Higher Levels Of Formal Education Research Articles

Economic effects of the war in Ukraine and recession

Background: The current situation from economic effects of war, as political uncertainty, geographic proximity,and the impact of new sanctions against Russia,has led to negative reactions in European stock markets.Previous research has shown that economic crises can have significant impacts on consumer financial behaviors and attitudes. Methods:The purpose of the study was to examine how consumer attitudes and behaviors change during periods of recession and to identify the implications for financial education and management during challenging economic times.Demographic data and financial management behavior data were collected from a sample 428 respondents.By examining consumer attitudes and behaviors during a recession,this study can provide insights into how financial education and management can be improved to support consumers during challenging economic times.A survey was conducted to investigate the financial attitudes and behaviors of individuals during a recessionary period from January 15th to February 28th,2023 and included questions about age, financial education level,savings behavior,attitudes towards debt,gender and financial management behavior,age and financial education, and income and savings behavior.Data were analyzed using t-tests and ANOVA. Results:Participants with higher income levels had higher levels of savings and investing behaviors than those with lower income levels. Participants with a higher level of formal education in finance had higher levels of budgeting and investing behaviors than those with a lower level of formal education in finance. Participants who reported higher levels of self-rated financial knowledge had higher levels of all financial management behaviors compared to those with lower self-rated financial knowledge. Conclusions:The findings suggest that financial education and management programs should target individuals with lower income levels and less formal education in finance. Promoting self-rated financial knowledge may be a useful strategy for improving financial management behaviors. Future research could explore the effectiveness of different financial education and management programs on improving financial attitudes and behaviors during recessionary periods.

Characteristics of Users and Nonusers of Symptom Checkers in Germany: Cross-Sectional Survey Study.

Previous studies have revealed that users of symptom checkers (SCs, apps that support self-diagnosis and self-triage) are predominantly female, are younger than average, and have higher levels of formal education. Little data are available for Germany, and no study has so far compared usage patterns with people's awareness of SCs and the perception of usefulness. We explored the sociodemographic and individual characteristics that are associated with the awareness, usage, and perceived usefulness of SCs in the German population. We conducted a cross-sectional online survey among 1084 German residents in July 2022 regarding personal characteristics and people's awareness and usage of SCs. Using random sampling from a commercial panel, we collected participant responses stratified by gender, state of residence, income, and age to reflect the German population. We analyzed the collected data exploratively. Of all respondents, 16.3% (177/1084) were aware of SCs and 6.5% (71/1084) had used them before. Those aware of SCs were younger (mean 38.8, SD 14.6 years, vs mean 48.3, SD 15.7 years), were more often female (107/177, 60.5%, vs 453/907, 49.9%), and had higher formal education levels (eg, 72/177, 40.7%, vs 238/907, 26.2%, with a university/college degree) than those unaware. The same observation applied to users compared to nonusers. It disappeared, however, when comparing users to nonusers who were aware of SCs. Among users, 40.8% (29/71) considered these tools useful. Those considering them useful reported higher self-efficacy (mean 4.21, SD 0.66, vs mean 3.63, SD 0.81, on a scale of 1-5) and a higher net household income (mean EUR 2591.63, SD EUR 1103.96 [mean US $2798.96, SD US $1192.28], vs mean EUR 1626.60, SD EUR 649.05 [mean US $1756.73, SD US $700.97]) than those who considered them not useful. More women considered SCs unhelpful (13/44, 29.5%) compared to men (4/26, 15.4%). Concurring with studies from other countries, our findings show associations between sociodemographic characteristics and SC usage in a German sample: users were on average younger, of higher socioeconomic status, and more commonly female compared to nonusers. However, usage cannot be explained by sociodemographic differences alone. It rather seems that sociodemographics explain who is or is not aware of the technology, but those who are aware of SCs are equally likely to use them, independently of sociodemographic differences. Although in some groups (eg, people with anxiety disorder), more participants reported to know and use SCs, they tended to perceive them as less useful. In other groups (eg, male participants), fewer respondents were aware of SCs, but those who used them perceived them to be more useful. Thus, SCs should be designed to fit specific user needs, and strategies should be developed to help reach individuals who could benefit but are not aware of SCs yet.

