High Lipid Intake Research Articles

Utilização da dieta cetogênica como estratégia para o manejo de pacientes com epilepsia refratária: uma revisão da literatura

Introdução: A epilepsia é uma doença que afeta milhões de pessoas em todas as partes do mundo. Crises epilépticas se apresentam nos pacientes de forma parcial ou generalizada, dependendo do grau de atividade da doença. Atualmente, há muitos fármacos disponíveis no mercado, os quais possuem diversos mecanismos de ação e que podem ser utilizados de forma isolada ou concomitante. No entanto, em alguns pacientes, principalmente, em crianças e adolescentes, esses fármacos se mostram ineficazes e incapazes de promover o controle tanto da frequência quanto da intensidade das crises epilépticas, a quais são denominadas de epilepsia refratária. Assim, a busca por tratamentos alternativos capazes de controlar as frequência e intensidade das crises epilépticas refratárias é incessante e intensa e, dentre as estratégias usadas, atualmente, destaca-se a dieta cetogênica (DC), que consiste numa elevada ingestão de lipídios e baixa ingestão de carboidratos e proteínas e que tem fornecido uma melhora na qualidade de vida de pacientes, principalmente, em crianças e adolescentes com epilepsia refratária. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre os benefícios causados pela utilização da DC, como tratamento adjuvante e/ou alternativo, no tratamento da epilepsia refratária, principalmente, em crianças e adolescentes. Metodologia: O estudo foi realizado por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica e integrativa da literatura, através da compilação de artigos científicos e livros sobre o tema proposto. As informações foram pesquisadas na base de dados Google acadêmico, Scielo e PubMed. As palavras-chave utilizadas para a busca dos artigos científicos foram: Epilepsia, Epilepsia refratária, Dieta cetogênica. Para a elaboração deste estudo foram pesquisadas publicações a partir de 2008 a 2018, levando em consideração o fator atualidade e relevância do tema, cujo título estabelecia a relação com o estudo. Das publicações encontradas, 22 foram utilizadas. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a DC se apresenta como uma importante opção terapêutica muito segura, barata e eficaz e que, por isso, pode ser utilizada no manejo de pacientes com epilepsia refratária, principalmente, em crianças e adolescentes.

Short-term high-fat meal intake alters the expression of circadian clock-, inflammation-, and oxidative stress-related genes in human skeletal muscle

Dietary food, depending on timing, amount and composition can influence gene expression in various tissues. Here, we investigated the effect of high-fat meal diets of different compositions on the gene expression pattern of human skeletal muscle. Gene expression data of skeletal muscle samples from human volunteers prior and 4 h after the consumption of high lipid-containing meal consisting of either saturated-, monounsaturated- or polyunsaturated fatty acids were downloaded from the public repository. List of 843 differently expressed genes (DEGs) was generated. Functional analysis revealed that circadian rhythm-, inflammation- and oxidative stress-related genes are highly overrepresented among the DEGs. The magnitude of gene expression changes significantly increases with the saturation level of the dietary fatty acids and the majority of the DEGs are upregulated. We propose that, by altering circadian clock gene expression and inducing inflammation and oxidative stress, high lipid intake can contribute to muscle function decay in the long run.

A moderately high level of dietary lipid inhibited the protein secretion function of liver in juvenile tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes

Tiger puffer have a unique lipid storage pattern. They store lipid predominantly in liver. To investigate the hepatic physiology of tiger puffer in response to a moderately high level of dietary lipid, a 74-day feeding trial was conducted, followed by a hepatic transcriptome assay. Two experimental diets which had an optimal (10.44%, Control) or moderately higher (14.64%, high-lipid diet, HL) dietary lipid level was formulated. Each diet was fed to triplicate tanks. No significant difference was observed in growth and feed efficiency between the two groups, but the survival was significantly lower in group HL. The HL diet also resulted in significantly higher lipid accumulation in liver, which was reflected in the hepatic histology. The biochemical parameters in serum confirmed the existence of stress in liver caused by high lipid intake. A total of 63 differentially expressed genes between groups were observed in the hepatic transcriptome assay, which were primarily enriched in Gene Ontology (GO) terms such as Endopeptidase activity, Secretion, and Organic acid transport, as well as in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways such as Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum and DNA replication. The HL diet tended to inhibit the protein synthesis and secretion in liver, and this was evidenced by activities/concentrations of selected proteins secreted into intestine. Genes related to liver protection and repair were transcriptionally stimulated by diet HL. In conclusion, compared to the optimal lipid requirement, a moderately higher lipid level in the diet for tiger puffer did not compromise the growth performance, but tended to inhibit the protein secretion function of liver and stimulate the processes related to liver protection and repair. The present results will be beneficial to both feed management in tiger puffer farming and elucidation of lipid metabolism characteristics in fish which store lipid in liver.

