High Men Research Articles

College Student Dating Partner Drinking Profiles: Differences in Relationship Functioning and Relationship-Specific Alcohol Expectancies

ABSTRACTBackground: Although the majority of research on partner drinking styles has examined married couples, dating partners may influence one another's problem behaviors including alcohol use. Objectives: This study identified patterns of at-risk alcohol use in college women and their dating partners using a person-centered statistical approach (i.e., latent profile analysis). Methods: Participants were 286 college student women in dating relationships. They completed questionnaires regarding their own and their partners' drinking, alcohol use severity, intimate partner violence (IPV), relationship satisfaction, and relationship-specific alcohol expectancies. Data were collected in 2012 through 2013. Results: Results revealed three distinct, latent classes based on both partners' alcohol outcomes. The “Low-Risk” group (58%) consisted of non-heavy drinking partners. In the “High-Risk – Higher Men” class (27%), men drank more than women; however, both men and women were high-risk drinkers. The “High-Risk – Higher Women” group (15%) consisted of high-risk drinking partners but women consumed more alcohol than men. Both high-risk couple groups were more dissatisfied in their relationships and experienced more IPV, but held stronger beliefs about how alcohol influenced their relationship. Conclusions/Importance: Findings indicate that there are several distinct classes of dating couples that differ in relationship problems and beliefs about alcohol's impact on their relationship. Riskier couples differ in behaviors and alcohol-related beliefs from low-risk couples. These findings may inform the development of more efficacious alcohol interventions tailored toward high-risk drinking dating couples.

JENIS DAN STATUS ANOPHELES SPP. SEBAGAI VEKTOR POTENSIAL MALARIA DI PULAU SUMBA PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

The new case of malaria in East Nusa Tenggara Province is the third highest in Indonesia. One of the endemic area of malaria is Sumba Island with geographic condition that is enable for Anopheles to breed. Research of Anopheles spp. in Sumba Island and the information about the vector is still limited. The aim of the research was to investigate the species and status of Anopheles spp. as a potential vector of malaria in Sumba Island. The research was conducted in 12 location in Sumba Island in 2009 and 2012). Data collected was the kind of Anopheles species and its breeding habitat. The data was analysed descriptively. Anopheles species that have been captured were 12 species, mostly between 9-10 pm and 4-5am. The mosquito larva was found in 9 Anopheles spp.’s breeding habitat. The resting behavior of Anopheles spp. exist more outside the house or around the cage (60,46%). Human biting behavior exist more outside the house (60.325). The highest Man Hour Density of Anopheles spp. (Man Hour Density/MHD) is An. Sondaicus with MHD 11,98. The highest of biting density per catching method is An. Sondaicus which bite human as a bait outside the house (MHD = 9,58). The highest Species domination (DS) is An. sondaicus with DS = 5,067. There were 12 species of Anopheles in Sumba Island, with 9 kinds of Anopheles spp.’s breeding habitat. There were 3 species that have been confirmed as malaria vector, those are An. sondaicus, An. subpictus, An. Barbirostris. While the suspect of vector were An. vagus and An. annularis which also spread in whole Sumba. It needs efforts to destroy breeding place by heaping or flowing the puddle, the using of insect repellent and wearing long clothes in doing the activity outside the house.

Vyrų išsilavinimas ir pirmoji santuoka: ar universitetas suteikia pranašumų?

Based on the analysis of the data of the Census 2001 and the linked dataset of the Census 2011 and the 2011–2013 first marriage register, the paper explores the association between men’s educational resources and transition into first marriage in Lithuania. The theoretical assumptions of the study are related to the hypotheses of gender role specialization ant gender role combination. Both hypotheses argue that higher men’s educational resources increase men’s attractiveness in the marriage market. The empirical analysis revealed that men’s education became significant predictor of the marital behaviour during the Soviet period starting with the birth cohort of 1950–1954 and that it affected all consequent birth cohorts. Although the education had very limited effect on men’s economic role in the family during the Soviet period, it is most likely that the attractiveness of higher-educated men in the marriage market was positively affected by other educational advantages. In contemporary society, men with higher education have also higher chances to form the first marriage even if we control for many individual demographic and social variables. Thus, the positive educational gradient in marriage remains stable despite the radical changes in the contextual setting and the economic returns of the education.