The Impact of Digital Service Quality Toward Customer Engagement: A Case Study of Telemedicine in Thailand

Purpose: The aims of this study are to examine the effect of digital service quality on customer engagement with telemedicine systems and to investigate how such effects change depending on a variety of socioeconomic characteristics. Design/methodology/approach: The survey research with online questionnaire was conducted with 405 telemedicine experienced samples. The proposed hypotheses were tested using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method. Findings: The results revealed that digital service quality significantly influences customer engagement. A second-order confirmatory factor analysis of the digital service quality (DSQ) construct revealed that the efficiency dimension best explained DSQ, followed by the responsiveness and interaction dimensions. The study of moderation revealed that the effect of DSQ on CE was greater in younger age groups than in older age groups. In addition, those with a higher level of formal education appear to have higher levels of CE than those with a lesser level of formal education. Research, Practical & Social implications: The study will help practitioners create telemedicine services that are more efficient and effective so that patients are more engaged and loyal to the telemedicine service providers. Originality/value: The value of the study is that it is one of the rare attempts to clarify the consequences of digital service quality from the perspective of the consumer, and it proposes several implications and recommendations.

Economic effects of the war in Ukraine and recession

Background: The economic effects of wars and recessions can have significant impacts on consumer attitudes and behaviors. Understanding how these attitudes and behaviors change impacts during challenging economic times is crucial for financial education and management. Methods: A survey was conducted to investigate the financial attitudes and behaviors of individuals during a recessionary period. The survey was distributed from January 15th to February 28th, 2023 and included questions about age, financial education level, savings behavior, attitudes towards debt, gender and financial management behavior, age and financial education, and income and savings behavior. Data were analyzed using t-tests and ANOVA. Results: Participants with higher income levels had higher levels of savings and investing behaviors than those with lower income levels. Participants with a higher level of formal education in finance had higher levels of budgeting and investing behaviors than those with a lower level of formal education in finance. Additionally, participants who reported higher levels of self-rated financial knowledge had higher levels of all financial management behaviors (budgeting, saving, investing, and debt management) compared to those with lower self-rated financial knowledge. Conclusions: The findings suggest that financial education and management programs should target individuals with lower income levels and less formal education in finance. Additionally, promoting self-rated financial knowledge may be a useful strategy for improving financial management behaviors. Future research could explore the effectiveness of different financial education and management programs on improving financial attitudes and behaviors during recessionary periods.

Livestock producers' knowledge, attitude, and behavior (KAB) regarding antimicrobial use in Ethiopia.

Inappropriate antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock production is an important aspect of the global burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In Ethiopia, a low-income country with a large and increasing livestock population, AMU in food animals is not properly regulated. Hence, farmers are fully free to use antimicrobials to their (perceived) benefit. Therefore, understanding farmers' mindsets is important to improve antimicrobial stewardship in the livestock sector. This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess livestock disease management practices and knowledge, attitude, and behavior (KAB) among livestock producers regarding AMU, residues, and resistance, as well as factors potentially explaining differences in KAB. We determined the KAB of livestock owners of three selected districts of central and western Ethiopia (n = 457), using a pretested questionnaire administered through face-to-face interviews. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between potential explanatory variables and the KAB scores of the respondents. The results showed that 44% of the farmers used antimicrobials in the past few years, where antibiotics (21%) and trypanocides (11%) were most widely used to manage livestock diseases. Furthermore, most farmers showed poor knowledge about AMU, residues, and AMR (94%) and unfavorable attitudes (<50% correct answers) toward contributing factors for AMR (97%). On the contrary, 80% of the respondents had overall good behavior scores (≥50% correct answers) related to AMU. Multivariate analysis results showed that having good knowledge, keeping ≥2 animal species, and the occurrence of ≥4 livestock diseases on the farm in a year were strong predictors of bad behavior scores (p < 0.05). The findings of the current investigation also revealed that the incidence of livestock diseases on the farm and a higher level of formal education significantly contributed to better knowledge and desirable attitudes but bad AMU behavior. A low level of awareness about and undesirable attitudes toward AMU and AMR could potentially affect farmers' behavior toward judicious AMU, thus requiring awareness creation efforts on livestock disease management practices.

