Higher Levels Of C18 Research Articles

Exploring the metabolic and physiological diversity of native microalgal strains (Chlorophyta) isolated from tropical freshwater reservoirs

Microalgae have attracted interest as a potential feedstock for biodiesel and valuable co-products such as bioethanol and protein. However, production at a commercial scale is still costly in part due to a lack of knowledge of their biology which in turn limits our ability to increase their overall growth rate or alter their metabolism and composition through changes in culture conditions or genetic engineering. We therefore isolated ten strains of freshwater microalgae (Chlorophyta) and characterized them at the morphological, molecular and biochemical level under autotrophic conditions. Two Scenedesmus strains (BR003 and BR024) differed from others strains in respect to their fatty acid profile, with high levels of C16 and C18:1 and low levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Interestingly, Chlamydomonas sp. BR020 and Chlorella vulgaris BR017 showed high levels of α-linolenic acid (C18:3), while BR017 also exhibited higher protein levels (14% of total dry weight), suggesting that these may be interesting strains to be used within the biorefinery concept. Furthermore, Monoraphidium sp. BR023 showed higher lipid content (29% of total dry weight), and transesterifiable fatty acid production (43.2μgmg−1 dry weight) and lower starch levels (164μmolmg−1 dry weight) while Chlamydomonas sp. BR020 exhibited the opposite trend. The results suggest that Scenedesmus bajacalifornicus BR024, Selenastrum capricornutum BR009 and Scenedesmus obliquus BR003 represent potential strains for biomass and biodiesel production, presenting 1.81, 1.73 and 2.14mgmL−1 dry weight of biomass, respectively, and 21.6, 16.4 and 17% of total dry weight of lipid, respectively. Additionally, the two Scenedesmus species showed the highest lipid productivity (23mgL−1d−1 and 24mgL−1d−1). Overall we were able to access a new source of microalgal biodiversity and perform a robust characterization of native tropical microalgae strains leading to the identification of strains with high potential for biotechnological applications.

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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To determine if altered sphingolipid metabolism and composition are associated with childhood-onset asthma. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Sphingolipid profiles and composition were analyzed in a pilot cohort of pediatric with asthma (n=22), and in nonasthmatic controls (n=17). The cohort includes males and females, ages 5–17 years with no prior history of asthma or wheezing, and those who have been previously diagnosed with asthma by a pediatric pulmonologist. Subjects who have a history of prematurity, chronic lung disease, acute respiratory infection, malignancy, autoimmune disorders, immunodeficiency, or sickle cell anemia were excluded. Asthma and nonasthma phenotypes were determined through clinical history, standardized asthma symptom checklists, medical record review and spirometry. Masses of sphingolipids were quantified by mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in serum and exhaled breath condensates (EBC). Allergy status was determined through clinical questionnaire, blood IgE (>150 IU/mL) and blood eosinophils (>0.3×103/mcl). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Multiple species of sphingolipids and ceramides were found to be higher in the serum and EBC of asthmatics compared with controls in the overall cohort. In serum, these species include C16 (p=0.05), C16DH (p=0.05), C18:1DH (p=0.002), C20 (p=0.05), Sphingosine (p=0.05), and S1P (p=0.04). In EBC, asthma was associated with higher levels of C18:1DH (p=0.05), C20 (p=0.05), C22 (p=0.05), Sphinganine (p=0.05), Sphingosine (p=0.04), and S1P (p=0.06). When data were stratified for allergic status, the increases in serum sphingolipids were largely associated with total IgE levels greater than 150 IU/mL. Sphingolipids which were increased in allergic asthma (n=13) compared with allergic controls (n=5) included C16 (p=0.006), C16DH (p=0.006), C18:1DH (p=0.06), C20 (p=0.048), C22 (p=0.02), C24 (p=0.02), C24:1 (p=0.02), Sphinganine (p=0.02), Sphingosine (p=0.01), and S1P (p=0.02). Notably, only C18:1DH remained increased in asthmatics regardless of allergic status, in both low and high total IgE subjects. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Data from this pilot cohort suggest that sphingolipids are altered in asthmatic compared with nonasthmatic children, particularly in association with a history of allergy and elevated blood IgE. This trend was also demonstrated in exhaled breath condensate, suggesting that sphingolipids are altered both in serum and airway fluid. Only 1 species of sphingolipid measured, C18:1DH, was elevated in asthmatics regardless of allergic status. Notably, this sphingolipid was recently identified to be associated with exercise induced wheezing (EIW) and asthma persistence overtime, in a large case-control study of children with and without asthma (Perzanowski et al., in press). EIW has been identified as a specific phenotype of asthma, and can be present with or without allergy/atopy. Taken together, these data suggest that altered sphingolipids may contribute towards the underlying pathophysiology of asthma, the understanding of which can lead to improved characterization of asthma phenotypes.ReferencePerzanowski M,et al. Distinct serum sphingolipid profiles among school-age children with exercise-induced wheeze and asthma persistence. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2017 (in press).

