High Levels Of Linoleic Acid Research Articles

Effects on Performance, Egg Quality Criteria and Cholesterol Level of Adding Different Ratios Flaxseed Oil Instead of Sunflower Oil to Compound Feed of Laying Hens

This study was conducted to examine the effect on performance, egg quality criteria and egg cholesterol level of adding different ratios of flaxseed oil instead of sunflower oil to the compound feed of laying hens. A total of 210, 30-week old Lohmann LSL laying hens were acquired for the study. The study groups consisted of a control group (5% sunflower oil (SO) + 0% flaxseed oil (FO) and trial 1 (4% SO + 1% FO), trial 2 (3% SO + 2% FO), trial 3 (2% SO + 3% FO), trial 4 (1% SO + 4% FO) and trial 5 (0% SO + 5% FO) groups. The study lasted for 8 weeks. The feed consumption was not different among the experimental groups. Feed utilization rate was higher in group 2 compared to those of other between 0-8 weeks (P<0.001). Between weeks 0 to 8, all trial groups were found have significantly higher levels of linoleic acid, one of the fatty acids found in yolk, compared to the control group (P<0.001). Additives were not found to affects levels of cholesterol in yolk, with no significant differences found between groups. In short, sunflower oil and flaxseed oil added to laying hen rations did not create any differences in terms of egg quality criteria or egg cholesterol levels, but higher levels of flaxseed oil added to the rations resulted in linearly higher levels of linolenic acid content of yolk, and use of the two oil additives together increased egg yields.

Characterization of the Flavor Precursors and Flavor Fingerprints in Grazing Lambs by Foodomics.

Tan sheep are greatly preferred by consumers in China because of their nutritional value and unique flavor. However, the meat quality of Tan sheep has decreased due to the change in feeding systems from grazing to indoor. Studies investigating the mechanisms for the decrease in meat quality are limited. A total of 28 Tan sheep were randomly allocated to two treatments, receiving a concentrated diet, or pasture. Flavor precursors and volatile compounds were analyzed with foodomics. E-nose and E-tongue analyses suggested that the aroma and taste profiles differed between the feeding systems. The grazing lambs had higher levels of linoleic acid and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.01). Metabolomics indicated that 25 hydrophilic metabolites active in glycolipid and amino acid metabolisms were changed by the feeding system. Among the 57 volatile compounds identified, methional, γ-butyrolactone, benzaldehyde, and ethyl acetate were at concentrations significantly higher in the grazing lambs than the indoor-fed lambs (p < 0.01). These results reveal key changes in flavor precursors and flavor profiles affected by the feeding system, which may provide an initial view of the reason for consumer preference for the grazing Tan sheep.

Effects of Dietary Incorporation of Grape Stalks Untreated and Fungi-Treated in Growing Rabbits: A Preliminary Study.

Simple SummaryThe use of winery by-products as an animal feed ingredient in rabbit production can enhance the sustainability of this livestock sector by reducing feeding costs and simultaneously diminishing environmental problems related to the management of those by-products. White-rot fungi have been studied for the delignification of lignocellulosic materials due to their potential to decrease the content of lignin. In fact, white-rot fungi also improve the nutritional value due to the deposition of bioactive compounds, acting as a possible biological treatment to enhance the nutritive value of grape stalks. The objective of this work was to evaluate the incorporation of untreated grape stalks and fungi-treated grape stalks in rabbits’ diets.This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of untreated grape stalks (UGS) and fungi-treated grape stalks (Lentinula edodes, TGS) in rabbits’ diets. The control group was fed with a control diet without grape stalks (C), two experimental groups were fed on diets with 5% and 10% incorporation of UGS (5UGS and 10UGS), and two with 5% and 10% incorporation of TGS (5TGS and 10TGS). Rabbits fed with TGS diets showed higher daily weight gain (p = 0.034), feed conversion rate (p = 0.002), carcass weight (p = 0.038), and reference carcass weight (p = 0.03) when compared to the control diet. Moreover, animals fed with TGS diets showed an increase in the caecum (p = 0.015) and small intestine (p = 0.021) lengths and in the total volatile fatty acid content (p = 0.005) compared to animals fed UGS diets. Blood triglyceride levels were lower in animals fed with TGS diets compared to UGS (p = 0.005) and C (p ≤ 0.001) diets (12% and 19% lower, respectively), and a trend to lower cholesterol levels was observed (p = 0.071). Meat from rabbits fed with TGS diets had higher levels of linoleic acid, γ-linolenic, ∑ω-6, ∑PUFA, and ∑PUFA/∑SFA ratio compared to rabbits fed with the C diet. Results indicated that grape stalks (UGS and TGS) could be effectively used as an alternative raw material in rabbits’ diets without compromising animal performance.