Urban–ruraljustice

<scp>Urban–rural</scp>justice

Factors Which Contributed to COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the USA

The COVID-19 pandemic took the lives of millions worldwide. To help control the infection spread, COVID-19 vaccines were created. However, many were reluctant to receive these vaccinations. The objective of this study was to evaluate factors that influenced someone in the United States of America (USA) to get vaccinated. Towards this end, we evaluated data collected from April to July of 2021 (3-4 months after the vaccine’s deployment) as part of the publicly available US Census’s Household Pulse Survey. In comparison to other state-to-state research, our study intends to give an outlook on the USA as a whole. Statistical analysis was used to compare the odds ratios (ORs) describing associations between the vaccination status and the various factors, and the associated 95% confidence intervals. Findings indicated that those who received the COVID-19 vaccination were more likely to be non-Hispanic, male, and those who had higher levels of formal education, had children not enrolled in a public school, and had higher household income. Also, we evaluated the association between vaccination status and working in the white (healthcare and social services), pink (education), or blue (such as, agriculture, manufacturing, and public transit) collar essential job sectors. The results showed that participants employed in the blue collar sectors were less likely to get the vaccine compared to those in pink and white. Overall, the findings of this study will help determine which demographics of people are less likely to receive the COVID-19 vaccination to possibly help more effectively target vaccinations in the future.

Elevating the patient voice in contraceptive care quality improvement: A qualitative study of patient preferences for peripartum contraceptive care

ObjectivePatient-centeredness is an important indicator of peripartum contraceptive care quality. Prior work demonstrates how care fragmentation, provider biases, and other factors sometimes undermine the patient-centeredness and quality of this care. To guide the design of future quality improvement interventions, we explored patient preferences for peripartum contraceptive care. Study designFor this qualitative study, we recruited a convenience sample of individuals receiving prenatal care at the study site and participating in an online survey about their experience of peripartum contraceptive care during February–July 2020. We conducted individual, in-depth, semistructured interviews to assess patients’ preferences for peripartum contraceptive care. Using inductive and deductive qualitative content analysis, we evaluated interview data for patient preferences for peripartum contraceptive counseling and organized preferences into domains to inform future quality measurement. ResultsInterviews (lasting 7–26 min) included 21 postpartum individuals, who were largely White with high levels of formal education. Many participants described suboptimal care experiences characterized by insufficient information, inadequate centering of patient values, and, occasionally, disrespectful care. We identified four key themes describing patients’ desire for (1) comprehensive, anticipatory information from one’s peripartum provider; (2) counseling and decision-making that (a) prioritize patient preferences and values and (b) avoid pressure; (3) care that respects patient feelings and wishes; and (4) provider responsiveness to individual patient preferences regarding timing and frequency of counseling. ConclusionsWe newly identify four key domains of patient preferences for peripartum contraceptive care. Additional research is needed to understand peripartum contraceptive care preferences among diverse patient populations. Future research should develop validated measures for evaluating the patient experience of peripartum contraceptive care at scale, as part of ongoing efforts to improve the quality and respectfulness of peripartum care. ImplicationsPatients want peripartum contraceptive care to provide comprehensive, anticipatory information; elicit and respond to their counseling and decision-making preferences; and demonstrate respect for their wishes.

Comparative Study of the Functional Capacity of the Old Person with and Without HIV

The 20th century recoded in its history two unprecedented worldwide phenomena: population aging and the transformation of a lethal pandemic by the human immunodeficiency virus into a chronic disease. Cross-sectional and analytical study that evaluated the functional capacity of the aged people with and without HIV, recruited for convenience from May/2018 to February/2020. Participants were 59 people with HIV and 61 people without HIV, of both sexes. Personal characteristics, life habits, comorbidities, geriatric clinical dimension and functional capacity among the aged with HIV and without HIV were compared. We found a higher prevalence of males, aged 60 to 65 years and low schooling in the HIV group, whereas in the HIV-free group, there was a predominance of females, age group above 70 years and higher level of formal education. Alcohol consumption, smoking, cannabis use and habitual condom use were more frequent among those with HIV. The prevalence of hypertension and polypharmacy was highlighted in elderly people without HIV. Functional capacity behaved without difference between the two groups.

Ship of Darkness: Jazz and/as Affect in the Global Cruise Industry

Ship of Darkness: Jazz and/as Affect in the Global Cruise Industry

Organisational support: Associations with psychological contracts and turnover intention in the South African food manufacturing industry

The study examined the role of employee perceived organisational support (POS) in the relationship between employee psychological contract (PC) and turnover intention (TUI). The participants comprised employees in a South African (SA) food manufacturing company (n= 385 employees; female = 33.8%; age range 35 to 44 years; mean period tenure = 13 years, SD = 10.98 years), who completed the Perceived Organisational Support Scale (POSS), the Psychological Contract Scale (PCS), and the Turnover Intention Scale (TIS). Hierarchical regression results indicated that POS was associated with low transactional psychological contract (PC-T) and TUI levels. Additionally, the results indicated that POS to be associated with a higher level of psychological contact (PC-R) and lower TUI. Furthermore, the results indicated that females, older, and longer tenure, as well as higher level of formal education were associated with higher psychological contact and lower turnover intention. The findings are consistent with social exchange theory and organisational support theory in respect of creating a trusting work environment. By implication, employees with a high relational psychological contract type and perceived high organisational support, may have a higher organisational commitment and hence lower intent to quit.