Effect of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on lipid metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating fungal pathogen in economically important plants. We know not all but a lot about the molecular host defense to the fungus, but less direct for the pathosystem, which makes the fungal infection difficult to control. In this study, we analyzed the lipid changes in S. sclerotiorum-infected Arabidopsis thaliana, in the hope of shedding lights on plant defense response to the fungal infection. The full-scan mass spectrometry combined with principal component analysis showed that A. thaliana underwent significant lipid metabolic changes following S. sclerotiorum infection. The levels of oxylipin-containing PG (phosphatidylglycerol), oxylipin-containing DGDG (digalactosyldiacylglycerol), and lyso-MGDG (monogalactosyldiacylglycerol) were 3, 6, and 24 h after infection, implying that lipoxygenase acts directly on plastid-localized lipid species. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection also increased the levels of free fatty acids such as C18:3 all time point, which indicates that the high level of C18:3 is likely to be involved in the synthesis of jasmonic acid. In conclusion, S. sclerotiorum-induced lipid metabolism of A. thaliana, and the synthesized glycerolipids were oxidized to oxylipin-containing glycerolipids and free fatty acids.

Response of juvenile Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) to different dietary fatty acid profiles: Growth performance, tissue lipid accumulation, liver histology and flesh texture

A 10-week feeding experiment in offshore floating cages was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fatty acid profiles on growth, tissue lipid accumulation, liver histology and flesh texture of juvenile Japanese seabass (mean initial weight 29.53±0.86g). Six low-fish meal diets were prepared with different lipid sources (10% in the diets), each with a characteristic fatty acid: Diet MCA: medium-chain fatty acid, C8:0+C10:0; Diet PA: palmitic acid, C16:0; Diet SA: stearic acid, C18:0; Diet OA: oleic acid, C18:1n−9; Diet LNA: α-linolenic acid, C18:3n−3; Diet N-3 LC-PUFA: n−3 LC-PUFA, DHA+EPA. A diet with 10% fish oil was used as the control diet (Diet FO). Each diet was fed triplicate groups of 30 fish. The results showed that the compared to group FO, the final body weight (FBW), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) were significantly reduced in groups MCA, PA, and SA, but not in groups OA, LNA, and N-3 LC-PUFA. The feed intake (FI) in group MCA was much lower compared to other groups, while group PA showed the highest FI, significantly higher than that in group N-3 LC-PUFA. Diets MCA, PA, and SA leaded to much lower lipid content in muscle, gut, and whole fish body, while the liver lipid content was significantly higher in groups PA, SA, OA, and LNA than that in groups FO, MCA, and N-3 LC-PUFA. Obvious hepatocytes swelling, lipid vacuolization and nucleus polarization were observed in liver from groups OA, SA, PA, and LNA, while in group MCA, the hepatic tissue was in disorder with indistinguishable hepatic cell outline and dissolved nuclei. Fish fed MCA, PA, and SA tended to have firmer flesh than fish fed OA, LNA, and N-3 LC-PUFA. These results showed that Japanese seabass has a relatively high tolerance to oils rich in C18:1n−9 and C18:3n−3 but high levels of C16:0 or C18:0 enriched lipid sources could reduce the feed efficiency and growth rate. High levels of medium chain fatty acids (C8:0 and C10:0) in the diets could drastically reduce the feed intake. All the alternative lipid sources leaded to impairment to liver histology and modified the flesh texture, probably via altering tissue lipid concentrations. Statement of relevanceThis study provided useful data for the application of a range of alternative lipid sources in fish feed. Also, the present results are helpful in formulating a balanced dietary fatty acid profile for Japanese seabass.