Abstract 9147: Reduced Delta-6-Desaturase Activity May Be Associated With Major Adverse Cardiac Events During 2 Years Follow Up in Elderly Patients With a Recent Myocardial Infarction

Background: Low levels of dihomo-gamma linolenic acid (DGLA) have been related to a bad outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Reduced levels of DGLA may result from reduced conversion of its precursor linoleic acid (LA). An increase in the ratio of LA to DGLA (LA:DGLA) has been shown to reflect reduced delta-6-desaturase activity. Aim: To evaluate the association between the LA:DGLA ratio, reflecting delta-desaturase activity, and the risk of major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE, comprising nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), unscheduled revascularization, stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, or all-cause death), in patients with a recent MI. Methods: Baseline samples from the OMEMI (Omega-3 Fatty acids in Elderly with Myocardial Infarction) trial* in which a total of 1027 patients, age 70 to 82 years, were included 2-8 weeks after an MI and followed up for 2 years, were used. FAs were measured in serum phospholipids, and the LA:DGLA ratio was calculated at baseline and related to incident MACE by univariate and multivariable Cox regression analyses, adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, omega-3 supplementation at baseline and hypertension. Results: A total of 208 patients experienced MACE during follow-up. The univariate hazard ratio (HR) for MACE in the fourth quartile (Q4) of LA:DGLA compared to the lowest quartile (Q1) was 1.49 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.00-2.23), p=0.005. After adjustment, the HR for Q4 was weakened [1.47 (0.97-2.25), p=0.072]. The HR for Q2-4 combined as compared to Q1 was borderline significant [1.42 (0.99-2.03)], p=0.055. Although the number of total deaths were more than two-fold higher in Q4 as compared to Q1 [HR 2.30 (1.04-5.06), p=0.038], this did not reach significance in the adjusted models [HR 2.26 (0.95-5.37), p=0.065], and remained non-significant when comparing Q2-4 combined to Q1 [HR 1.74 (0.80-3.77), p=0.16]. Conclusion: Higher levels of LA:DGLA ratio were found to be associated with MACE in elderly patients with a recent MI, suggesting a mechanism to why low levels of DGLA may be associated with increased adverse events. * Circulation 2021; 143(6): 528-39.

Phase 2 Results of Urinary-Derived Human Chorionic Gonadotropin/Epidermal Growth Factor As Treatment for Life-Threatening Acute Gvhd