Road crash injuries and fatalities in Isfahan, Iran from March 2006 to March 2009

With rapid development of social economies, road traffic accidents have continued to increase, and have become the primary public hazard to humans. The main goal of the present study was to investigate road traffic crash (RTC) fatalities and injuries in the city of Isfahan, Iran. A sample of 150,940 accident cases was considered from Isfahan Police Safety Driving Department, involving drivers and passengers of all ages, and covering a 3-year period. The record linkage identified 24,608 drivers and passengers injured or died as a result of RTC in the city of Isfahan over the 3-year period. The finding of this study shows that the highest rate of RTC fatality was 40% and 58%, which comprises the male drivers and female passengers within the age classes 25–34 and 35–44, respectively. On average, there were one death every 3 days and every hour, someone was injured and taken to an emergency department for RTCs in the city of Isfahan. The highest men to women death and injured ratios were 4:1 and 2:1, respectively. The use of seat belt devices in our population was worrisome. The article ends with a number of recommended measures for the improvement of road safety.

Parent–Child Interaction and Early Literacy Development

In the overarching framework of this special issue, development is conceived as embedded in the sociocultural context. Within this context, culture shapes the mind, and the basic form of higher men...

"The purest english": Ballads and the English Literary Dialect

Sir, ballad-singer is higher man, for he does two things; he repeats and he sings: there is both recitation and musick in his performance.... --Samuel Johnson (1) Despite often being described as sister arts in the eighteenth century, the intimate relationship between poetry and music has been neglected by recent criticism in favor of text-based theories of interpretation. This paper investigates how noise defined the aesthetics of Englishness at the end of the eighteenth century and for the Romantic period, suggesting that is possible to trace sound patterns in literature and in prints, and thereby to reconstruct certain soundscapes. Although the following account is itself profoundly text-based, does attempt to consider how sounds, whether musical settings or background noise, can be articulated in literature, and how this noise may echo changing social conditions. My interpretation is underpinned by the poetics of Richard Shusterman, as elaborated for literary criticism by Ralph Pordzik. Pordzik's approach calls for an examination of the situational embedment of text: how literature functions as experience. (2) This is not merely investigating how literature affects our emotions, but is a method of recapturing dimension of the written text that appeals to our sense of more fully realized, sensual experience instead of our intellectual or analytical abilities. (3) Neopragmatist reading is not paraphrasing; it should be seen as literary practice that tries to be more adequate, more true, to the text's sensual import, one that brings us closer to achieving an internally more integrative experience of reading as 'collaboration' with the text. (4) For the purposes of the present paper, neo-pragmatist reading stresses the harmonic expectations of eighteenth-century readers confronted with ballad or song text, and argues that acoustic references in verse should not simply be considered as metaphorical, but as the traces of lost (and irrecoverable) physical reality. (5) Literature is, in other words, secret history of noise. Lines may allude to the voice and music, the natural sounds of birdsong, wind, and rain, the insistent hubbub of the city, and so forth. All of these sorts of sounds can be emphasized with acoustic effects such as alliteration, assonance, and rhyme, but there is also in writing secondary noise, like background ambience, which carries sounds more covertly or implicitly. This is almost inaudible to readers today, but would have been more noticeable to contemporaries. Popular folk melodies such as Packington's Pound or Derry Down, street cries, and even the unearthly strains of the Aeolian harp may no longer be familiar sounds today, but they were part of the phonic world of the eighteenth century. (6) They were not metaphorical sounds but actual experiences, and hence they whisper through the poetry of the period. I shall confine my discussion to one work: Thomas Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (popularly known as Percy's first published in 1765). My argument proposes that in eighteenth-century collections of old and in particular in Reliques, textual sound effects are deployed in order to exemplify an emerging English identity, and that this subsequently influenced the antiquarian editing of later ballad collections and the composition of verse. These activities also attempted to distance the English tradition from political balladeering and the rude sounds of rioting. The Reliques is collection of ballads, songs, romances, and historical poetry, liberally seasoned with literary-antiquarian annotation: there are traditional ballads, songs from Shakespeare, translations from the Moorish, Scottish songs, as well as popular and political verses from British history. Many of the pieces purportedly derived from folio MS, the seventeenth-century commonplace book he had famously rescued from being used as firelighter, but he also drew on many printed sources, including Thomas D'Urfey's Pills to Purge Melancholy (1719-20) and the 1723 Collection of Old Ballads, as well as archives such as the Pepys Library and his own collection of contemporary broadsides. …