Differential modulation of the lipid metabolism as a model for cellular resistance to fumonisin B1–induced cytotoxic effects in vitro

Differential sensitivity of primary hepatocytes and Chang cells to the cancer promoter fumonisin B1 (FB1)-induced cytotoxic effects were investigated in relation to changes in membrane lipid distribution. In contrast to primary hepatocytes, Chang cells were resistant to FB1-induced cytotoxic effects. This was associated with a high cholesterol (Chol) and sphingomyelin (SM) and low phosphatidylcholine (PC) content, resulting in a significant (P<0.05) decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)/PC ratio, increased Chol/total phosphoglyceride (TPG) ratios and low total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content in PC and PE, suggesting a more rigid membrane structure. High levels of C18:1 and reduced polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels are likely to provide selective resistance to FB1-induced oxidative stress. FB1-associated lipid changes included decreases in SM and Chol, increases in sphinganine (Sa) and PE with the increases in key saturated, monounsaturated, and PUFAs in PE as key role players in the differential responses to FB1-induced cell growth responses in cells.

Effect of fat replacement by olive oil on the physico-chemical properties, fatty acids, cholesterol and tocopherol content of pâté

The present study investigates the effects of olive oil when used as back fat replacers on the physico-chemical properties, fatty acids, cholesterol and α-tocopherol content of p.t.. The replacement of back fat by olive oil at 50 and 100% did not affect the moisture, fat or protein contents, while it increased yellowness. According to texture parameters, reformulated p.t. presented lower values for hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness. The use of olive oil significantly (P < 0.05) affected the fatty acid content. The amount of MUFA increased, while the content of SFA and PUFA decreased as the back fat was replaced by olive oil. The replacement of fat resulted in an improvement in all nutritional indexes. Atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes decreased while the h/H ratio increased with fat replacement. At the same time, the content of α-tocopherol increased and the amount of cholesterol decreased with the addition of olive oil. Therefore, olive oil provides p.t. with high levels of C18:1n9c and MUFA, natural antioxidants such as α-tocopherol and reduces cholesterol levels. As a general conclusion, the replacement of back fat by olive oil allows us to obtain a healthier product.

Fatty acid synthase (FASN) gene polymorphism and early lactation milk fat composition in Xinong Saanen goats

Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN) is a multifunctional protein, catalyzing the de novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis, its high mRNA expression in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs) substantiated by the medium to high heritability of milk fat (MF), makes it a candidate gene for association analysis with milk fat profile. The study aimed to develop markers of Capra hircus FASN to improve healthfulness of goat milk FAs and to investigate early lactation MF profile. 300 milk samples were collected, 30 days postpartum, from 300 Saanen does, from 2 herds sired by 73 bucks, and were analyzed with gas-chromatography. Linear mixed models, that considered the effects of herd, herd test day (HTD), parity, doe, sire and allele and haplotype effects were used to investigate the association of 3 FASN SNPs (−911 C/T intron1 SNP1, 852 A/G intron2 SNP2 and 14420 T/C exon37 SNP3) or two haplotypes (H1, C-A-T and H2, T-G-C, constructed from the three SNPs) in separate models, with 31 individual FAs, 8 FA groups, and 7 FA indices, by SPSS 20, REML function. A single test per SNP and haplotype was performed to avoid the effect of multiple testing. H1, SNP1 and SNP2 were most desirable for milk healthfulness because they were significantly associated with lower concentrations of myristic acid (C14:0) and palmitic acid (C16:0) and higher concentrations of linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6, cis). Herd followed by HTD and parity were the predominant factors affecting FA levels, indicating an effect of nutrition and management. Lower levels of de novo synthesized FAs but higher levels of C18:1 cis-9 were observed, indicating mobilization of body fat reserves. Although considered as de novo, butyric acid levels were consistent throughout lactation and showed negative correlations with other de novo FAs, suggesting other sources of origin. Majority of the odd chain fatty acids (OCFAs) originate from rumen bacteria, hence they may reflect rumen microbial activity. In our study this was confirmed by the observed positive correlations of all OCFAs with rumenic CLA (through its precursor C18:1 trans-11) and other trans-FAs, which are end products of biohydrogenation. The SNP markers developed will assist in marker assisted selection, and the early lactation milk FA analysis will help in deciphering factors of variation.

Skeletal muscle and plasma lipidomic signatures of insulin resistance and overweight/obesity in humans.

ObjectiveAlterations in lipids in muscle and plasma have been documented in insulin‐resistant people with obesity. Whether these lipid alterations are a reflection of insulin resistance or obesity remains unclear.MethodsNondiabetic sedentary individuals not treated with lipid‐lowering medications were studied (n = 51). Subjects with body mass index (BMI) > 25 kg/m2 (n = 28) were stratified based on median glucose infusion rate during a hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp into insulin‐sensitive and insulin‐resistant groups (above and below median, obesity/insulin‐sensitive and obesity/insulin‐resistant, respectively). Lean individuals (n = 23) served as a reference group. Lipidomics was performed in muscle and plasma by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry. Pathway analysis of gene array in muscle was performed in a subset (n = 35).ResultsIn muscle, insulin resistance was characterized by higher levels of C18:0 sphingolipids, while in plasma, higher levels of diacylglycerol and cholesterol ester, and lower levels of lysophosphatidylcholine and lysoalkylphosphatidylcholine, indicated insulin resistance, irrespective of overweight/obesity. The sphingolipid metabolism gene pathway was upregulated in muscle in insulin resistance independent of obesity. An overweight/obesity lipidomic signature was only apparent in plasma, predominated by higher triacylglycerol and lower plasmalogen species.ConclusionsMuscle C18:0 sphingolipids may play a role in insulin resistance independent of excess adiposity.

Heptadecanoylcarnitine (C17) a novel candidate biomarker for newborn screening of propionic and methylmalonic acidemias

Background3-Hydroxypalmitoleoyl-carnitine (C16:1-OH) has recently been reported to be elevated in acylcarnitine profiles of patients with propionic acidemia (PA) or methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) during expanded newborn screening (NBS). High levels of C16:1-OH, combined with other hydroxylated long chain acylcarnitines are related to long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHADD) and trifunctional protein (TFP) deficiency. MethodsThe acylcarnitine profile of two LCHADD patients was evaluated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method. A specific retention time was determined for each hydroxylated long chain acylcarnitine. The same method was applied to some neonatal dried blood spots (DBSs) from PA and MMA patients presenting abnormal C16:1-OH concentrations. ResultsThe retention time of the peak corresponding to C16:1-OH in LCHADD patients differed from those in MMA and PA patients. Heptadecanoylcarnitine (C17) has been identified as the novel biomarker specific for PA and MMA patients through high resolution mass spectrometry (Orbitrap) experiments. We found that 21 out of 23 neonates (22 MMA, and 1PA) diagnosed through the Tuscany region NBS program exhibited significantly higher levels of C17 compared to controls.Twenty-three maternal deficiency (21 vitamin B12 deficiency, 1 homocystinuria and 1 gastrin deficiency) samples and 82 false positive for elevated propionylcarnitine (C3) were also analyzed. ConclusionsWe have characterized a novel biomarker able to detect propionate disorders during expanded newborn screening (NBS). The use of this new biomarker may improve the analytical performances of NBS programs especially in laboratories where second tier tests are not performed.

