High Level Of Complexity Research Articles

Digital technology, the industrial internet, and cost stickiness

The deep integration of digital technology with the real economy has reconstructed production systems. We explore the impact of digital technology on the resource allocation behavior and efficiency of manufacturing enterprises. Using a sample of Chinese A-share listed manufacturing firms over the 2010–2021 period, we find that digital technology alleviates cost stickiness, especially in enterprises with a high level of Industrial Internet platform usage. This effect occurs by optimizing the labor force structure and improving the economic benefits of labor capital investment. Heterogeneity analysis shows that this effect is pronounced in enterprises with high levels of labor intensity and business complexity. Our findings shed new light on the consequences and mechanism of enterprise cost optimization that is driven by technology-driven reforms.

BVMHA: Text classification model with variable multihead hybrid attention based on BERT

Text classification is an important tasks in natural language processing. Multilayer attention networks have achieved excellent performance in text classification tasks, but they also face challenges such as high temporal and spatial complexity levels and low-rank bottleneck problems. This paper incorporates spatial attention into a neural network architecture that utilizes fewer encoder layers. The proposed model aims to enhance the spatial information of semantic features while addressing the high temporal and spatial demands of traditional multilayer attention networks. This approach utilizes spatial attention to selectively weigh the relevance of the spatial locations in the input feature maps, thereby enabling the model to focus on the most informative regions while ignoring the less important regions. By incorporating spatial attention into a shallower encoder network, the proposed model achieves improved performance on spatially oriented tasks while reducing the computational overhead associated with deeper attention-based models. To alleviate the low-rank bottleneck problem of multihead attention, this paper proposes a variable multihead attention mechanism, which changes the number of attention heads in a layer-by-layer manner with the encoder, achieving a balance between expression power and computational efficiency. We use two Chinese text classification datasets and an English sentiment classification dataset to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model.

Expanding the Interpretive Potential of Eye Tracking for the Rorschach: Replication and Extension of the Findings of Ales et al. (2020)

The present study was undertaken to determine if the findings of Ales et al. (2020) could be replicated and extended, especially in light of the replication crisis in psychology and the social sciences. Ales et al. (2020) found that measures from the engagement and cognitive processing domain of the Rorschach performance assessment system (R-PAS) were associated with Eye Tracking variables that reflect cognitive engagement and effort. Notably, Complexity was associated with the number of fixations participants made while scanning the blots and Vg% was inversely associated with a participant’s average fixation durations. The present study utilized a non-clinical sample of 60 adult participants. The basic findings of Ales et al. (2020) were replicated. In addition, we found that Complexity and Vg% are associated with additional Eye Tracking variables not utilized in the original study. The current findings bolster and extend the interpretation of Ales et al. (2020), indicating that higher levels of Complexity are also associated with scanning more regions of the blot overall, albeit at a slower rate. Similar effect size values were observed in the two different cultural contexts. Higher levels of Vg% are associated with measures indicating shallower and more superficial search strategies, consistent with the interpretation of Vg% as indicative of a vague, impressionistic, and unsophisticated cognitive style.

Effects of management complexity on the composition, plant functional dominance relationships and physiognomy of high nature value grasslands

A significant proportion of Europe’s species-rich grasslands are semi-natural habitats. They have a long history of traditional management. Several studies have been carried out to conserve them, resulting in the establishment of subsidised conservation management schemes. On the other hand, many of these conservation management schemes have failed to provide locally adaptive solutions to maintain the diversity and functional status of species-rich grasslands. In addition, few studies have compared the conservation effectiveness of different levels of management complexity. The levels of management complexity in our study are based on how different management types (e.g. grazing and mowing etc.) and how different herbage removal intensities (e.g. lower and higher grazing intensities) are combined within and between years. To investigate this, we compared the overall effects of management complexity, herbage removal intensity and management type on plant diversity, plant functional type dominance relationships and plant physiognomy. Our field sampling was carried out in the sandy meso-xeric grasslands of the Turján Region of the Great Hungarian Plain (Central Hungary). We sampled nine 2 m × 2 m plots per grassland site (n = 12), recorded all the rooted plant species and estimated their percentage cover in each plot. High level of management complexity had significant positive effects on plant diversity, grazing had positive effects on plant diversity and phanerophyte density, while the studied levels of herbage removal intensity had no effect on diversity, plant functional types or plant physiognomy. In parallel, mowing and/or low levels of management complexity had some negative effects on conservation value (e.g. lower Shannon and Simpson diversity). In this landscape, the dominance of grazing and the more complex management is more optimal than relatively homogeneous mechanical mowing. The choice of management type and intensity is an important tool in the conservation management system of this landscape, but so too is its appropriate application in space and time. Through a detailed analysis of the effects of management complexity levels compared to management types and herbage removal intensity levels, we provide a new opportunity to make grassland management practices more effective for conserving biodiversity in this region, but it would be important to investigate these in different landscapes and conditions.