Background: Severe organ damage from acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) results in a high risk of morbidity and mortality. Treatments that focus on immunosuppression alone do not consistently improve long-term survival. Modalities that aid in inflammation resolution, immune tolerance, and tissue repair may improve outcomes beyond high-dose corticosteroids and other broad immunosuppressants for life-threatening aGVHD. We studied the addition of urinary-derived human chorionic gonadotropin/epidermal growth factor (uhCG/EGF, Pregnyl®, Organon, USA) to standard aGVHD therapy in a prospective Phase 2 clinical trial (NCT02525029) conducted at the University of Minnesota and Rush University, extending from our previously published Phase 1 study results (Holtan et al, Blood Advances, 2020) showing uhCG/EGF to be safe and preliminarily efficacious as aGVHD therapy.Methods: Patients with new onset Minnesota (MN) high risk aGVHD (N=22) or with aGVHD requiring 2nd line therapy (N=22) received methylprednisolone 48 mg/m2/day plus 2,000 units/m2 of uhCG/EGF subcutaneously (SQ) every other day for 1 week (high risk arm). Patients in need of 2nd line aGVHD therapy received 2,000 - 5,000 units/m2 SQ every other day, with dose depending on organ severity, for 2 weeks plus standard of care immunosuppression (anti-thymocyte globulin (N=4), etanercept (N=1), ruxolitinib (N=5), sirolimus (N=4), steroid boost (N=8)). Patients who achieved a complete or partial response (CR/PR) after their initial course of therapy received twice weekly maintenance doses for the next 5 weeks. Exploratory metabolomic profiling was performed using mass spectrometry.Results: The median age was 61 years (range 2 years - 72 years, 75% male). The majority of patients had stage 3-4 lower GI GVHD (52%) and overall grade III-IV aGVHD (75%) at time of enrollment, with a median baseline albumin of 2.6 g/dl (range 0.9 - 4 g/dl) and median baseline Karnofsky performance status of 50 (range 20-100). The proportion of patients with a response (CR/PR) at day 28 (primary endpoint) was 68% (57% CR, 11% PR, Figure 1A). Among MN high risk patients receiving 1st line steroids, 64% achieved a CR at day 28 (0% PR). Among patients receiving 2nd line therapy, 50% achieved a CR and 23% PR at day 28. The median overall survival for the entire cohort was 1.2 years (Figure 1B), with a 2-year survival of 67% for responders and 12% for non-responders (p<0.01). Twenty-three died; causes of death included aGVHD (n=9), relapse (n=9), infection (n=3), and organ failure (n=2). Only one dose-limiting toxicity occurred (1 cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, resolved with anticoagulation). Exploratory metabolomic analysis of plasma samples collected during the study suggest potential correlations between blood metabolites and response to therapy. Higher levels of linoleic acid were associated with greater CR/PR rates, while higher levels of lactic acid were associated with treatment failure (Figure 1C).Conclusion: Our Phase 2 study demonstrates that uhCG/EGF is a promising addition to systemic therapy in patients with life-threatening aGVHD. The overall survival result is encouraging considering historical median survival of <0.5 years for patients with both MN high risk and steroid refractory aGVHD. As a commercially available, safe, and inexpensive drug, addition of uhCG/EGF to standard therapy may reduce morbidity and mortality from severe aGVHD. Further studies to explore its role as a steroid-sparing treatment are warranted. [Display omitted] DisclosuresHoltan: Incyte: Consultancy, Research Funding; Generon: Consultancy. Ustun: novartis: Honoraria; Blueprint: Honoraria. Arora: Pharmacyclics: Research Funding; Syndax: Research Funding; Kadmom: Research Funding. Bachanova: Incyte: Research Funding; FATE: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; KaryoPharma: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Gamida Cell: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Betts: Patent Disclosures: Patents & Royalties: B.C.B. holds a patent (WO2015120436A2) related to CD4+ T cell pSTAT3 as a marker and therapeutic target of acute GVHD. B.C.B. additionally holds a provisional patent (WO2017058950A1) related to the use of JAK inhibitors for rejection and GVHD prevention. . Vercellotti: CSL Behring: Research Funding; Mitobridge, an Astellas Company: Consultancy, Research Funding. Brunstein: GamidaCell: Research Funding; NANT: Research Funding; FATE: Research Funding; BlueRock: Research Funding; AlloVir: Consultancy. Janakiram: FATE, Nektar Therapeutics: Research Funding; Bristol Meyer Squibb, Kyowa Kirin, ADCT Therapeutics: Honoraria. Weisdorf: Fate Therapeutics: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding. MacMillan: Equilium: Other: DSMB member; Incyte: Consultancy; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy. OffLabel Disclosure:uhCG/EGF has FDA orphan drug designation to treat acute GVHD.