Consumption of High Fat Diet Induces Obesity Associated to Hepatic Steatosis in Rats

Introduction: The high intake of carbohydrates and lipids is one of factors that contribute to the onset of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), a complex clinical situation which brings together, besides obesity, several cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Objective: To develop a hyperlipidemic dietetic animal model to obesity associated with NAFLD. Methodology: Male Rats Wistar (8 weeks old) were submitted to the standard diet (chow group, 11,8% kcal- lipids) and hypercaloric and hyperlipidemic during 8 weeks (HFD group, 58,4% kcal-lipids). After the dietary intervention, body weight, plasma and hepatic lipid profile (triglycerides, total cholesterol, VLDL and fatty acids) and adiposity index were evaluated. Moreover, histological assessment of hepatic lipid deposition and fibrosis, as well as the hepatic damage marker (alanine aminotransferase-ALT) were evaluated. Results and Discussion: Comparing to the chow group, HFD animals presented higher body weight, both in fasting and in the fed state, increased abdominal circumference, adiposity index, as well as plasma levels of total cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acids, characterizing the dietary phenotype of obesity. In addition, the HFD group had a significant decrease in brown adipose tissue, together with the lowest weight loss induced by 16h overnight fasting, suggesting a decrease in energy expenditure. In the liver, the HFD group presented a significant increase in the levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, VLDL and non-esterified fatty acids, and, qualitatively, increased lipid deposition and fibrosis. Together, these results associated with increased plasma ALT activity indicate NAFLD with hepatocyte damage. Conclusion: A high fat diet intake induces comorbidities that characterize MetS, such as obesity associated with decreased energy expenditure, as well as NAFLD.

The influence of the selection of macronutrients coupled with dietary energy density on the performance of broiler chickens.

A total of 360 male Ross 308 broiler chickens were used in a feeding study to assess the influence of macronutrients and energy density on feed intakes from 10 to 31 days post-hatch. The study comprised ten dietary treatments from five dietary combinations and two feeding approaches: sequential and choice feeding. The study included eight experimental diets and each dietary combination was made from three experimental diets. Choice fed birds selected between three diets in separate feed trays at the same time; whereas the three diets were offered to sequentially fed birds on an alternate basis during the experimental period. There were no differences between starch and protein intakes between choice and sequentially fed birds (P > 0.05) when broiler chickens selected between diets with different starch, protein and lipid concentrations. When broiler chickens selected between diets with different starch and protein but similar lipid concentrations, both sequentially and choice fed birds selected similar ratios of starch and protein intake (P > 0.05). However, when broiler chickens selected from diets with different protein and lipid but similar starch concentrations, choice fed birds had higher lipid intake (129 versus 118 g/bird, P = 0.027) and selected diets with lower protein concentrations (258 versus 281 g/kg, P = 0.042) than birds offered sequential diet options. Choice fed birds had greater intakes of the high energy diet (1471 g/bird, P < 0.0001) than low energy (197 g/bird) or medium energy diets (663 g/bird) whilst broiler chickens were offered diets with different energy densities but high crude protein (300 g/kg) or digestible lysine (17.5 g/kg) concentrations. Choice fed birds had lower FCR (1.217 versus 1.327 g/g, P < 0.0001) and higher carcass yield (88.1 versus 87.3%, P = 0.012) than sequentially fed birds. This suggests that the dietary balance between protein and energy is essential for optimal feed conversion efficiency. The intake path of macronutrients from 10–31 days in choice and sequential feeding groups were plotted and compared with the null path if broiler chickens selected equal amounts of the three diets in the combination. Regardless of feeding regimen, the intake paths of starch and protein are very close to the null path; however, lipid and protein intake paths in choice fed birds are father from the null path than sequentially fed birds.