From nihilism to nothingness: A comparison of Nietzschean and Daoist thought

The nihilistic undertones of late modem and contemporary European philosophy are reflective of a world in which metaphysical horizons are rapidly collapsing. Nietzsche's infamous proclamation that "God is dead" marks the end of a metaphysical era in which a single order underpins all of existence. While Nietzsche is cognizant of the widespread despair that "God's" death might usher in, he inveighs against the notion that meaning depends on certainty and argues that participation in the dynamic movement of life is more conducive to a meaningful existence. He rebels against philosophies which invoke a transcendent realm of permanence to denigrate and devalue the flux of life, arguing that this is the nihilistic act par excellence. In Tuik'ght of the Idols, Nietzsche notes that philosophers have a propensity to proclaim life worthless (Nietzsche 1968e: 1.1) and are infected with a pervasive "weariness with life" (Nietzsche 1968e: 1.1). The term nihilism has negative connotations in the West, precisely because of the grip that metaphysical truths have had on the Western psyche. Yet, one should guard against simply equating nihilism with an awareness of nothingness. Nihilism refers to a world stripped of its meaning. In this guise, nihilism often reflects the metaphysical assumptions to which we are still wedded, because it is assumed that without a singular order, life is meaningless as we are buffeted about in a chaotic realm of flux. Therefore, nihilism is the symptom of beings who only reluctantly part with their metaphysical guiding stars and are imbued with nostalgia in their absence. While metaphysical truths themselves have been discredited, the assumption remains that only permanent truths can bestow meaning upon our lives. The disdain for change and flux is the residue that metaphysical thought has left behind. In Nietzsche's view, this kind of despondent nihilism is not an impetus to creative action but rather leaves us imitating Zarathustra's higher men, who would rather worship a braying ass than nothing at all. The act of worship

The great health

Nietzsche’s harsh attacks on modernity suggest a problem: if the modern age is so diseased, can we overcome it and move on to something higher? Or is the disease too severe? I examine the question by studying Nietzsche’s view of spiritual health. Spiritual illness, even in the highest man, is nothing unusual or necessarily debilitating. Even the strongest have been infected since the earliest days of civilization. Indeed, infection with slave morality and bad conscience are requirements for spiritual elevation. And the disease serves life by giving the strong something to struggle against, as well as making possible the spiritual greatness required to revalue all values. The higher man, then, is a mixture of health and disease. The revaluation of values is extraordinarily dangerous, but not impossible.

Nietzsche's Napoleon: The Higher Man as Political Actor

Nietzsche's concept of the higher man is often seen as vague. The article adds concreteness to the concept by studying an example of a higher man, Napoleon. Napoleon embodied power and spiritual health, and was therefore an admirable person. By looking at Nietzsche's description of Napoleon as an artist, we also gain insight into the higher man as a political actor: he uses the public arena as the medium on which he practices his art. In doing so, he presents himself as a exemplar of humanity, inspiring others to seek their own path to excellence. By studying this, we gain important insight into Nietzsche's political teaching. But Nietzsche's account of Napoleon is not one-sided: he also describes Napoleon's corruption. The fall of a higher man is both a warning of the dangers of the political realm, and a reminder that sickness and health are closely connected. Even the mightiest individual is fragile.