Blood Levels of Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids And Coronary Heart Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Studies

Background: Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were recommended in cardiovascular prevention guidelines. However, linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA) had distinct biological actions, and observational epidemiology showwd a conflicting association between omega-6 PUFAs and cardiovascular risk. Method: We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate association between blood measurements of omega-6 PUFAs and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Multivariate-adjusted risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for top quartiles compared with bottom levels were pooled using a random-effect model. Differences in blood levels of omega-6 PUFAs between the CHD cases and non-cases were analyzed as a weight mean difference (WMD). Result: In the meta-analysis of 21 prospective studies, higher levels of LA were slightly associated with a lower risk of a composite CHD (RR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.71, 1.00), whereas no significant association was found for AA (RR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.82, 1.01). The estimated associations for LA were more pronounced with fatal CHD (RR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.61, 0.87), with per 1-SD increase in blood levels associated with 10% reductions for the fatal CHD risk (RR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.86, 0.95). In the meta-analysis of 11 case-control studies, the WMD was -0.71 (95%CI: -1.20, -0.21) for LA and 0.08 (95% CI: -0.28, 0.43) for AA. Conclusion: Our study highlighted blood measurement of LA is a useful marker for predicting a composite CHD event, especially for fatal CHD, which generally supports that dietary recommendation to shift from SFAs to PUFAs (most LA) may offer a coronary benefit in primary prevention. Funding: This work is supported by the Ph. D. Programs Foundation of Wenzhou Medical University of Zhejiang Province, China (89217015), and by 2017 Chinese Nutrition Society (CNS) Nutrition Research Foundation—DSM Research Fund (95017008). The funders have no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Declaration of Interest: None to declare.

Associations Between Erythrocyte Membrane Fatty Acid Compositions and Biomarkers of Vascular Health in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes With and Without Insulin Resistance: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess the relationship between specific erythrocyte fatty acid levels and vascular health in type 1 diabetes (T1D) with and without insulin resistance (IR). MethodsWe analyzed baseline pretreatment data in a subset of 23 patients with T1D from a previously published randomized controlled trial consisting of comprehensive erythrocyte-derived fatty acid profiles and a panel of inflammation-associated endothelial markers. Estimated glucose disposal rate was used to identify and categorize patients with IR. We utilized principal component analysis (PCA) to cluster vascular biomarkers to compute a single “vascular signal” and utilized univariate linear regression models to investigate the association with IR and fatty acid profiles. ResultsSubjects with IR displayed significantly higher levels of linoleic acid (p=0.001), lower levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (p<0.001), lower levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3PUFA) (p<0.006) and an increased omega-6 (n-6)PUFA:n-3PUFA ratio (p=0.001). IR was associated with significantly higher linoleic acid levels, total n-6PUFA and an increased ratio of n-6PUFA:n-3PUFA, and negatively associated with arachidonic acid and EPA levels, total saturated fatty acid and total n-3PUFA. The PCA-derived vascular biomarker cluster was positively associated with linoleic acid and n-6PUFA:n-3PUFA ratio, and inversely associated with EPA. ConclusionsSpecific erythrocyte membrane fatty acid compositions are associated with impaired vascular health and IR in adults with T1D. These findings suggest that IR and risk of associated complications may be influenced by specific fatty acid profiles, and thus potentially modified by the selective targeting of dietary fatty acids.

Effect of Regional Differences on Fatty Acid Profiles of Ulva linza (Linnaeus 1753), Enteromorpha flexuosa (Agardh, 1883) and Taonia atomaria (Agardh, 1848)

Total fat and fatty acid levels of Ulva linza (Linnaeus 1753), Enteromorpha flexuosa (Agardh, 1883), and Taonia atomaria (Agardh, 1848) collected from Viranşehir, Taşkıran, and Karaduvar coasts were determined. The total oil level of the samples was found to be 1.31-1.91%, 1.23%, 7.78% for U. linza, E. flexuosa and T. atomaria, respectively. The dominant saturated fatty acids are palmitic acid and stearic acid. The highest level of palmitic acid (32.27%) was found in E. flexuosa in Viranşehir beach. The highest level of stearic acid was found on the coast of Viranşehir (7.20%), U. linza. The highest level of ΣSFA was found in the U. linza species on Taşkıran coast (37.89%), and the lowest level was determined in the T. atomaria species on the Taşkıran coast (18.13%). It is oleic acid that has a high level of monounsaturated fatty acids. The highest level of this fatty acid (10.35%) was found in E. flexuosa species in Viranşehir beach. The highest level of ΣMUFA was found in the Viranşehir coast (16.67%) and the lowest level (11.39%) in the U. linza on the Viranşehir beach. The highest level of linolelaidic acid in polyunsaturated fatty acids was found in E. flexuosa in Viranşehir beach (3.34%). The highest level of linoleic acid (4.85%) was found in U. linza on the coast of Viranşehir. The highest level of ΣPUFA was found in T. atomaria on the Taşkıran coast (16.56%), and the lowest level (7.03%) was found in U. linza.