In rats fed high-energy diets, taste, rather than fat content, is the key factor increasing food intake: a comparison of a cafeteria and a lipid-supplemented standard diet.

BackgroundFood selection and ingestion both in humans and rodents, often is a critical factor in determining excess energy intake and its related disorders.MethodsTwo different concepts of high-fat diets were tested for their obesogenic effects in rats; in both cases, lipids constituted about 40% of their energy intake. The main difference with controls fed standard lab chow, was, precisely, the lipid content. Cafeteria diets (K) were self-selected diets devised to be desirable to the rats, mainly because of its diverse mix of tastes, particularly salty and sweet. This diet was compared with another, more classical high-fat (HF) diet, devised not to be as tasty as K, and prepared by supplementing standard chow pellets with fat. We also analysed the influence of sex on the effects of the diets.ResultsK rats grew faster because of a high lipid, sugar and protein intake, especially the males, while females showed lower weight but higher proportion of body lipid. In contrast, the weight of HF groups were not different from controls. Individual nutrient’s intake were analysed, and we found that K rats ingested large amounts of both disaccharides and salt, with scant differences of other nutrients’ proportion between the three groups. The results suggest that the key differential factor of the diet eliciting excess energy intake was the massive presence of sweet and salty tasting food.ConclusionsThe significant presence of sugar and salt appears as a powerful inducer of excess food intake, more effective than a simple (albeit large) increase in the diet’s lipid content. These effects appeared already after a relatively short treatment. The differential effects of sex agree with their different hedonic and obesogenic response to diet.

Role of diet and lifestyle of women suffering from breast cancer

Cancer is an intimating disease. It is commonly associated with severe pain, suffering and death. Cancer is not a new disease. The rate of incidence and mortality from breast cancer in India are approximately five times as high as in North America and North Europe. The present study was design to access the diet and lifestyle of women suffering from breast cancer. The data were collected from breast cancer patients under the age of 20-75 years for the study. Food preferences in cancer patients appear to be associated with insufficient intake of nutrients. A high percentage of respondents consumed supari regularly (60%) followed by pan masala (22%) and alcohol (4%). A high intake of macronutrients, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates in the form of excess energy has some cancer stimulation properties. Stress in the family was one of the major causes (48 %) of breast cancer followed by stress at work place (6 %) only.

Poor Food Consumption in Middle Aged and Elderly Indigenous People in Southern Brazil

Introduction: Considering the food as one of the basics for healthy aging, we identified important gaps in the knowledge of food habits and nutrition of southern Brazilian indigenous people. Objective: This study evaluated the dietary intake of Kaingang and Guarani ethnic indigenous living in Porto Alegre and Planalto, Brazil. Methodology: A cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study, with the participation of 150 indigenous people, aged between 40 and 104 years. Dietary intake was estimated by a 24-hour recall, conducted between July and August 2009. Results: There was excessive consumption of foods rich in simple carbohydrates (candy and soda), and high intake of lipids of animal origin (lard as a base for some preparations), which is related to the increase risk of heart diseases. There was a low consumption of fruits and vegetables (sources of vitamins, minerals, fiber and bioactive compounds), foods that can reduce the risk of diseases. Conclusions: The lack of one or more nutrients, called hidden hunger, is considered an important nutritional problem, as the stage prior to the appearance of detectable clinical diseases. Thus, the poor food choices or lack of access to good quality of food may be influencing the health status of these indigenous. It is noteworthy that food as a source of pleasure and cultural identity and family also may be necessary to approach health promotion respecting the food culture of this population.