Native Oils from Apple, Blackcurrant, Raspberry, and Strawberry Seeds as a Source of Polyenoic Fatty Acids, Tocochromanols, and Phytosterols: A Health Implication

The oils from strawberry, blackcurrant, raspberry, and apple seeds were characterized by a high content of unsaturated fatty acids (90.8%, 88.6%, 94.0%, and 86.9%, resp.). Strawberry and raspberry oils had high levels of C18:2 (45.4% and 49.0%) andαC18:3 (29.0% and 33.0%, resp.). Blackcurrant oil was the richest source ofγC18:3 (18.5%) and C18:4 (3.6%). Apple oil had high levels of C18:2 (55.5%) and C18:1 (29.4%). Blackcurrant oil had 229.5 mg/100 g of tocochromanols, predominantlyγ-tocopherol (117.8 mg/100 g) andα-tocopherol (84.3 mg/100 g). Raspberry oil was rich inγ-,α-, andδ-tocopherol (193.5; 65.6; and 32.2 mg/100 g, resp.). Strawberry oil containedγ- andδ-tocopherol, 49.0 and 6.1 mg/100 g, respectively. Apple contained all isomers ofα-,β-,γ-, andδ-tocopherols at 41.7, 62.7, 13.6, and 21.8 mg/100 g, respectively. The level of tocotrienols in the analysed oils ranged from 0.85 to 6.73 mg/100 g. Ten different phytosterols were found in the tested oils. The richest sources of phytosterols were blackcurrant oil (6824.9 μg/g) followed by raspberry (5384.1 μg/g), strawberry (4643.1 μg/g), and apple oil (3460.0 μg/g). The dominant compound in the analysed oils was sitosterol, from 2630 μg/g in apple oil to 3630 μg/g in blackcurrant oil.

The Effect of Gender on Meat (Longissimus Lumborum Muscle) Quality Characteristics in the Fallow Deer Dama Dama L.)

The aim of this study was to determine the quality of meat (Longissimus lumborum muscle) from male (11 bucks) and female (10 does) fallow deer (Dama dama L.) aged 17-18 months, hunter-harvested in north-eastern Poland during one hunting season. Muscle samples collected from the carcasses of male fallow deer were characterized by a higher (P≤0.01) content of dry matter, protein, fat and energy, and a lower (P≤0.01) water/protein ratio than male counterparts. An analysis of the fatty acid profile revealed that the intramuscular fat of male fallow deer contained higher concentrations of C12:0, C20:0, C18:2 and C20:1 fatty acids (P≤0.01), and C16:1, C18:1 and C18:3 fatty acids (P≤0.05), whereas the intramuscular fat of female fallow deer contained higher levels of C16:0 and C17:1 fatty acids (P≤0.01), and C14:0, C17:0 and C20:4 fatty acids (P≤0.05), and higher (P≤0.01) amounts of saturated fatty acids. The fat extracted from the carcasses of bucks had a higher (P≤0.01) ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids. An analysis of the physicochemical properties of meat indicated that samples of the Longissimus lumborum muscle collected from the carcasses of male fallow deer were characterized by a lower (P≤0.01) pH and greater (P≤0.01) drip loss, and their colour had a higher (P≤0.01) contribution of redness, yellowness, and higher saturation. The effect of gender on meat quality was also confirmed by a sensory analysis, in which meat from bucks received higher scores for juiciness (P≤0.05), and meat from does for tenderness (P≤0.01).