Nietzschean Agonism and the Subject of Radical Democracy

"A democratic society," Ernesto Laclau writes, "is not one in which the 'best' content dominates unchallenged but rather one in which nothing is definitely acquired and there is always the possibility of challenge." Laclau goes on to note that "the danger for democracy lies in the closure of [ethnic] groups around full-fledged identities that can reinforce their most reactionary tendencies and create the conditions for a permanent confrontation with other groups."1 Contrary to much recent discussion of Nietzsche's political views, and contrary to what was most likely Nietzsche's own undemocratic political inclinations, I want to suggest that there are conceptual resources in Nietzsche's texts that are worth pursuing for a politics of radical democracy. In the following remarks, I would like to explore two of these conceptual resources: Nietzsche's destabilization of the subject and his affirmation of agonism. More specifically, I will show how, borrowing from Gilles Deleuze, one can frame the Nietzschean critique of the subject in a way that facilitates the reconstruction of a notion of the subject amenable to the project of radical democracy. I will conclude by showing what sort of a politics might result from such a reconstruction. Becoming- Ubermensch Gilles Deleuze, perhaps the most significant "philosopher of becoming" since Nietzsche, has argued that "Becoming is a verb with a consistency all its own; it does not reduce to, or lead back to, 'appearing,"being,' 'equaling,' or 'producing."2 For Deleuze, the central feature that distinguishes becoming from other transformative processes with which it can be confused, and in particular from evolution, is the absence of fixed terms. Where evolutionary language focuses our attention on the beginning and endpoint of a process in a way that obscures the passage between them, the language of compound becoming draws our attention to what happens between these ever-receding endpoints. Becomings take place between poles; and to attend to becomings is to attend to process rather than what is produced. Deleuze's notion of becoming allows us to avoid the standard interpretations of the Ubermensch as Nietzsche's model of the ideal subject or perfect human being. Nietzsche himself cautioned his readers against interpreting the word Ubermensch either as "a higher kind of man" or in a Darwinian, evolutionary fashion. "The last thing I should promise," he wrote in the preface to Ecce Homo, "would be to 'improve' mankind. No new idols are erected by me" (EH Preface 2).' Later in Ecce Homo, he notes that "The word `Ubermensch,' as the designation of a type of supreme achievement... has been understood almost everywhere with the utmost innocence in the sense of those very values whose opposite Zarathustra was meant to represent-that is, as an 'idealistic' type of a higher kind of man, half 'saint,' half 'genius.' Other scholarly oxen have suspected me of Darwinism on that account" (EH, "Why I Write Such Good Books" 1). Remarks like these make clear that one should understand the Ubermensch in the context of Nietzsche's consistent hostility toward any teleological perspective, and it is, therefore, a mistake to read Nietzsche as a philosopher of the Superman or as someone who seeks, like Feuerbach, to exalt Man as that being who will serve as God's replacement in terms of some new anthropo-theology following the death of God. Rather than taking Nietzsche's Ubermensch as a model of ideal humanity, a Deleuzian approach would experiment with how the Ubermensch functions in the Nietzschean text. The first thing we notice is that we are told very little about what an Ubermensch is like, as Nietzsche nowhere gives us as detailed a picture of the Ubermensch as we have of the last man, the higher men, the free spirit, or the slave and master moralists. We should not, therefore, ask "Who is Nietzsche's Ubermensch?" for "Ubermensch" does not name a particular being or type of being. …

Zarathustra contra Zarathustra: the tragic buffoon

Part 1 The fall - the parable of the ropedancer: realism versus idealism ropedancer as buffoon. Part 2 Convalescence - the eagle and the serpent: cunning reason and proud imagination physicians as metaphysicians. Part 3 Pilgrimage - the higher men and Zarathustra's shadow: the art of self-overcoming the decadence of modernity the decadence of Christianity. Part 4 Apothesis - the tragic buffoon: ignoble lies and insolent truths conclusion.

AC Mustang oat

AC Mustang is a dual purpose (grain/silage) oat with high grain yield, good lodging resistance, plump kernels, high test weight, and desirable agronomic features. Its maturity rating is intermediate to Cascade and Dumont, and its forage/silage yield potential is higher man other registered cultivars with the exception of Foothill. Its hull content is higher than is desirable for milling. AC Mustang is well adapted to Alberta and the rust-free areas of western Saskatchewan. Key words:Avena sativa, oat (spring), cultivar description

Relevance of electrocardiographic findings, heart failure, and infarct site in assessing risk and timing of left ventricular free wall rupture during acute myocardial infarction

Clinical and electrocardiographic features of 227 patients who died of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were compared with those or 150 survivors of a first AMI. Left ventricular (LV) free wall rupture was found in 93 patients aged >50 years, but not in 134. The incidence of healed infarct (4 [4%] vs 50 [37%], p < 0.001), heart failure (11 [12%] vs 112 [84%], p < 0.001), and bundle branch block (11 [12%] vs 54 [40%], p < 0.001) was lower in patients with than without LV rupture. In patients with anterior AMI and early rupture (1 day), admission ST elevation was higher man in those with late LV rupture (>1 day, 6.8 ± 4.0 vs 4.0 ± 2.7 mm, p < 0.01). However, lateral wall AMI had minimal ST elevation and accounted for 10% of ruptures. On day 2, the decrease in ST segment in patients with late LV rupture was less than in survivors (0.5 ± 1.6 vs 3.2 ± 2.9 mm, p < 0.001). Admission systolic blood pressure in patients who had early rupture was higher than in survivors (155 ± 22 vs 137 ± 22 mm Hg, p < 0.001) and in those with late rupture (135 ± 23 mm Hg, p < 0.001). Late rupture was associated with infarct thinning and triggered by a physical strain in 18 of 45 patients (40%); infarct thinning, however, was present only in 4 of 48 patients (8%) with early rupture (p < 0.02). We conclude that (1) patients with LV rupture are among those >50 years of age with a first transmural AMI without conduction abnormalities or heart failure; (2) patients with anterior AMI, hypertension on admission, and high ST elevation are at risk for early rupture, whereas those without initial hypertension or high ST segment that remains elevated may have late rupture in an expanded infarction, often after an undue strain.