Función endotelial y lipemia postprandial en adultos con presencia de criterios asociados a síndrome metabólico: efecto del estado nutricional

IntroductionPostprandial lipemia is characterised by an increase in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and several studies describe it as a factor that determines metabolic health of an individual. The motivation of the study was to quantify the contribution to overweight in the magnitude of the postprandial lipemia in 33 persons with criteria associated to metabolic syndrome (n=20 being overweight and n=13 eutrophic, 66% male, average age 31.2±7.6 years). MethodsCross-sectional descriptive study. Flow-mediated vasodilation, pulse wave velocity, lipid profile, log of the triglyceride/protein ratio, glucose and blood pressure were measured after high standard intake of lipids (79% Kcal/fat). Z-score for cardiovascular risk was calculated using the sum of typified residues (Z) of biochemical variables. Lipemia state was measured at fasting (0min) and after 60, 120, 180 and 240 postprandial minutes. ResultsBaseline flow-mediated vasodilation and pulse wave velocity values were 6.9±5.9% and 7.0±0.8m/s, respectively. It was identified that postprandial lipemia reduced flow-mediated vasodilation by 19.2% after 60minutes (5.9±1.5%) and after 240minutes (3.7±1.2%) (p=0.04), respectively. This finding was paired with an increase in pulse wave velocity (p<0.05). When dividing subjects into two groups according to their body mass index, overweight participants show higher Z-score cardiovascular risk values, pulse wave velocity, log of the triglyceride/protein ratio and the Δ pulse wave velocity (p>0.001). ConclusionThis study reveals that overweight individuals showing criteria associated to metabolic syndrome have a cardiometabolic profile linked to a higher cardiovascular risk, after high intake of lipids.

Fat deposition pattern and mechanism in response to dietary lipid levels in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus.

This study aimed to evaluate the fat deposition pattern and lipid metabolic strategies of grass carp in response to dietary lipid levels. Five isonitrogenous diets (260gkg-1 crude protein) containing five dietary lipid levels (0, 20, 40, 60, 80gkg-1) were fed to quadruplicate groups of 15 fish with initial weight 200g, for 8weeks. The best growth performance and feed utilization was observed in fish fed with lipid level at 40gkg-1. MFI and adipose tissue lipid content increased with increasing dietary lipid level up to 40gkg-1, and higher lipid level in diet made no sense. Fish adapted to high lipid intake through integrated regulating mechanisms in several related tissues to maintain lipid homeostasis. In the present study, grass carp firstly increased PPARγ and CPT1 expressions in adipose tissue to elevate adipocyte differentiation and lipolysis to adapt to high lipid intake above 40gkg-1. In liver, fish elevated hepatic lipid uptake but depressed biosynthesis of hepatic FAs, resulted in no difference in HSI and liver lipid content among the groups. Only in muscle, fish showed a significant fat deposition when the lipid intake above 40gkg-1. The excess lipid, derived from enhanced serum TC and TG contents, was more likely to induce deposition in muscle rather than lipid uptake by adipose tissue in grass carp fed with high dietary lipid, indicating the muscle of grass carp might be the main responding organ to high lipid intake.

NUTRITIONAL AND METABOLIC ASSESSMENT IN OVERWEIGHT PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT HYPERPROLACTINEMIA CAUSED BY PROLACTINOMA.

prolactinomas are pituitary adenomas that express and secrete prolactin. These patients are overweight and the mechanisms are being studied. assess nutritional and metabolic status of overweight patients with and without hyperprolactinemia caused by prolactinoma and compare them. cross-sectional study, patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 with and without prolactinoma: 1) 20 normoprolactinemic (NPrl) with prolactinoma; 2) 23 hyperprolactinemic (HPrl) with prolactinoma; 3) 28 controls without prolactinoma or alterations in prolactin levels. Evaluated through anthropometric, dietetics, and biochemical assessment. of the 71 patients evaluated, most were obese women with macroprolactinomas. All three groups had diets with low caloric and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) intake, the NPrl group had low carbohydrate (CHO) intake and high lipid (LIP) and saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake, and the NPrl and HPrl groups had appropriate intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The HPrl group had elevated total cholesterol. HDL cholesterol was below the recommended threshold for most patients. No statistically significant differences were found in anthropometric and biochemical variables among the groups. most patients with prolactinomas and controls are obese and metabolically similar regardless of prolactin levels. All groups presented low caloric and MUFA intake. Protein, LIP, SFA, and cholesterol were significantly different among the groups, the NPrl group ingested less amount of protein and greater of fat. Snacking between meals and changes of food consumption on weekends was reported by most patients. This is the first study comparing patients with prolactinomas and controls, both with overweight, regarding food consumption and feeding behavior.