Performance Evaluation of Organic and Conventional Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Production in the West Region of Cameroon: An Economic Policy Review

Aims: To describe the socio-economic characteristics of potato producers, compare the performance and identify production challenges of organic and conventional potato production in the West region of Cameroon.&#x0D; Study Design and Methodology: The study population refers to the conventional and organic potato producers in the West region of Cameroon. Purposive and snowball sampling technique were used in this study. A total sample size of 200 respondents was identified, 148 conventional farmers and 52 organic farmers. Out of 200 farmers interviewed, 55 from Mifi division (11 organic and 44 conventional) and 145 from Menoua division (41 organic and 104 conventional).&#x0D; Results: Results revealed that majority of potato producers in the West region of Cameroon are male, 70.3% conventional farmers and 88.5% organic farmers. Most farmers are married (73% conventional and 78.9% organic farmers) and practiced livestock rearing in addition to potato production. Also, most farmers (59.5% conventional farmers and 59.6% organic farmers) have secondary education as their highest level of formal education. Information on yield revealed a productivity gap and production cost between conventional and organic potato farmers with a positive mean difference of 7,102.877kg and 765,184 frs respectively, significant at 5% level in favour of conventional farmers. Similarly, results showed a gap in revenue and gross margin between the two categories of farmers with a positive mean difference of 1,233,240 frs and 465,475.4 frs respectively, significant at 5% level in favour of conventional farmers. Analysis showed that 50% of conventional farmers interviewed noted rainfall variation as the main challenge faced in production while 80% of organic farmers have low seed quality as the main challenge.&#x0D; Conclusion: Conventional potato farmers are better off than organic potato farmers in terms of yield and gross margins, thus bringing to limelight the question concerning the popular push of organic foods consumption as regard potato.

Factors Associated with Preventive Care Utilisation among Chinese Older Adults: Evidence from the 2018 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey

This research examined the sociodemographic factors associated with preventive care utilisation among Chinese older adults. Using the latest 2018 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), preventive care utilisation was defined as an annual physical examination. In the final study sample, approximately 69 per cent of the older adults had a physical examination annually. Older adults who had received a high level of formal education (eleven years or above) were more likely to use preventive care (all p &lt; 0.01). Participants with a rural social health scheme and residing in rural areas were also more likely to use preventive care (all p &lt; 0.05). For the interaction effect, rural older adults who could not afford healthcare expenses were less likely to use preventive care (AOR = 0.37, 95 per cent CI: 0.16, 0.84). More reforms should be directed toward reducing social disparities regarding preventive care utilisation.

Locally Driven Options for Managing Sanitation Issues in Kalingalinga Township of Lusaka

In recent years, the challenge of sanitation has manifested itself in the perennial outbreaks of diseases such as cholera and dysentery, as well as pollution of water resources, contamination of air, soil and land proliferation of pests and vermin and the loss of aesthetic beauty particularly in low income residential areas. These areas are densely populated implying that externalities resulting from unsanitary conditions will impact more people compared to high residential areas. Further, as long as sanitation management solutions introduced to the locals do not seem to be locally driven, promoters are likely to face dis-adoptions. This study aimed at investigating locally driven options for managing sanitation issues in Kalingalinga Township. It utilized 126 respondents who were systematically randomly sampled. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, correlation techniques and the least square difference (LSD) methods. The study identified sanitation issues related to waste disposal, unsanitary toilets, intermittent water supply and flooding due to blocked drainages during the rainy season as key sanitation issues affecting residents of Kalingalinga Township. The ratings of the sanitary conditions in the area were largely influenced by one’s level of education and exposure with respondents who had undergone higher levels of formal education being more stringent in their ratings. While level of income was a determinant of access to water supply in the Township, the residents’ poor attitude towards solid waste disposal was a major challenge contributing to unsanitary conditions in the area. The study identified the need to separate generated waste into usable categories that could be recycled, reused and sold as raw materials to particular manufacturing industries. The success of locally driven options would hinge on residents being educated on the sustainable waste management techniques which would also contribute to household income generation through selling off usable wastes. Further, a change in the attitude of residents towards waste management, use of designated solid waste collectors who take waste to designated dump sites, use of disinfectants in toilets and avoidance of stagnating waste water would also help to manage sanitation in the area. Poor sanitation and hygiene have contributed to malnutrition cases in Zambia which may be caused by diarrheal diseases. If sanitation is well managed in this Township, then diarrheal cases, caused by poor sanitation, can be minimized. While the Lusaka City Council was often mentioned as a major solution towards waste management in the area, the study recommended participatory education of the locals in sustainable waste management, conversion of household waste into household income and a change in residents’ attitude as the starting points in ensuring successful sanitation management.

