Abstract
The rapid growth of the neonate requires a high intake of both energy and lipids. Fatty acids may play an important role in the brain development and in the etiology of several disorders in children and adults. Most of infant formulas currently marketed have a fatty acid profile globally mimicking that of the ‘‘gold reference’’, the human milk. However several issues remain to be improved to optimizing their lipid status:Structure of the fat globule. Fat globules of human milk differ from those of infant formulas by their larger size and the presence of a phospholipid membrane. Recent experimental data in animal models of infant nutrition suggest that this specificity of natural milk may prevent the development of the metabolic syndrome. In addition, palmitic acid is mainly esterified in the sn-2 position of triglycerides in human milk, versus in the sn-1 and sn-3 positions in infant formulas. This sn-2 esterification may favor the intestinal absorption of other fatty acids and then their tissue bioavailability ; PUFA metabolism. The exclusive use of vegetable oils in infant formulas has increased the content of both polyunsaturated fatty acid precursors (linoleic and a-linolenic acids). However, several studies have led to the observation that high PUFA contents in formulas may reduce the incorporation of docosahexaenoic acid in tissues ;N-6 PUFA intake and obesity. In western countries, the increasing incidence of obesity has coincided with the gradual increase of n-6 PUFA from food and, incidentally, from an n-6/n-3 imbalance. Animal studies have recently shown that high linoleic acid intake and high ratio of linoleic to a-linolenic acids during the perinatal period activate the adipose tissue growth in the young and adult. To date, two observational studies confirm the existence of a link between the n-6/n-3 ratio in cord or the n-6 content in maternal plasma and adiposity in 3-7 years old infants.
Highlights
La croissance rapide du nourrisson au cours de la premiere annee de vie necessite des apports energetiques tres eleves
Ce dernier renferme en effet des concentrations exceptionnellement elevees de glucides et surtout de lipides (37 g/L), presents tres majoritairement sous la forme de triglycerides (> 98 %)
Polyunsaturated fatty acid content of mother’s milk is associated with childhood body composition
Summary
En moyenne 0,4 mm (distribution : 0,31 mm) (Armand et al, 1996 ; Michalski et al, 2005a). Des donnees experimentales recentes suggerent que la taille et la structure des globules gras du lait seraient des parametres determinants dans les effets benefiques a long terme de l’allaitement maternel, notamment en ce qui concerne la protection contre le syndrome metabolique et l’obesite (Oosting et al, 2012). Pendant la periode de developpement chez la souris (du sevrage au stade jeune adulte), la consommation d’un regime lacte compose de globules lipidiques de grande taille (10 mm) et entouree d’une membrane phospholipidique reduit de 25 % la masse totale de tissu adipeux et la teneur circulante en leptine a l’^age adulte, comparativement a un regime dont la structure des gouttelettes est caracteristique de celle des laits infantiles (Oosting et al, 2012). La structure des lipides du lait maternel se distinguent en outre de celle des laits infantiles par l’esterification preferentielle de l’acide palmitique en position
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