The diet quality index evaluates the adequacy of energy provided by dietary macronutrients

Objective To investigate the relationship between macronutrient intake adequacy and the national diet quality index score. Methods The study analyzed a representative sample of 1,662 individuals from the municipality of São Paulo who participated in a cross-sectional study called Health Survey-Capital (2008/2009). Two 24-hour recalls were collected. Habitual intake was determined by the Multiple Source Method. The Brazilian index was calculated as suggested, and macronutrient adequacy was given by the World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization recommendations. A generalized linear model verified the relationship between the Brazilian index and macronutrient adequacy. All analyses with a descriptive level below 0.05 were considered significant. The analyses were performed by the software Stata 12.0, survey mode. Results The vast majority (91%) of the population had inappropriate macronutrient intakes, and the total median Brazilian index score was 61.3 points (interquartile range=10.1). The total Brazilian index score of individuals with high lipid intake was worse than that of individuals with proper lipid intake (β=0,96; p=0,004), while those with high protein intake had a better score (β=1,10; p=0,003) than those with proper protein intake. Conclusion The revised Brazilian Healthy Eating Index assesses diet quality properly regarding high lipid intake, but it has some limitations regarding high protein intake according to the World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization recommendations. New studies should investigate the possibility of adapting this index to the World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization recommendations.

Nutritional status in university students: its relation to the number of daily intakes and macronutrients consumption

There is increasing scientific evidence that nutrition influence positive and negative on health along life. Many studies have reported that the student population is a particularly vulnerable group from the nutritional point of view, due to it is characterized by meal skipping frequently and nibble between eating occasions. to establish the relationship between the number of daily dietary intakes and nutritional status in male students aged 23 to 33 years of the National Technological University, in the city of Córdoba, in 2013. in order to achieve this aim, a prospective, cross-sectional and descriptive correlational design was used. Descriptive and inferential analysis were applied by using multiple logistic regression models. Almost 50% of the sample analyzed presented overweight (OW) and 40% high body fat (BF). In relation to the intakes numbers, the students that take less than 4 and more than 6 had 2 times more chance of presenting overweight and high body fat. It was found that as age increases it also does the Body Fat Storage, whereas diminished physical activity increases the chance of having high Body Mass Index and Body Fat. Moreover, high ingestion of carbohydrates increases the chance of high Body Fat and Overweight, and a high intake of protein and lipids increases the risk of high Body Fat. it is recognized that high or low number of daily intakes than recommended, low level of physical activity, high consumption of carbohydrates and having more than 29 years is related to high overweight and body fat.

LXR Agonist T0901317-Induced Hyperlipidemia Does Not Lead to Lipid Accumulation in the Rat Heart

Background/Aims: Liver X receptors (LXRα and LXRβ) are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate expression of genes involved in lipid and cholesterol metabolism. LXR expression has been identified in human and rodent cardiac tissue, however, its role in this tissue remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of in vivo LXR activation on lipid metabolism in the rat myocardium under the conditions of low and high lipid intake. Methods: The experiments were performed on male Wistar rats fed for 5 weeks on either low fat diet (LFD) or high fat diet (HFD). Next, the animals were randomly divided into two groups receiving either LXR agonist - T0901317 (10mg/kg/d) or vehicle for the last week of the experiment. After anesthesia samples of the left ventricle and blood were taken. Results: It was found that LXRβ is the dominant isoform in the rat myocardium and the expression of both LXR isoforms did not change after administration of T0901317. Agonist treatment induced hyperlipidemia in low fat fed rats and this effect was amplified in high fat fed rats. LXR agonist elevated content of myocardial triacylglycerols in animals fed on LFD and content of phospholipids in animals fed on HFD. Levels of the remaining examined lipid classes (nonesterified fatty acids, diacylglycerol, free cholesterol, cholesterol esters, ceramide) was decreased or unchaged after LXR activation. Conclusion: We conclude that administration of T0901317 does not lead to severe myocardial lipid accumulation in rats despite of its high plasma availability.