Factors associated with the use of deworming drugs during pregnancy in Tanzania; an analysis from the 2015\u201316 Tanzanian HIV and malaria indicators survey

BackgroundThe use of deworming drugs is one of the important antenatal strategies in preventing anaemia in pregnancy. Little is known about the factors associated with the use of deworming drugs, which accounts for the aim of this study.MethodThe study used data from the 2015–16 Tanzania HIV Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicators Survey (2015–16 TDHS-MIS). A total of 6924 women of active reproductive age from 15 to 49 were included in the analysis. Both univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used.ResultsThe majority of interviewed women 3864(60.1%) took deworming drugs. In a weighed multiple logistic regression, women residing in urban areas reported greater use of deworming drugs than women residing in rural areas [AOR = 1.73, p = 0.01, 95% CI (1.26–2.38)]. In the four areas of residence, compared to women residing in mainland rural areas, women residing in mainland urban areas and Pemba islands reported greater use of deworming drugs [mainland urban (AOR = 2.56 p < 0.001,95% CI(1.78–3.75), and Pemba Island (AOR = 1.18, p < 0.001, 95% CI(1.17–1.20)]. However, women residing in Zanzibar Island (Unguja) were less likely to use deworming drugs compared to women in mainland rural women (AOR = 0.5, p < 0.001, 95% CI (0.45–0.55).Similarly, compared to women under 20 years of age, women between 20 to 34 years reported significantly greater use of deworming drugs [20 to 34 years (AOR = 1.30, p = 0.03, 95% CI(1.02–1.65).Likewise, greater use of deworming drugs was reported in women with a higher level of education compared to no education [higher education level (AOR = 3.25, p = 0.01,95% CI(1.94–7.92)], rich women compared to poor [rich (AOR = 1.43, p = 0.003, 95% CI (1.13–1.80)] and in women who initiated antenatal care on their first trimester of pregnancy compared to those who initiated later [AOR = 1.37, p < 0.001, 95% CI (1.17–1.61)].ConclusionWomen who were more likely to use the deworming drugs were those residing in urban compared to rural areas, aged between 20 and 34 years, those with a higher level of formal education, wealthier, and women who book the antenatal clinic (ANC) within their first trimester of pregnancy. Considering the outcomes of anaemia in pregnancy, a well-directed effort is needed to improve the use of deworming drugs.

Coexistence in ecological corridors: understanding tolerance of wolves in the Northwestern Apennines, Italy

ABSTRACT Human-wolf (Canis lupus) conservation conflicts in Europe have increased as wolf presence has expanded. Understanding how different stakeholders perceive coexistence, especially in locations identified as ecologically important for wolves is necessary to minimize conflict. We conducted a survey in an area of northwest Italy identified as a critical corridor linking separate, cross-boundary populations. The objective was to understand how stakeholder identities, social demographics, communication, and exposure influence the success of coexistence strategies. The study found conservationists and, significantly, hunters were most positive about wolves, while farmers were least tolerant, irrespective of exposure. Tolerance also correlated positively with higher levels of formal education and engagement with science-based knowledge. In contrast, less tolerant attitudes were influenced more by informal knowledge discourses and age. The article concludes that coexistence strategies need to be inclusive, reflexive and adapted to the specific circumstances of different stakeholder types.

New digital technologies and heterogeneous wage and employment dynamics in the United States: Evidence from individual-level data

We analyze heterogeneous effects of new digital technologies on individual-level wage and employment dynamics in the United States from 2011-2018. To this end, we employ four digital technology measures from recent literature: computerization probabilities of occupations, occupational impacts of artificial intelligence, and the suitability of tasks for machine learning and their within-occupation variance. Based on CPS and ASEC panel data, the results indicate that labor-displacing digital technologies are associated with slower wage growth and higher probabilities of switching one's occupation and becoming non-employed. In contrast, labor-reinstating digital technologies improve individual labor market outcomes. Workers with high levels of formal education are most affected by the new generation of digital technologies.