Causal Effects of Serum Levels of n-3 or n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Coronary Artery Disease: Mendelian Randomization Study.

We aimed to investigate the causal effects of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) through Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. This MR study utilized a genetic instrument developed from previous genome-wide association studies for various serum n-3 and n-6 PUFA levels. First, we calculated the allele scores for genetic predisposition of PUFAs in individuals of European ancestry in the UK Biobank data (N = 337,129). The allele score-based MR was obtained by regressing the allele scores to CAD risks. Second, summary-level MR was performed with the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D data for CAD (N = 184,305). Higher genetically predicted eicosapentaenoic acid and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid levels were significantly associated with a lower risk of CAD both in the allele-score-based and summary-level MR analyses. Higher allele scores for linoleic acid level were significantly associated with lower CAD risks, and in the summary-level MR, the causal estimates by the pleiotropy-robust MR methods also indicated that higher linoleic acid levels cause a lower risk of CAD. Arachidonic acid showed significant causal estimates for a higher risk of CAD. This study supports the causal effects of certain n-3 and n-6 PUFA types on the risk of CAD.

Lipid profile and high contents of cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) in different commercial brands of canned tuna

Canned fish is submitted to processes that may degrade its lipids and form harmful compounds called cholesterol oxidation products (COPs). Samples of Brazilian commercial canned tuna were analyzed to evaluate the influence of different liquid mediums (oil and brine) on the fatty acid composition and formation of COPs. The exchange between fish lipids and the constituents of the covering liquid was highlighted by the high levels of linoleic acid found in tuna conserved in oil. High amounts of COPs were found. However, higher contents of COPs were found in tuna in brine (933.14 to 1914.23 µg/g) than in oil (698.24 to 1167.88 µg/g). This result was mainly promoted by the presence of pro-oxidant elements such as salt, as well as greater heat transfer in brine than in oil. This study showed that canned tuna is a potential source of exogenous COPs, indicating the role of liquid mediums in oxidative processes.

NMR Metabolite Profiles in Male Meat-Eaters, Fish-Eaters, Vegetarians and Vegans, and Comparison with MS Metabolite Profiles.

Metabolomics may help to elucidate mechanisms underlying diet-disease relationships and identify novel risk factors for disease. To inform the design and interpretation of such research, evidence on diet-metabolite associations and cross-assay comparisons is needed. We aimed to compare nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolite profiles between meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans, and to compare NMR measurements to those from mass spectrometry (MS), clinical chemistry and capillary gas-liquid chromatography (GC). We quantified 207 serum NMR metabolite measures in 286 male participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Oxford cohort. Using univariate and multivariate analyses, we found that metabolite profiles varied by diet group, especially for vegans; the main differences compared to meat-eaters were lower levels of docosahexaenoic acid, total n-3 and saturated fatty acids, cholesterol and triglycerides in very-low-density lipoproteins, various lipid factions in high-density lipoprotein, sphingomyelins, tyrosine and creatinine, and higher levels of linoleic acid, total n-6, polyunsaturated fatty acids and alanine. Levels in fish-eaters and vegetarians differed by metabolite measure. Concentrations of 13 metabolites measured using both NMR and MS, clinical chemistry or GC were mostly similar. In summary, vegans’ metabolite profiles were markedly different to those of men consuming animal products. The studied metabolomics platforms are complementary, with limited overlap between metabolite classes.

High-oleic acid content, nontransgenic allotetraploid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) generated by knockout of GhFAD2 genes with CRISPR/Cas9 system.