Impact of high dietary lipid intake and related metabolic disorders on the abundance and acyl composition of the unique mitochondrial phospholipid, cardiolipin

Excessive dietary lipid intake, coupled with lack of exercise, are the major causes of the development and progression of metabolic syndrome features e. g. obesity, hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. These metabolic diseases are associated with both structural and functional alterations of mitochondria. Cardiolipin (CL) is a unique phospholipid that is almost exclusively localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Cardiolipin is at the heart of mitochondrial metabolism playing a key role in several processes of mitochondrial bioenergetics as well as in mitochondrial membrane stability and dynamics, and in many of the mitochondrial-dependent steps of apoptosis. Indeed, alterations to CL content and acyl chain profile have been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in multiple tissues in Barth syndrome and in many other physio-pathological conditions. After a brief overview of the biological roles of CL, we highlight the consequences of lipid overload-related nutritional manipulations as well as related metabolic disorders on both CL content and its fatty acid composition in the major metabolic tissues, the heart, muscle and liver. The goal of this review is to fill a void in the CL literature concerning the effects of CL abundance and form that arise following high lipid supplementation and the related metabolic disorders.

Food pattern and nutritional status of children with cerebral palsy

OBJECTIVESTo assess the food intake pattern and the nutritional status of children with cerebral palsy. METHODSCross-sectional study with 90 children from two to 12.8 years with cerebral palsy in the following forms: hemiplegia, diplegia, and tetraplegia. Nutritional status was assessed by weight, height, and age data. Food intake was verified by the 24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaire. The ability to chew and/or swallowing, intestinal habits, and physical activity were also evaluated. RESULTSFor 2-3 year-old age group, the mean energy intake followed the recommended range; in 4-6 year-old age group with hemiplegia and tetraplegia, energy intake was below the recommended limits. All children presented low intake of carbohydrates, adequate intake of proteins and high intake of lipids. The tetraplegia group had a higher prevalence of chewing (41%) and swallowing (12.8%) difficulties compared to 14.5 and 6.6% of children with hemiplegia, respectively. Most children of all groups had a daily intestinal habit. All children presented mild physical activity, while moderate activity was not practiced by any child of the tetraplegia group, which had a significantly lower height/age Z score than those with hemiplegia (-2.14 versus -1.05; p=0.003). CONCLUSIONSThe children with cerebral palsy presented inadequate dietary pattern and impaired nutritional status, with special compromise of height. Tetraplegia imposes difficulties regarding chewing/swallowing and moderate physical activity practice.

Análisis nutricional de la ingesta dietética realizada por jugadoras de voleibol profesional durante la fase competitiva de la liga regular.

Introducción: los aspectos nutricionales del voleibol femenino han sido poco estudiados y más en un periodo específico de entrenamiento como el periodo competitivo. El objetivo es valorar y conocer la ingesta calórica y de macronutrientes realizada por jugadoras de voleibol profesional de la superliga española durante 16 semanas de entrenamiento correspondientes a la fase competitiva y compararlas con las referencias marcadas para la población deportista.Material y Métodos: se analizó a 10 jugadoras de voleibol femenino (JVF) (26,6±5,9 años y talla 178,05±8,7cm), durante un total de 16 semanas de entrenamiento y competición correspondiente a la fase competitiva. Todas ellas firmaron el consentimiento informado. Todasrellenaron un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos (CFCA) de las 16 semanas del estudio, datos corroborados mediante un registro dietético de 7 días consecutivos, en la semana 9 y 16. Se calculó la ingesta de nutrientes diaria a partir de los datos del CFCA utilizando la tabla de composición de alimentos del CESNID, mediante el software Easy Diet, de la Asociación Española de Dietistas-Nutricionistas (AEDN).Resultados: el análisis energético-nutricional realizado a las jugadoras profesionales de voleibol muestra que la cantidad de energía y de los macronutrientes no se ajusta a las recomendaciones para el colectivo deportivo. Se observa una ingesta energética y de hidratos de carbono baja y una ingesta demasiado elevada en proteínas y lípidos.Conclusiones: se recomiendan aspectos prácticos para la mejora de la educación alimentaria en este grupo deportivo profesional.