Analisa Rasio Keuangan Terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan Pada Industri Perbankan

The rapid development of the banking world and the high level of complexity of the banking business can affect the financial performance of a bank. Bank financial statements can be used as a measure of a bank's performance by analyzing financial statements through ratio analysis. to assess the financial performance and market share of banks using ratios including liquidity ratios, activity ratios, profitability ratios, leverage ratios and special ratios. The method used in this research is descriptive analysis through a quantitative approach to be the research method used. Quantitative data type, with data collection techniques through internal in the form of financial reports from PT Bank BNI, PT Bank BRI, PT Bank BCA, and PT Bank Mandiri obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) website. This study shows that there are significant differences to assess the financial performance and market share of banks using ratios including liquidity ratios, activity ratios, profitability ratios, leverage ratios and special ratios..

The Possibilities of Simulation Modeling for the Creation of Information Societies in the Context of Solving Government Tasks

The active use of simulation and agent-based models is reaching a fundamentally new level. A study of the development of this area in Russia from the perspective of publication activity was published in a previous paper. An approach using advanced tools provides advantages for developers of management mechanisms. Now, language models that are able to generate answers and solve problems at a high level of complexity are gaining popularity. Such developments are already being used together with an agent-oriented approach, which is of particular interest from the point of view of prospects for applied significance. Scaling of research using such a tool can be adjusted to the desired vector and adjusted to different levels of detail - from individual model objects in the form of entities to parametric features of each individual state along with global changes in the world economy. The article is based on an overview of various models, which analyzes Russian and foreign developments constructed using the methodology of computer simulation models. This method allows specialists to introduce new approaches into the structure of public administration by analyzing and predicting challenges in various spheres of public life. In addition, popular software for working with models of this class is considered. In another block, a selection of applied models is presented with individual customization for each of the tasks, and demonstration of results that convey the specifics of different spheres of public life, from demographic assessment of the population of countries, planning in the health system to military clashes and ending with software products for analyzing the space situation. Examples are models that study the demographic situation in Russia, the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, voter turnout, comparison of the armed forces of the parties, etc. In the experimental results of some models, it is possible to identify a social orientation that helps to understand the specifics of demographic and social problems well – population decline, the level of support for the political elite, the behavior of people in a stressful situation, government support measures that have a positive effect on the population.

Transaction Costs for Delivering HIV&AIDS Prevention Services in Uganda

The dwindling international funding for HIV&AIDS, limited domestic resources and the growing need for HIV&AIDS services in low-income countries make the cost-minimization of HIV&AIDS services essential to address the shortage of funds. Previous HIV/AIDS studies have addressed the budget constraints using quantitative methods in economic evaluation. Transaction cost analysis in HIV&AIDS service implementation—guided by the Transaction cost economics (TCE) theory sources of costs— asset specificity, service measurability, and opportunism—have not been sufficiently analyzed in the literature, nor have qualitative approaches been applied. Guided by TCE theory, this study (1) characterized transaction complexity levels needed in HIV&AIDS prevention services to safeguard asset specificity and services measurability and avoid opportunism in Uganda, (2) compared the relative transaction costs across three modes of HIV&AIDS prevention services, and (3) assessed whether the HIV&AIDS prevention services mode with the least transactions costs matched the proposition of the transaction (TCE) theory to guide HIV&AIDS transactions design. Data was collected from October to December 2020 from three dominant HIV&AIDS prevention services modes in Rakai, Lira and Mukono in Uganda. These modes were: (1) “ Public sector provision” mode, (2) Community-led HIV&AIDS Initiative—CHAI mode, and (3) Determined, Resilient, Empowered, AIDS-free, Mentored and Safe—DREAMS mode. These modes corresponded to respective TCE theory provision mode constructs: “ Internal integration,”“ Partnership,” and “ Contracting out.” In each HIV& AIDS prevention services mode, the study conducted key informant interviews, a review of documents, and a focus group discussion. Transaction cost data were analyzed across the three modes based on TCE theory’s sources of transaction costs ( aspect specify, service measurability and opportunism). Safeguarding asset specificity and services measurability in Uganda required transactions characterized by mixed-level complexity whilst avoiding opportunism required transactions characterized by high-level complexity. Based on these transaction characteristics requirements, the “ partnership” (CHAI) was HIV&AIDS prevention service mode most matching the TCE theory for cost minimization in Uganda. The evidence further suggested that CHAI had the least complex transactions to safeguard asset specificity, deal with HIV&AIDS service measurability, avoid opportunism, and hence the lowest transaction cost levels. The “ partnership” (CHAI) was the least costly in dealing with asset specificity, service measurability and opportunism in Uganda and was the most aligned with the proposition of the TCE theory. The findings imply that the TCE theory can be used to guide HIV&AIDS prevention services provision in Uganda.

Facilitating and improving learning in projects: Evidence from a lean approach

A lean approach in projects offers the opportunity to better connect people, processes, workflows, and delivery within projects. This is particularly important in contemporary project environments which is characterized by high levels of uncertainty, complexity, and pace of change. While knowledge from previous learning may exist, though it is often inaccessible or untapped and different levels of understanding about delivery approaches can prevail. We investigate how a lean approach in projects facilitates and can improve learning in project environments. Through thematic analysis of 40 semi-structured interviews, we found that applying a lean approach considers individual, project and organisational levels of knowledge and understanding, and triggers action underpinned by improved socio-behavourial interactions, leadership, and support. A lean approach enhances the quality of learning, better integrating timely actions and reducing the likelihood of lessons lost, to achieve effective project management.