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), the most important cash crop for natural textile fibers, meanwhile, represents the fifth largest source of vegetable oil for human consumption in the world. Typically, cottonseed oil contains three major fatty acids: 26% palmitic acid, 15% oleic acid, and 58% linoleic acid (Liu et al., 2002). The relatively high level of linoleic acid reduces oxidative stability of cottonseed oil, which can cause rancidity, a short shelf life and production of detrimental trans-fatty acids (Shockey et al., 2017). Oleic acid has better oxidative stability than linoleic acid due to its monounsaturated nature, so it is considered a reliable and healthy fatty acid.

Different Ratios of Corn and Coconut Oil Blends in High‐Fat Diets Influence Fat Deposition without Altering Metabolic Biomarkers in Male Rats

AbstractThe effects of high‐fat diets with the recommended dietary linoleic acid (LA) intake levels on health outcomes have not been studied extensively. This study investigated the effects of high‐fat diets containing different weight ratios of coconut and corn oil with LA levels of &lt;1.00% of energy (very low LA), 2.80% of energy (low LA), 5.80% of energy (moderate LA), and 9.70% of energy (high LA) on fat deposition and selected metabolic biomarkers of male Sprague‐Dawley rats. Their initial and terminal body weights are recorded. Blood, adipose tissue, and liver samples are obtained for analysis after an 8‐week feeding intervention. Compared with the very low‐LA diet, the high‐LA diet resulted in higher body weight gain and epididymal fat deposition. No significant differences are observed in liver‐to‐body weight ratio, blood glucose, visfatin, and leptin levels between the test diets. Serum tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), insulin, and C‐peptide levels do not significantly increase with the increase in dietary LA levels. High‐LA diet results in higher LA levels in the liver and adipose tissue. It is concluded that a high‐fat diet containing high LA levels induced body weight gain and epididymal fat deposition in rats but has no effect on selected metabolic biomarkers.Practical applications: Linoleic acid (LA) (C18:2) plays an important role as one of the nutritional elements to meet the daily essential fatty acid requirements. However, a full understanding is perplexed by the various ways that LA can be included in the diet when there is a recommendation to substitute saturated fatty acid (SFA), trans‐ or n‐3 fatty acids intake. The data provide additional findings on the effects of excessive dietary intake of LA (C18:2) on fat deposition when different levels of SFAs are replaced.

Maternal Linoleic Acid Overconsumption Alters Offspring Gut and Adipose Tissue Homeostasis in Young but Not Older Adult Rats.

Maternal n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) consumption during gestation and lactation can predispose offspring to the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity later in life. However, the mechanisms underlying the potential programming effect of n-6 PUFA upon offspring physiology are not yet all established. Herein, we investigated the effects of maternal and weaning linoleic acid (LA)-rich diet interactions on gut intestinal and adipose tissue physiology in young (3-month-old) and older (6-month-old) adult offspring. Pregnant rats were fed a control diet (2% LA) or an LA-rich diet (12% LA) during gestation and lactation. At weaning, offspring were either maintained on the maternal diet or fed the other diet for 3 or 6 months. At 3 months of age, the maternal LA-diet favored low-grade inflammation and greater adiposity, while at 6 months of age, offspring intestinal barrier function, adipose tissue physiology and hepatic conjugated linoleic acids were strongly influenced by the weaning diet. The maternal LA-diet impacted offspring cecal microbiota diversity and composition at 3 months of age, but had only few remnant effects upon cecal microbiota composition at 6 months of age. Our study suggests that perinatal exposure to high LA levels induces a differential metabolic response to weaning diet exposure in adult life. This programming effect of a maternal LA-diet may be related to the alteration of offspring gut microbiota.

Evaluation of the anticancer activity and fatty acids composition of "Handal" (Citrullus colocynthis L.) seed oil, a desert plant from south Jordan.