Alcyone: Nietzsche on Gifts, Noise, and Women (review)

Reviews197 Alcyone: Nietzsche on Gifts, Noise, and Women, by Gary Shapiro; xii & 158 pp. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991, $39.50 cloth, $12.95 paper. New books on Nietzsche tend to be assessed according to the degree to which they perceive Nietzsche through the prism of his "multifarious art of style." On this postmodern front, Gary Shapiro's study performs impressively: he approaches Nietzsche's metaphoricity without imposing a prior conceptual framework . Shapiro's Alcyone: NietzscL· on Gifts, Noise, and Women does not seek to unlock "the secret of Nietzsche" (p. 112); the mythic figure of Alcyone is no meta-term. Instead, what is offered is an open-ended meditation, a melodic "performance" on three Zarathustran counter-concepts (p. 2), namely economies , parasitism, and the halcyon myth. Shapiro's earlier study, NietZs^an Narratives (1989), has enjoyed growing critical success. The author stresses for his new book a complementary, more intuitive "halcyon tone"—a transferential borrowing of Nietzsche's phrase, in the foreword to Ecce Homo, advocating to his readers how to correctly "hear" the "greatest gift" ever given, namely Zarathustra. Despite a return to the myth of transformation (that of Alcyone into a sea bird), Shapiro is understandably keen to differentiate his own use of the archaic in Nietzsche from such originseeking , proto-Nazi interpretations as that of Ernst Bertram; instead, the Nietzschean archaic contains for Shapiro a "suggestion of possibilities excluded by what we have come to call the metaphysics of presence"—and likewise of presents (p. 8). Drawing on Emerson, Mauss, Gasché, and Derrida, Shapiro portrays the senkende Tugend demanded by Zarathustra as a new "economic philosophy" of transvaluation (p. 39), in which gift-giving escapes the debtor-creditor structure (as defined in TL· Genealogy ofMorah), toward a "squandering" of the self (p. 41) that nonetheless enacts the "lust to rule" (p. 22). Heidegger's reduction of Nietzsche to a nihilistic Rechnen merely reversing metaphysics is adroitly undermined (p. 43). Most suggestive in Alcyone is Shapiro's elucidation of the so-called parasitic Part IV oïZarathustra as an ironic allegory ofNietzsche's communication theory, in which an Unwertung of parasitism is an extension of transformed gift-giving and of receiving and reading texts. In a re-staging of the carnivalesque opera of Zarathustra hosting his Schmarotzer ("higher men" and animals), Shapiro overtly "parasites" upon Michel Serres's logic ofthe parasitic in human structures (in the extension of the French word parasite to include "static" or "noise," as well as the interplay in hôte between "host" and "guest"). Zarathustra demonstrates how to "become the unpredictable noise that interrupts the interrupters" (p. 78); he defeats their mimetic desire to cling, by becoming a wild card host in a godless, symbiotic exchange-system. 198Philosophy and Literature The only significant limitations of this study occur in Shapiro's treatment of the halcyonic metaphor itself. The concluding section on Alcyone does not fulfill the feminist suggestion of the book's subtide, namely "women." Yes, the voice of Zarathustra can be heard as feminine, but Shapiro concerns himself more with the "halcyonic tone" of a calm, sunny, winter solstice necessary for Nietzsche's male spiritual pregnancy. The Nietzschean problematic of"women" is far more disruptive (indeed, noisy) than is implied in Shapiro's tuneful claim, via the halcyonic mytheme, to a "feminine alternative to hermeneutics" (p. 1 14). Somewhat misleading, too, is the way in which Shapiro plays the role of antidetective and yet retains the typical hermeneutical strategy of deferring the entry of Alcyone until the final chapter: when she appears, this much-awaited feminine metaphor is disclaimed asjust one path among many in the labyrinth, and yet her myth is still explored as a yardstick for Nietzschean interpretation. As a consequence of Shapiro's brand of metaphorical engagement with the Nietzschean text, the actual position of the halcyon regarding the earlier, more convincingly interrelated topoi of gift-giving, noise, and parasitism remains dissatisfyingly underplayed. University of VirginiaJanet Lungstrum Balzacian Montage: Configuring "La Comédie humaine," by Allan H. Pasco; 185 pp. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991, $45.00. Allan Pasco's Balzacian Montage is a remarkably successful defense and illustration of the claim that the Com...