Measuring Attitudes Toward Pregnant Women who are Incarcerated in a University Sample

Public attitudes toward people who are incarcerated have been studied; however, there is a paucity of information regarding how the public views pregnant women who are incarcerated. We conducted a quantitative and qualitative assessment investigating attitudes toward pregnant women who are incarcerated and prison conditions at the University of Michigan-Ann Arbor. Participants included 507 students, staff, and faculty who were asked to specifically consider pregnant women who are incarcerated while completing the survey. We found that women, younger people, non-religious or non-Christian individuals, and those with higher levels of formal education perceived pregnant women who are incarcerated more positively and favored less punitive prison conditions. In addition, closer proximity to people who are incarcerated was associated with more positive attitudes toward pregnant women who are incarcerated but was not related to views on prison conditions. Qualitatively, participants reported that considering pregnant women who are incarcerated led them to respond with the same or less negativity than if they had been asked to consider people who are incarcerated as a whole, citing factors such as gender stereotypes and concern for the child. These results can be used as a foundation to understand how students, faculty, and staff at a large Midwestern university perceive pregnant women who are incarcerated and to inform education and policy efforts.

S1335 Assessment of Knowledge of Gluten-Free Diet Amongst Food Handlers in Hospitals

Introduction: Individuals with celiac disease (CD) and other gluten-related disorders require a strict gluten-free diet (GFD). If ever admitted to hospital, they rely on food handlers for provision of safe, uncontaminated gluten-free meals. Previous studies have assessed knowledge of CD and GFD in restaurant chefs, dietitians, and physicians. However, there is no such research on food service personnel in health care institutions such as hospitals. We aimed to assess the basic knowledge of GFD and food preparation practices amongst individuals involved in making meals for patients in hospital. Methods: A questionnaire was developed with 10 demographic items and 35 test items to assess knowledge of GFD including practical workplace scenarios encountered in food preparation. The questionnaire was developed by members of the research team, which included adult and pediatric gastroenterologists and dietitians with expertise in GFD. Further guidance was obtained from chefs, patients with CD and parents of children with CD. A score of 28 out of 35 (80%) was set as a Pass. Subjects were recruited from food handling services of two tertiary care, university-affiliated hospitals and included cooks, utility workers, dietary technicians and supervisors. Results: A total of 72 individuals completed the study, mean age 40.3 ± 1.6 years, 75% female. Only 42 (56.8%) scored a Pass. The average test score was 75.9 ± 13.4% (26.6 out of 35), range 25.7-100%. The supervisors (87.9 ± 11.4%) had significantly higher scores than utility workers (73.0 ± 11.4%, P = 0.01) and cooks (71.7 ± 14.5%; P = 0.01), but similar to scores of dietary technicians (87.1 ± 8.0%, P = 1.0). Cooks had the lowest scores and highest fail rate (80%). There was a significant difference in scores between male and female participants (68.8 vs 77.8%; P = 0.02). Conclusion: There are significant differences in gluten-free diet knowledge between various individuals involved in food preparation in hospitals. While supervisors and dietary technicians play important roles in the selection of gluten-free meals and accordingly have higher levels of formal education in nutrition, cooks and utility workers are at the frontline in meal preparation and these individuals must be adequately educated on GFD. We identified gaps in knowledge of gluten-free diets amongst food handlers, which has a potential of compromising the safety of patients with celiac disease. Targeted interventions to educate these individuals about gluten-free diet are required.

My Group or Myself? How Black, Latino, and White Americans Choose a Neighborhood, Job, and Candidate when Personal and Group Interest Diverge

Amid growing inequality within racial and ethnic groups, how do Americans decide where to live, where to work, and for whom to vote? While previous research has examined racial patterns in voting decisions, it provides less insight into individual-level decisions about neighborhoods, candidates, and employment—even while these decisions also organize the political world. We theorize about the role of a key variable stratifying these individual-level decisions: education. To test our argument, we analyze nationally representative survey data and a new survey experiment that varies incentives to leave one’s racial group environment. We find that among Blacks and Latinos, but not whites, those with higher levels of formal education are disproportionately likely to respond to incentives to leave their own group. We conclude with reflections on the implications of this educational divide for intra-racial inequality.