA of rs237887 (OXTR) had significantly higher risk of experiencing depressive symptoms. Antecedents of psychiatric disorders also contributed to the risk of depression. We conclude that emotional abuse contributes to the risk of depression in different ways in women carrying different OXT and OXTR genetic variants. Early detection and closer follow-up of women with child abuse and certain OXT genetic variants, among other risk factors, could reduce the long-term impact of prepartum depression.

Liposomes containing azithromycin and green tea as an anti-acne treatment: Formulation and Characterization

Liposomes and other novel drug delivery carriers are highly adaptable, allowing for the distribution of a wide range of pharmacological compounds. The antibiotic azithromycin is widely regarded as the most effective treatment for acne. Lower efficacy or higher negative effects have led to decreased use of topical azithromycin. In this study, liposomes have been chosen because it is hypothesised that this may lessen the drug's side effects when used in conjunction with Azithromycin. Traditional herbal therapies have been intensively investigated as alternatives to conventional treatments for many ailments due to the possibility for side effects and antibiotic resistance from conventional pharmaceuticals. Thanks to its antibacterial qualities, green tea is one of the most effective natural therapies for acne. The lipid film hydration method was used to create drug-loaded liposomes, and the optimal component ratios were established. Liposomes were studied for their in-vitro drug release properties and characterised for their vesicle size, shape, encapsulation effectiveness, and drug content. Formulations F1 and F6, which included a 1:1 ratio of fat to cholesterol, showed the highest levels of encapsulation efficiency (69.5% and 66.2%, respectively) and in-vitro drug release (82.5 and 82.2 percent, respectively). Carbopol gel has been modified to include liposomal formulations, and the results have been compared to those of commercially available gels that do not use liposomes. Within 24 hours, the release of azithromycin (90.5%) was greater in the non liposomal marketed gel than in the liposomal gel (77.5% and 74.8%) of green tea. Green tea liposomes used in the formulation had a MIC value that was comparable to that of commercially available, non-liposomal gel. It was discovered that azithromycin was more effective than green tea in killing Micrococcus luteus.

Research‐teaching nexus: The new answer to the old question

AbstractThe study tests 3 research hypotheses on the teaching‐research nexus using the administrative data of the HSE University in Russia for 7 years. We confirmed the hypothesis that a lower classroom teaching load is associated with higher research output. Undergraduate courses have a relatively higher negative effect, especially on the probability of producing research output at all. A higher concentration of teaching in some semesters or quarters looks rather ineffective as a way to stimulate higher research productivity. Only a moderate share of English‐taught classes (about 20% of the teaching load) is associated with higher research output and only for publications in good international journals. The empirical part of the study is based on zero‐inflated Poisson and zero‐inflated negative binomial models. This study comes to contribute to the development of literature discussing a mechanism and possible implications in teaching load composition as an essential part of the academic contract.

Fracture Healing in Elderly Mice and the Effect of an Additional Severe Blood Loss: A Radiographic and Biomechanical Murine Study.

Femoral fractures and severe bleeding frequently occur in old patients showing a delayed healing. As there are no studies investigating the combined effect of high age and severe blood loss on fracture healing, this was examined radiographically and biomechanically in this study. Therefore, young and old male mice were randomly assigned to three operation groups. In the fracture group (Fx), external fixator and osteotomy were applied to the femur. The combined trauma group (THFx) additionally received a pressure-controlled hemorrhage. Sham animals were only implanted with arterial catheter and external fixator. Sacrifice was performed after three weeks and bone healing was evaluated radiologically via µCT, as well as biomechanically using a three-point bending test. A decreased share of callus/total bone volume was observed in old mice with blood loss compared to old Fx. Hemorrhagic shock also reduced the trabecular number in old mice compared to Fx and young THFx. Moreover, a lower elastic limit in old Sham mice without fracture was revealed. Fracture combined with a high loss of blood further reduced the elastic limit in old mice compared to isolated Fx in old animals. In conclusion, this study showed that severe blood loss has a higher negative effect in old mice compared to young ones.