Influence of DGAT1 K232A Polymorphism on Milk Fat Percentage and Fatty Acid Profiles in Romanian Holstein Cattle

Milk and dairy products are considered the main sources of saturated fatty acids, which are a valuable source of nutrients in the human diet. Fat composition can be adjusted through guided nutrition of dairy animals but also through selective breeding. Recently, a dinucleotide substitution located in the exon 8 of the gene coding for acyl CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), that alters the amino acid sequence from a lysine to an alanine (p.Lys232Ala) in the mature protein, was shown to have a strong effect on milk fat content in some cattle breeds. Therefore, the objectives of this work were to study the occurrence of the DGAT1 p.Lys232Ala polymorphism in Romanian Holstein cattle and Romanian Buffalo breeds and to further investigate its possible influence on fat percentage and fatty acid profiles. The results obtained in this study show that in Romanian Holstein cattle the K allele is associated with increased fat percentage and higher levels of C16:0 and C18:0 fatty acids. The ratio of saturated fatty acids versus unsaturated fatty acids (SFA/UFA) was also higher in KK homozygous individuals, whereas the fractions of C14:0, unsaturated C18 decreased. The DGAT1 p.Lys232Ala polymorphism revealed a high genetic variance for fat percentage, unsaturated C18, C16:0, and SFA/UFA. Although the effect of this polymorphism was not so evident for short chain fatty acids such as C4:0–C8:0, it was significant for C14:0 fatty acids. We concluded that selective breeding of carriers of the A allele in Romanian Holsteins can contribute to improvement in unsaturated fatty acids content of milk. However, in buffalo, the lack of the A allele makes selection inapplicable because only the K allele, associated with higher saturated fatty acids contents in milk, was identified.

Structural and functional analysis of a platelet-activating lysophosphatidylcholine of Trypanosoma cruzi.

Background Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of the life-threatening Chagas disease, in which increased platelet aggregation related to myocarditis is observed. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent intercellular lipid mediator and second messenger that exerts its activity through a PAF-specific receptor (PAFR). Previous data from our group suggested that T. cruzi synthesizes a phospholipid with PAF-like activity. The structure of T. cruzi PAF-like molecule, however, remains elusive.Methodology/Principal findingsHere, we have purified and structurally characterized the putative T. cruzi PAF-like molecule by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Our ESI-MS/MS data demonstrated that the T. cruzi PAF-like molecule is actually a lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), namely sn-1 C18:1(delta 9)-LPC. Similar to PAF, the platelet-aggregating activity of C18:1-LPC was abrogated by the PAFR antagonist, WEB 2086. Other major LPC species, i.e., C16:0-, C18:0-, and C18:2-LPC, were also characterized in all T. cruzi stages. These LPC species, however, failed to induce platelet aggregation. Quantification of T. cruzi LPC species by ESI-MS revealed that intracellular amastigote and trypomastigote forms have much higher levels of C18:1-LPC than epimastigote and metacyclic trypomastigote forms. C18:1-LPC was also found to be secreted by the parasite in extracellular vesicles (EV) and an EV-free fraction. A three-dimensional model of PAFR was constructed and a molecular docking study was performed to predict the interactions between the PAFR model and PAF, and each LPC species. Molecular docking data suggested that, contrary to other LPC species analyzed, C18:1-LPC is predicted to interact with the PAFR model in a fashion similar to PAF.Conclusions/SignificanceTaken together, our data indicate that T. cruzi synthesizes a bioactive C18:1-LPC, which aggregates platelets via PAFR. We propose that C18:1-LPC might be an important lipid mediator in the progression of Chagas disease and its biosynthesis could eventually be exploited as a potential target for new therapeutic interventions.