Place des lipides dans l’alimentation du nourrisson

The rapid growth of the neonate requires a high intake of both energy and lipids. Fatty acids may play an important role in the brain development and in the etiology of several disorders in children and adults. Most of infant formulas currently marketed have a fatty acid profile globally mimicking that of the ‘‘gold reference’’, the human milk. However several issues remain to be improved to optimizing their lipid status:Structure of the fat globule. Fat globules of human milk differ from those of infant formulas by their larger size and the presence of a phospholipid membrane. Recent experimental data in animal models of infant nutrition suggest that this specificity of natural milk may prevent the development of the metabolic syndrome. In addition, palmitic acid is mainly esterified in the sn-2 position of triglycerides in human milk, versus in the sn-1 and sn-3 positions in infant formulas. This sn-2 esterification may favor the intestinal absorption of other fatty acids and then their tissue bioavailability ; PUFA metabolism. The exclusive use of vegetable oils in infant formulas has increased the content of both polyunsaturated fatty acid precursors (linoleic and a-linolenic acids). However, several studies have led to the observation that high PUFA contents in formulas may reduce the incorporation of docosahexaenoic acid in tissues ;N-6 PUFA intake and obesity. In western countries, the increasing incidence of obesity has coincided with the gradual increase of n-6 PUFA from food and, incidentally, from an n-6/n-3 imbalance. Animal studies have recently shown that high linoleic acid intake and high ratio of linoleic to a-linolenic acids during the perinatal period activate the adipose tissue growth in the young and adult. To date, two observational studies confirm the existence of a link between the n-6/n-3 ratio in cord or the n-6 content in maternal plasma and adiposity in 3-7 years old infants.

Greater overall olfactory performance, explicit wanting for high fat foods and lipid intake during the mid-luteal phase of the menstrual cycle

Increases in energy, lipid and carbohydrate intakes during the luteal phase have been previously observed. However, it is not known whether this is due to phase-dependent variations in the reward value of certain foods. Moreover, increases in olfactory sensitivity have been proposed and may be involved in these changes in food reward. Therefore, we examined olfactory performance and the reward value of foods varying in fat content and taste. Seventeen women (Body mass index: 22.3±1.6kg/m2; Body fat-DXA: 28.5±6.8%) were recruited to participate in 3 identical sessions, performed during distinct phases of the menstrual cycle – early follicular/menstruation, late follicular/ovulation and mid-luteal – verified by plasma sex-steroid hormones and oral temperature. Food preference, implicit wanting, and explicit wanting and liking for visual food cues, varying in fat content and taste, were measured with a validated experimental platform involving a forced choice computer task. Odour threshold, odour discrimination, odour identification and total odour scores were measured using odourized pens. Ad libitum energy and macronutrient intake was measured with a validated food menu. Results showed greater total odour scores (p<0.05), explicit wanting for high fat foods (p<0.05) and lipid intake (p<0.05) during the mid-luteal phase. Inter-correlations between these variables were non-significant. These findings support previous observations of increased lipid intake during the luteal phase and provide evidence for phase-dependent variation in overall olfactory performance and explicit wanting for high fat foods.

Assessing nutritional status of acute intermittent porphyria patients

Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a metabolic disease of haem synthesis, whose haem precursors may accumulate in the body. A well-balanced diet may prevent the symptoms, so that porphyric patients should be monitored closely during therapy for possible complications concerning any progression of acute porphyria. The aim was to evaluate the nutritional status of patients with AIP and to assess their compliance with nutritional recommendations, comparing the findings with a control group and assessing any possible nutritional deficiency. Sixteen patients with AIP and a control group were evaluated by means of a lifestyle questionnaire, the Nutrition Screening Initiative checklist and a dietary questionnaire. The following diet quality indicators were calculated: animal and vegetal proteins, protein quality index, PUFA/SFA and MUFA + PUFA/SFA ratios, insoluble dietary fibre (DF)/total DF, soluble DF/total DF and insoluble DF/soluble DF ratios, thiamine, riboflavin and niacin density and the vitamin B6/protein ratio. Differences in continuous variables were compared using the unpaired Student's t-test and the chi-square test for nonparametric variables. The odds ratio (OR) of malnutrition was also used. Our patients showed a low intake of carbohydrates, a high lipid intake and very high protein intake, and accompanied by an inadequate intake of zinc, folic acid and tocopherol, increasing the risk of malnutrition for energy, Ca, Fe, Mg, K, folic acid and tocopherols. The patients with AIP studied individually show an increased risk of malnutrition and, given the potential increase of oxidative stress in patients with porphyria, it is recommended that they should increase their intake of carbohydrates, minerals and antioxidant nutrients.