Is Financial Risk A Stumbling Block to the Development of Digital Economy? A Global Case

ABSTRACT This paper constructs a series of digital economy indexes and explores the impact of financial risk on the development of the global digital economy based on panel data of 121 countries for the period 2003–2019. Furthermore, we analyze regional heterogeneity and asymmetry. The main findings indicate that: (1) an increase of financial risk by 1% can impede the development of the global digital economy by 0.085%; (2) in high-income, upper-middle income, and lower-middle income countries, financial risk negatively affects the global digital economy; (3) financial risk has shown a significantly negative impact on the digital economy from 2009 to 2019; and (4) the financial risk has higher negative effects on the digital economy at the lower quantiles.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions of the Forest Supply Chain in Austria in the Year 2018

Wood is a renewable product, but for the supply of wood non-renewable materials are also necessary, which can have negative environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to analyze the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by the forest supply chain in Austria using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methods. The forest supply chain consists of several processes like site preparation and tending, harvesting, and transport. In total, 30 relevant forest processes from seedling production until delivery of wood to the plant gate were considered. Results show that in the year 2018, a total of 492,096 t of CO2 eq. were emitted in Austria for harvesting and transportation of 19.2 hm3 of timber. This corresponds to 25.63 kg CO2 eq. per m3. At 77%, transport accounts for the largest share of emissions within the supply chain. Extraction causes 14% of emissions, felling and processing cause 5%, and chipping causes 4%. GHG emissions for felling, delimbing, and crosscutting are much lower when using a chainsaw compared to harvester. The high numbers for the transport can be explained by the high transportation distances. Especially for the transportation of wood, it is necessary to find more climate-friendly solutions from a technical and organizational point of view. The provision of wood is climate-friendly, and its use enables the substitution of fossil fuels or materials with higher negative effects on climate change such as aluminum, steel, or concrete.

Repercussions of Agro-Pastoralism on Soil Condition in Western Serengeti, Tanzania

Overgrazing of rangeland and continuous cultivation of cropland are among human activities contributing to the deterioration of soil properties. To elucidate the effect of agro-pastoral activities on soil properties in western Serengeti, we examined soil properties in four land use types, namely fallow land, communal grazing land, mixed grazing land and wildlife dominated grazing land. The soil sampling sites were along the landscape from village lands towards protected areas while crossing all four land use types. Soil pH was not significantly different (p≥0.05) although it was relatively low in fallow and communal grazing lands. Clay content in soils was not affected by land use types whereas sand and silt contents were significantly different (p≤0.05) among land use types. In terms of soil nutrients, OC, CEC and soil P showed a significant difference (p≤0.05) among land use types but land use did not affect TN and Ca²⁺. Bare land within quadrats was highest in communal grazing lands (1233 cm²/quadrat) and lowest in wildlife dominated grazing lands (906 cm²/quadrat). Protected areas represented by wildlife grazing sites had the highest soil stability expressed in terms of soil structure stability index. Soil quality declined with increase in bare land. Further, high density of grazing animals caused a decline in soil properties. The study demonstrated that the four land use types had negative influence on soil properties. It was further noted that the current practices of livestock grazing and cultivation had higher negative effects on soil properties than the other land use types. Long term monitoring study on impacts of agro-pastoralism in western Serengeti is needed so as to establish proper stocking rates to avoid reaching an irreversible soil properties deterioration situation.

Selection of Ideotypes to Increase Potential Yield of Rice Cultivars Using Multivariate Models

Using classical breeding, plant breeders envision a plant type whose yield they aim to enhance by selecting for individual traits to create model/ideal plants or ideotypes. The experiment was carried out as a randomized complete blocks design with four replications and 15 local rice cultivars, required were collected for using path coefficient analysis and mahalanobis distance analysis. The results revealed that the higher positive effect on paddy yield was determined by panicle weight and number of spikelet per panicle. The higher negative effect on paddy yield was determined by DFM and FT. The highest genetic distance was observed between cv. ‘Langroudi’ and cv. ‘Tarom Hashemi’ and the least one was between cv. ‘Gharib Reihani’ and ‘Ahlami Tarom’. Totally, all local cultivars were close to each other in terms of the genetic distance. This result shows that ideotype, this ideotype yield gap can be compensated. According to the findings, the high level of paddy-yield changes and contribution of each factor affecting it shows that with proper management, a significant part of this change can be compensated and lead to potential yield.

Strength performance and microstructural evolution of carbonated steel slag stabilized soils in the laboratory scale