Interaction between Erythrocyte Phospholipid Fatty Acids Composition and Variants of Inflammation-Related Genes on Type 2 Diabetes

Aims: The present study aimed to investigate the interaction between erythrocyte phospholipid (PL) fatty acids and variants of inflammation-related genes in a Chinese population. Methods: A total of 622 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 293 healthy subjects were included. Determination of erythrocyte PL fatty acids composition and genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms were conducted by standard methods. Results: A significant interaction of rs7305618 on HNFIA with C18:2n-6 and C20:4n-6 was observed: T allele carriers (TT + CT) had a higher risk of T2DM than noncarriers only when they had a higher level of C18:2n-6 or C20:4n-6, and the odds ratios (ORs) were 2.59 (95% CI 1.58-4.24; p for interaction = 0.005) and 2.49 (95% CI 1.47-4.24; p for interaction = 0.021), respectively. A significant interaction of rs8078723 at the intergenic region between PSMD3 and CSF3 with C20:5n-3 was observed: C allele carriers (CC + CT) had a lower risk of T2DM than noncarriers only when they had a higher level of C20:5n-3, and the OR was 0.44 (95% CI 0.26-0.73; p for interaction = 0.014). Conclusions: rs7305618 and rs8078723 were associated with the risk of T2DM in a Chinese population and were modulated by erythrocyte PL fatty acids composition.

Significant influence of particular unsaturated fatty acids and pH on the volatile compounds in meat-like model systems

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of particular unsaturated fatty acids and pH on volatile compounds in the meat-like model systems containing 21 amino acids and ribose. We have chosen oleic acid (C18:1n-9), linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) and linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) for the present investigation. The effect on the volatile compounds was evaluated at two different pH5.5 and 6.2. The addition of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 to the Maillard reaction mixtures inhibited the formation of many Maillard compounds or produced in low amount. Whereas, the addition of C18:1n-9 resulted in an increase in the amount of many Maillard compounds. The thiols and thiophenes were preferentially formed at pH5.5 whereas pyrazines were preferentially favored at pH6.2. Based on our results, it is suggested that a high level of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 in meat probably causes an undesirable flavor. The pH value of 5.5 was found to be ideal for the formation of volatile compounds associated with desirable flavor of meat.

Influence of calf presence during milking on yield, composition, fatty acid profile and lipolytic system of milk in Prim’Holstein and Salers cow breeds

Milk fat content and its fatty acid (FA) profile are important components of both the milk nutritional and technological qualities. The present study was conducted to evaluate the influence of calf presence during milking and of cow breed on milk yield, gross composition, FA profile and milk lipolytic system. A total of 30 Prim’Holstein (PH) and Salers (S) primiparous lactating cows were milked in the presence or absence of their calves during 210 days of lactation and bulk milks were collected during 6 weeks in a restricted part of the whole experimental period for analyses. Calf presence increased milk yield and decreased the milk fat content in S cows, whereas no difference was observed for the PH cows. The PH milk had higher levels of short- and medium-chain FA and C18:2 n−6, whereas S milk had higher levels of C18:2 cis-9,trans-11 (conjugated linoleic acid, CLA), C18:3 n−3 and C20:5 n−3. The S milk also had higher initial lipolysis. Calf presence during milking increased the C16:0 percentage and decreased C18:0, C18:2 n−6, C18:3 n−3, total polyunsaturated FA percentages in milk fat. Calf presence decreased the milk trans-C18:1 level only in S cows. Cis-9,trans-11-CLA level increased in the calf presence in PH cows, whereas it decreased in S cows. Calf presence during milking increased milk lipolysis after 24 h only in the PH cows. Calf presence during milking had significant effects on the milk yield, gross and fine composition, and lipolysis but these effects differed according to the breed.

The Role of Cardiolipin Remodeling in Mitochondrial Function and Human Diseases

Cardiolipin (CL), one of bisphosphatidyl glycerol lipid, is found to contain high level of C18:2 acyl chains and exist exclusively in inner membranes of mitochondria. Cardiolipin remodeling is the process for CL to attain its specific acyl chains. With the purpose of introducing this interesting field to readers, in this review, we elucidate the role of cardiolipin in normal functions of mitochondria by analyzing the physical and chemical characters of cardiolipin; we introduce the current models of cardiolipin remodeling by analyzing the enzymes involved in this process; we reviewed the latest progress in the clinical implications of cardiolipin remodeling.