BackgroundThe chemical composition of Handal (Citrullus colocynthis L.) seed oil cultivated in Jordan deserts was characterized, and its bioactivity was evaluated.MethodsThe oil was extracted from the grinded seeds in 500 ml Soxhlet extractor for 24 hr using n‐hexane, and the recovered fatty acids were methylated with methanolic‐HCL. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) composition was analyzed using GC‐MS and GC‐FID. The anticancer activity associated with the oil was assessed against colon cancer cell lines (Caco‐2 and HCT‐116) and compared to its cytotoxicity on the human skin fibroblast. Multivariate analysis was used to determine relationship of the fatty acid composition with that of the anticancer activity.ResultsThe results demonstrated that fatty acid composition of Citrullus colocynthis seed oil chiefly contains Linoleic acid, denoted as C18:2n6 (75%), followed by Palmitic acid C16:0 (8%), Stearic acid C18:0 (5%), and Oleic acid C18:1n9 (9%). It is demonstrated as an excellent source of essential fatty acids omega‐6 (e.g., Linoleic acid), whereas omega‐3 (e.g., α‐Linolenic acid) and hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acids are found at small level. Interestingly, the oil exhibited reasonable anticancer effects against colorectal cancer cell lines with IC50 values varying between 4 and 7 mg/ml. The correlation test revealed a relationship between the fatty acid composition and the effectiveness on treatments.ConclusionsHandal plant from Jordan appears to have very high level of Linoleic acid compared to other oils measured in different geographic locations and that there appears to be some anticancer activities associated with the fatty acid content of Handal seed oil.

Effect of seed roasting on oxidative stability and antioxidant content of hemp seed oil

In this study, some chemical components of hemp seed, which widely consumed as snack food in Middle East were determined. The effects of different roasting temperatures (140, 160 and 180°C) and times (0-60min) on the oxidative stability and antioxidant content of hemp seed oil were investigated. Hemp seed oil contained high levels of linoleic acid (54.85%), α-linolenic acid (18.13%) and γ-tocopherol (707.47mg/kg oil). While tocopherol isomers decreased with increasing roasting time and temperature, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity showed increasing trend. The peroxide and p-anisidine values of roasted samples varied from 1.33 to 3.09meq O2 /kg oil and 1.65 to 43.27, respectively. The peroxide and p-anisidine values of samples were simultaneously generated at the early stage of roasting. Kinetic evaluation of data showed that peroxides act as limiting factor in autocatalytic oxidation reactions. The order and rate constant regarding peroxide value were similar with those of p-anisidine value. The effects of roasting temperature and time on the oxidation parameters and antioxidant contents of samples were significant (p < 0.05). Based on peroxide and p-anisidine values, roasting at 140-160°C for 35min or at 180°C for 15min are recommended to provide good quality roasted hemp seed.

The nutritional potentials and the fatty acid profile of the seed and seed oil of Caesalpinia bonducella

The physicochemical properties of the seed and fatty acid profile of the seed oil of Caesalpinia bonducella were analyzed in this study, using standard methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). The proximate composition was found as follows: Moisture (3.24%), crude fat (41.76%), crude protein (28.63%), crude fibre (4.35%), ash content (2.94%) and carbohydrate (19.08%). The total unsaturated fatty acids (57.36%) was more abundant than the total saturated ones (42.68%). The seed oil had a high level of linoleic acid (28.15%), followed by oleic (18.41%), stearic (13.83%) and palmitic (13.56%). Other fatty acids had less than 10% each. There was a high level of unsaturation (57.36%) with oleic and linoleic acids dominating all other fatty acids with a total of 46.56%. The percentage of essential fatty acids (linoleic &amp; linolenic acids) (32.96%) was also high at about â…“ of the total oil content. The total poly-unsaturated fatty acids (36.99%) was higher than those of mono-unsaturated (20.37%). The high level of poly-unsaturated fatty acids in the oil sample is an advantage as these are essential components of the diet of man. The good total unsaturated/saturated (or P/S) ratio of the oil, (i.e.1.344), makes it to be very nutritionally useful if adopted for domestic purposes. Â