The technique of carbonated stabilization is an innovative method to improve the engineering performance of soft soils. However, the improvement in the engineering performance of stabilized soils with carbonized steel slag has not been studied. In addition, the effect of clay minerals on carbonation parameters and D-W cycle performance remains unknown. To this end, in this paper, three types of synthetic soils containing different clay minerals were prepared to be stabilized by carbonated steel slag. The strength performance and microstructural evolution of carbonated steel slag stabilized soils were investigated by drying-wetting (D-W) cycle tests, unconfined compression strength (UCS) tests, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the compressive strength after and resistance to D-W cycles of carbonated steel slag stabilized soils were significantly improved due to carbonation treatment. The presence of clay minerals in stabilized soils led to the high values of optimum moisture content for carbonation (C-OMC). The C-OMC value of stabilized soils containing montmorillonite was higher than that of stabilized soils containing kaolinite. Montmorillonite had a higher negative effect on the D-W cycle performance of soils compared to kaolinite. This fact could be reflected by the fluctuation of UCS and mass change ratio (Rm). The main carbonation product by three types of carbonated steel slag stabilized soils was calcite, which remained stable after D-W cycles. After carbonation for 18 h, the generated calcite and carbonation degrees for three types of stabilized soils were obtained. In the microstructures of carbonated steel slag stabilized soils, the spindle-like clusters of the generated calcite appeared, which adhered to the surface of mineral particles. The aggregated degrees of the generated calcite in stabilized soils containing clay minerals tended to decrease after D-W cycles. In this work, a new type of carbonated steel slag stabilized soil was studied. The results indicated that the effect of clay minerals on the engineering characteristics of soil should be considered.

Saline irrigation water indices affect morphophysiological characteristics of collard

ABSTRACT Collard is a vegetable widely consumed in Brazil. However, the quality and production of this vegetable depend on the supply and quality of water. Water stress and saline stress can make it impossible to grow. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of morphophysiological characteristics of collard cv. Georgia under irrigation levels and saline indices after the first defoliation.The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, under random blocks design, and the treatments consisted of combinations of five water electrical conductivities (CEi in dS m-1: C1 =0.80; C2 =1.30; C3 = 1.80; C4 = 2.30; C5 = 2.80) and four irrigation levels based on the vase capacity (PwC: L1 = 55%; L2 = 70%; L3 = 85%; L4 = 100%), with four replications. Plant height, stem diameter and number of leaves were directly affected by combinations of high salinity levels in irrigation water. On the other hand, the green color index had a higher negative effect caused by the treatments in the first evaluation. For fresh and dry matter weight, and leaf area, T16 treatment (Conductivity 2,30 dSm-1 + irrigation level 100% vase water capacity) presented the best result (206.67 g; 25.46 g; 3044 cm2, respectively), while for water use efficiency, T3 treatment (Conductivity 0,80 dSm-1 + irrigation level 85% vase water capacity) (22.95 g L-1) gave better results. The water electrical conductivities linked to irrigation levels had a direct effect on the morphophysiological characteristics of collard.

The effect of measurement errors on the performance of the homogenously weighted moving average X¯ monitoring scheme

Monitoring schemes are typically designed under the assumption of perfect measurements. However, in real-life applications, data tend to be subjected to measurement errors, that is, a difference between the real quantities and the measured ones mostly exist even with highly sophisticated advanced measuring instruments. Thus, in this paper, the negative effect of measurement errors on the performance of the homogenously weighted moving average (HWMA) scheme is studied using the linear covariate error model for constant and linearly increasing variance. Monte Carlo simulations are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed HWMA scheme in terms of the run-length characteristics. It is observed that as the smoothing parameter increases, measurement errors have a higher negative effect on the performance of the HWMA [Formula: see text] scheme. More importantly, it is shown that the negative effect of measurement errors is reduced by using multiple measurements and/or by increasing the slope coefficient of the covariate error model. Moreover, the performance of the HWMA [Formula: see text] scheme is compared with the corresponding exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) and cumulative sum (CUSUM) [Formula: see text] schemes. An illustrative example is provided to help in implementing this monitoring scheme in a real-life situation.

Response of kernel growth of barley genotypes with different row type to climatic factors before and after inflection point of grain filling

Abstract Changes in patterns of rainfall and rising temperatures during grain development have already negatively affected yield gains of temperate cereals. This article reports on barley field trials with 15 two- and 10 six-row barley genotypes evaluated in eight environments where terminal drought was simulated by leaf defoliation applied seven days after heading. The experimental years were contrasting in terms of temperatures during grain filling. The focus of the study was to determine which barley type was more sensitive to terminal drought and high temperatures. The grain filling period was divided in two sub-periods: before (P1) and after (P2) inflection point (IP) of the growth curve, which occurs at the instant when the rate of accumulation ceases to accelerate and begins to slow down. For each period, climatic factors were calculated and their effects on the mean kernel growth rate (RG) were analyzed. To explore genotype × environment interactions for production per spike (PPS), the regression approach was adopted using climatic data in P1 and P2 as explanatory variables. Two-row barley had a significantly longer IP than six-row barley. IP was in a negative relationship with RG and PPS in both barley types. Six-row barley showed higher RG sensibility than two-row barley to drought stress during the period of the extensive kernel growth (P1). The number of days with moderately high (between 25 and 30 °C) and high (over 30 °C) temperatures had a higher negative effect on RG of two-row barley than six-row barley, particularly in P2. On the other hand, minimum temperatures were more negative for RG of the six-row barley than two-row barley, particularly under control conditions. In general, two-row barley showed better adaptation to low yielding environments, while six-row barley was more responsive to high yielding environments.