The nutritive value of industrial by-products for poultry

The metabolizable energy (ME) and partly also the digestibility of several industrial by-products, mainly originating from grain, were determined in trials with adult cockerels. Five experiments were performed using a conventional total collection procedure, and test ingredients were substituted for 25-40 % of the basal diet. The nitrogen-corrected apparent (AMEn) and true (TMEn) metabolizable energy values of distillers’ dried grains (DDG) and distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) derived from barley, wheat and rye varied from 7.85 to 11.8 and from 7.98 to 12.0 MJ/ kg DM, respectively. The highest MEn values were observed in the dehulled barley-derived products. The digestibility of crude protein (CP) was 62-83 and that of carbohydrates 25-50 %, the latter being lowest for feeds originating from whole barley grain. The results indicated that distillers’ feeds derived from dehulled grain, especially barley, are satisfactory energy sources for poultry diets. Dried barley protein (BP 1, CP 38 %), oats protein (CP 44 %) and distillers’ solids (CP 58 %) from the integrated ethanol starch process, as well as dehulled barley and oats proved to be excellent energy feeds containing AMEn 14.9, 18.6, 15.0, 14.2 and 14.6 MJ/kg DM, respectively. The TMEn values for BPI and dehulled grains were 15.3, 14.4 and 14.8 MJ/kg DM. Supplementation with enzymes did not significantly improve the ME value of dehulled barley. The AMEn values for barley protein (BP2, CP 27 %), barley bran and barley molasses obtained from the starch process, and wheat feed meal from the milling industry, were 13.3, 8.52, 13.5 and 10.6 MJ/kg DM, respectively. The lowest ME values were obtained for samples of wheat bran, dried potato pulp and malt sprouts: AMEn 6.09, 6.23 and 6.01; TMEn 6.15, 6.07 and 6.01 MJ/kg DM, respectively.

Tri-Layer Lift-off Metallization Process Using Low Temperature Deposited SiNx

ABSTRACTA tri-level resist scheme using low temperature (&lt;50°C) deposited SiNx ratfier than Ge for the transfer layer has been developed. This allows use of an optical stepper for lithographic patterning of the emitter-base junctions in GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) where a conventional lift-off process using a single level resist often leads to die presence of shorts between metallizations. The plasma-enhanced chemically vapor deposited (PECVD) SiNx shows a sligtly larger degree of Si-H bonding compared to nitride deposited at higher temperature (275°C), and is under compressive stress (-5 × 1010 dyne · cm−2) which is considerably relieved upor thermal cycling to 500°C (-1.5 × 1010 dyne · cm−2 after cool-down). This final stress is approximately a factor of two higher man conventional PECVD SiNx cycled in the same manner. The adhesion of the low temperature nitride to die underlying polydimediylglutarimide (PMGI) base layer in the tri-level resist is excellent, leading to high yields in the lift-off metallization process. These layers are etched in Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) discharges of SF6 or O2, respectively, using low additional dc bias (≤-100V) on the sample. Subsequent deposition of the HBT base metallization (Ti/Ag/Au) and lift-off of the tri-level resist produces contacts with excellent edge definition and an absence of shorts between metallization.

HIV Infection in Intravenous Drug Abusers

To develop prevention interventions and strategies, we conducted a study to determine the seroprevalence of HIV infection among intravenous drug abusers seeking treatment for drug abuse and to identify specific risk factors for HIV infection in this group. Of the sample, 24 percent were seropositive. Specific risk factors included black or Hispanic ethnicity, older age, a longer history of intravenous drug abuse and a higher man number of illegal injections in the past year. Suggestions are made for nurses and health educators providing AIDS/HIV education to this population.