Biomarker of dietary linoleic acid and risk for stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Previous observational studiíes provided conflicting findings on the relationship between linoleic acid (LA) and the risk for stroke. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of LA levels in blood or adipose tissue samples with risk for stroke. PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were searched until February 29, 2020 to identify eligible observational studies, including cohort studies, nested case-control studies, case-cohort studies, and case-control studies, reporting the association of LA with the risk for stroke and its subtypes. We pooled hazard ratio (HR) estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and conducted heterogeneity test. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias test were also carried out. Twelve studies from 11 observational articles involving 47 836 individuals were included in the meta-analysis. We observed an inverse association between biomarkers of dietary LA and risk for total stroke (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.83-0.94; P < 0.001). Meta-regression analysis suggested that ethnicity (P=0.029) and study design (P=0.049) contributed to between-study heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis showed that the association was statistically significant among studies conducted in white (P < 0.001) and Asian (P=0.032) populations, and those with cohort (P=0.001) and case-cohort design (P=0.007). Moreover, we found that higher LA levels were associated with a reduced risk for ischemic stroke (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.80-0.95; P=0.001), although no statistically significant association was found between LA levels and the risk for hemorrhagic stroke. The present study supported an inverse association of LA levels with the risk for stroke, particularly ischemic stroke. Racial disparity exists in the association between LA and the risk for stroke, which deserves further studies.

About lipid metabolism in Hermetia illucens (L. 1758): on the origin of fatty acids in prepupae

Although increasingly targeted in animal nutrition, black soldier fly larvae or prepupae (BSF, Hermetia illucens L. 1758) require the characterization and modulation of their fatty acid profile to become fully integrated within the feed sector. This improvement will only be possible by the understanding of underlaying biochemical pathways of fatty acid synthesis in BSF. In this study, we hypothesized a labelling of de novo synthesized fatty acids in BSF by the incorporation of deuterated water (D2O) in their feed. Three batches of fifty larvae were reared on two diets with different polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles moistened with 40% of H2O or D2O: chicken feed or 40% of chicken feed and 60% of flax cake. Although the occurrence of D2O in insect feed increased the larval development time and decreased prepupal weight, it was possible to track the biosynthesis of fatty acids through deuterium labelling. Some fatty acids (decanoic, lauric or myristic acid) were exclusively present in their deuterated form while others (palmitic, palmitoleic or oleic acid) were found in two forms (deuterated or not) indicating that BSF can partially produce these fatty acids via biosynthesis pathways and not only by bioaccumulation from the diet. These results suggest the importance of carbohydrates as a source of acetyl-CoA in the constitution of the BSF fatty acid profile but also the potential importance of specific enzymes (e.g. thioesterase II or Δ12 fat2 desaturase) in BSF fatty acid metabolism. Finally, nearly no deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acids were found in BSF fed with deuterium confirming that BSF is not able to produce these types of fatty acids. Despite the high levels of linolenic acid in flax-enriched diets, BSF will simply bioaccumulate around 13% of this fatty acid and will metabolize approximately two-thirds of it into saturated fatty acids as lauric or myristic acid.

Plasma linoleic acid levels and cardiovascular risk factors: results from the Norwegian ACE 1950 Study.

A high intake of linoleic acid (LA), the major dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), has previously been associated with reduced cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality in observational studies. However, recent secondary analyses from clinical trials of LA-rich diet suggest harmful effects of LA on CV health. A total of 3706 participants, all born in 1950, were included in this cross-sectional study. We investigated associations between plasma phospholipid levels of LA and CV risk factors in a Norwegian general population, characterized by a relative low LA and high marine n-3 PUFA intake. The main statistical approach was multivariable linear regression. Plasma phospholipid LA levels ranged from 11.4 to 32.0 wt%, with a median level of 20.8 wt% (interquartile range 16.8-24.8 wt%). High plasma LA levels were associated with lower serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (standardized regression coefficient [Std. β-coeff.] -0.04, p = 0.02), serum triglycerides (Std. β-coeff. -0.10, p < 0.001), fasting plasma glucose (Std. β-coeff. -0.10, p < 0.001), body mass index (Std. β-coeff. -0.13, p < 0.001), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (Std. β-coeff. -0.04, p = 0.03 and Std. β-coeff. -0.02, p = 0.02, respectively) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (Std. β-coeff. -0.09, p < 0.001). We found no association between plasma LA levels and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, glycated hemoglobin, carotid intima-media thickness, or C-reactive protein. High plasma LA levels were favorably associated with several CV risk factors in this study of a Norwegian general population.