Diurnal variation in fatty acid profiles in rumen digesta from dairy cows grazing high-quality pasture

Six dairy cows receiving a once-daily high-quality pasture allocation in the afternoon were used to investigate the relationship between diurnal variation in rumen fermentation activity and diurnal variation in rumen fatty acids (FA). Rumen digesta was collected every two hours over a 24h period, and rumen pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and FA were measured. Cows receiving a once-daily pasture allocation in the afternoon had lower rumen pH at night than during the day, while the variation pattern of VFA concentration and rumen pH was exaggerated, but broadly similar, to previous reports of cows on once daily pasture allocation. Rumen FA profiles varied considerably over the grazing cycle, with the most dramatic changes occurred in the evening and overnight, especially for odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFA) and C18 FA. Diurnal variation in OBCFA clearly reflected the microbial colonization of the newly ingested pasture while the variation in C18 FA was consistent with known biohydrogenation reactions in the rumen. Disappearances of most C18:3 n-3 and C18:2 n-6 by 8–12h after ingestion suggests a rapid biohydrogenation of plant-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), while the high proportions of unsaturated C18 intermediates (especially C18:2 t11, c15 and C18:1 t11) and low proportion of C18:0 measured in the present study suggests inhibition of the final step of biohydrogenation by the high level of C18:3 n-3. The low proportion of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA c9, t11) in rumen digesta confirms an endogenous synthesis of this CLA isomer in milk fat of pasture based cows. The principal component analysis (PCA) biplot analysis provides a good description of variation in the overall FA, as well as the main biohydrogenation pathway for C18:3 n-3. The lower rumen buffering capacity (decreased rumen pH), dramatic decline in rumen microbial population (assessed by total OBCFA) observed between 18:00 and 20:00, as well as the large increase in plant-derived PUFA implied a reduced rumen biohydrogenation activity during the evening, which might provide an approach to reduce the biohydrogenation of protected PUFA supplements by strategic feeding to coincide with reduced rumen activity.

Comparison of fat and protein fractions of milk constituents in Montbeliarde and Polish Holstein-Friesian cows from one farm in Poland

The aim of this study was to determine the genetic effect of cow breed on the yield and quality of cow’s milk. On the selected dairy farm, cows of two different breeds Montbeliarde and Polish Holstein-Friesian between 45th-100th days of lactation, were managed under the same environmental conditions. Milk samples were collected twice (in May and June 2008) from 97 (n = 51 and 46 for Montbeliarde and Polish Holstein-Friesian, respectively) cows. Montbeliarde cow’s milk was characterized by significantly lower milk yield and somatic cell count. Higher level of C18: 2 cis-9 trans-11 and almost 2-fold C20:5 n-3 (P ≤ 0.01) was also recorded. However, Polish Holstein-Friesian cow’s milk had a better composition of protein fraction (higher concentration of lactoferrin, α-lactoalbumin and β-lactoglobulin) and higher concentrations of vitamins D and E. Moreover, milk of Polish Holstein-Friesian breed was characterized by more favorable fat fraction with significantly lower concentrations of saturated fatty acids (C14:0, C18:0) as well as lower atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes and higher concentration of C18:2 trans-10 cis-12, C20:3 n-6 and C 22:6 n-3. This study was the first one comparing biological quality of Polish Holstein-Friesian and Montbeliarde milk under the same environmental conditions in Polish production systems.

The Role of Cardiolipin Remodeling in Mitochondrial Function and Human Diseases

Cardiolipin (CL), one of bisphosphatidyl glycerol lipid, is found to contain high level of C18:2 acyl chains and exist exclusively in inner membranes of mitochondria. Cardiolipin remodeling is the process for CL to attain its specific acyl chains. With the purpose of introducing this interesting field to readers, in this review, we elucidate the role of cardiolipin in normal functions of mitochondria by analyzing the physical and chemical characters of cardiolipin; we introduce the current models of cardiolipin remodeling by analyzing the enzymes involved in this process; we reviewed the latest progress in the clinical implications of cardiolipin remodeling.