Combined effect of autocorrelation and measurement errors on the adaptive X¯ monitoring schemes

For independent and identically distributed observations, and those with measurement errors only, the adaptive designs (i.e. variable sampling sizes (VSS), variable sampling intervals (VSI) and the latter two combined to form VSSI) have been thoroughly discussed. However, no research exists for processes under the combined effect of autocorrelation and measurement errors; thus, such adaptive Shewhart [Formula: see text] schemes are proposed. The Markov chain approach for adaptive designs are used to evaluate the run-length distribution properties with two special sampling strategies (i.e. s-skip and multiple measurements) incorporated to reduce the combined negative effect of autocorrelation and measurement inaccuracy. Using numerous run-length metrics, it is shown that the combination of the two sampling strategies with the VSSI design reduces this negative effect considerably and improves the detection ability of the [Formula: see text] scheme by a significant margin as compared with using the fixed sample size and sampling interval (FSSI), VSS and VSI designs. Autocorrelation level has a higher negative effect as compared with the measurement inaccuracy level. For high levels of autocorrelation ([Formula: see text]0.8), the s-skip strategy has little influence in reducing the negative effect; but the VSSI design maintains better performance than the other designs. Finally, a real-life example is used to illustrate its implementation.

Impact of Gaps in the Educational Levels between Married Partners on Health and a Sustainable Lifestyle: Evidence from 32 Countries

Using original cross-sectional internet survey data from 32 countries covering six continents, we investigated the impact of education gaps between married partners on their health status and sustainable lifestyles using the instrumental variable method. A self-rated health status index, mental health index, and an objective health status index were utilized to assess the health statuses of individuals, and six unique indices were used to investigate the sustainable lifestyles. According to the main findings, work-family conflicts may be severe for both wives and husbands with high education levels, and the hypothesis regarding the positive effect of income was not supported. Two major conclusions were derived. First, in general, as opposed to couples with equal education levels, the probability of reporting a worse health status was higher, and the activities related to sustainable development such as improving environmental sustainability were less for couples with education gaps. Second, a comparison of the effects of education gaps on the health status of couples in various groups reveals that highly educated groups, women, and people in Asian or middle-income countries had a higher negative effect on their health status.

Acute ischemic stroke profile in women attending Tanta University Hospital

Background Stroke has a higher negative effect on women than men. In developed countries, stroke has regressed to be the fifth cause of death in men but still the third cause in women. It is suggested that there will be an increase of stroke burden in women in the future. Aim The aim was to study clinical presentation, risk factors, and short-term outcome of acute ischemic stroke in women admitted to Tanta University hospitals. Patients and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted that included 386 patients admitted to the Department of Neuropsychiatry and Centre of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Neurosurgery at Tanta University Hospitals with first-ever ischemic stroke. We assessed stroke severity by National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Stroke type and etiology were assessed by Oxford Shire Community Stroke Project classification and Trial of org 10172 in acute stroke treatment classification. The authors assessed outcome on discharge by modified Rankin scale. Results Regarding type of stroke, cerebral venous thrombosis was more in females, with significant difference; arterial ischemic stroke in females was less than in males, with significant difference; and total anterior in females was more than in males, with significant difference. Predictors of unfavorable outcome in females were age above 60 years old, being unmarried, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiac disease. Conclusion Hypertension, mean duration of diabetes, and BMI increase the risk of ischemic stroke in women. Age above 60 years old, currently unmarried, hypertension, cardiac diseases, and diabetes mellitus increase unfavorable outcome in women.

The Effects of Rest Problems on Workforce Fatigue and Productivity

This study examines the impact of rest problems on workforce fatigue and productivity. The participants of the study include 4188 employees working at four Malaysian corporations. First, they were surveyed about rest time patterns and then, they completed the Work Limitations Questionnaire. Next, the respondents were classified into four groups: insomnia (Level-1), insufficient rest (Level-2), at-risk (Level-3), and good rest (Level-4). The costs related to productivity were estimated through the Work Limitations Questionnaire. Performance, productivity, safety, and treatment measures were compared using the one-way analysis of variance model. The findings showed that level-1 and level-2 groups caused higher negative effects than level-3 and level-4 groups, on productivity, performance, and safety. The level-1 group had the highest rate of rest medication use. The other groups were more likely to use no medication treatments. Fatigue-related productivity losses were estimated to cost $1967/workforce annually. However, rest problems contribute to decreasing workforce productivity leading to a high cost to companies.