КОМПЛЕКСНЕ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ МАРКЕТИНГОВОГО КОМПЛЕКСУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА АГРАРНОЇ СФЕРИ В УМОВАХ ЦИФРОВІЗАЦІЇ ТА ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЇ БІЗНЕСУ

The article examines the issue of formation and comprehensive assessment of the marketing complex of agricultural enterprises both from the standpoint of increasing their efficiency on the local market, and in the context of increasing their competitiveness at the global level. The situation in agrarian business is significantly complicated by the fact that agricultural enterprises are mostly unable to quickly respond to adverse external challenges by optimizing the production structure and maintain the current level of financial and economic efficiency during global crisis events. The authors identified the main problems that agricultural producers had to face during the war: complicated logistics, a decrease in the purchasing power of the population, restrictions on the operation of agro-food markets, and in some regions, the closure of sales points for a while. Such conditions of operation revealed for the agrarian business its instability and vulnerability to uncertainties in the implementation of activities. Therefore, the development of agrarian enterprises is possible thanks to an effective marketing complex and the use of innovative methods, approaches, and digital technologies that will make it possible to reformat to the latest business conditions. Methodical approaches to the comprehensive assessment of the elements of the marketing complex of the enterprise based on the determination of the integral indicator of the effectiveness of marketing activities are analyzed. It has been proven that an enterprise can have a high indicator of the effectiveness of marketing activities, but this does not mean that it can stop there, because the agricultural market is a rather unstable environment and a stable position in the market today may be occupied by competitors tomorrow. Therefore, a list of measures is proposed in order to maintain a high level of effective marketing complex. It is well-founded that the introduction of digital technologies and tools in marketing activities brings many advantages to agricultural business. These benefits include improving the quality of products, improving communication with consumers, improving the image of the company, optimizing prices, and transparency of the company's internal and external processes. The use of digital tools will also help increase the competitive status of an agricultural enterprise and create a mechanism for implementing parity business conditions.

Демократична модель трансформації культурного ландшафту міста

Background. The analysis of the city's cultural landscape allows investigation of features and the context of local culture. The hybrid organization of the city as a media-architectural complex, and the involvement of city residents in the processes of making administrative decisions in various forms create a field for a democratic model of transformation of the cities' cultural landscapes. This model provides not just residents' free access to the city space but also their active participation in making decisions about its use and making changes. Methods. The methods of empirical analysis, systematization, generalization, and comparison of the obtained data, as well as the description of the obtained results, were used. Results. The cultural landscape of the city is the result of the interaction of various actors – local self-government, public organizations, enterprises, creative industries, and residents. Changes in politics, economy, and society can contribute to the development of new ideas and approaches to the cultural landscape of the city that reflect current needs and values. The democratic model of a city's cultural landscape development requires an effective communication system between all actors. The media play here a key role by shaping the perception, idea, and public opinion of urban space, and influencing decision-making in this domain. In the context of the studied model of the city's cultural landscape development, the media have an important task of ensuring openness and availability of information about various initiatives and projects implemented in the city. They help involve citizens in discussions, consultations, and public debates on city development issues, and promote the formation of common development goals and strategies. Conclusions. It was defined that the development of a democratic model of the city's cultural landscape transformation is important for ensuring sustainable urban development and improving the residents' quality of life. The media play an important role in creating an open and transparent urban environment that promotes the active participation of citizens in decision-making processes and shaping the city's cultural landscape. Their role is to ensure wide access to information, facilitate an open exchange of views and ideas, and support dialogue between all stakeholders in urban development. Local residents as social actors can make deep changes in the city's cultural landscape structure. This plays a positive role for local democracies and the culture of interaction because local actors are the most interested party when a local-level problem acquires a high level of complexity.

The impact of economic complexity and industry specialization on the gross regional product of Russian regions

The economic complexity index defines the basis of the modern theory of economic complexity and reflects the level of knowledge embedded in the production structure of the economy. This study examines the direct relationship between the economic complexity index and gross regional product (GRP) while taking into account other factors of the GRP production function in its generalized representation. As a result, we can isolate the impact of the economic complexity index from other phenomena. The non-linear nature of the relationship between economic complexity and GRP is revealed, and the direct relationship is manifested only at sufficiently high values of economic complexity, exceeding a certain threshold, which is found endogenously using econometric methods. In addition, the paper studies the relationship between economic complexity and indices of sectoral specialization. We found that there is a direct relationship between economic complexity and the extractive industry index and no relationship with the level of development of manufacturing industry. We obtained a clarification of the generalized production function of GRP, in which the threshold effect of the influence of economic complexity manifested itself as a factor of nonlinear dependence describing the elasticity of labor: a high level of economic complexity provides greater labor productivity. Overall, the results of the study of the dependence of GRP on economic complexity lead to the conclusion that increasing economic complexity can be an effective way to stimulate economic growth and development, but only starting from a certain threshold level. This suggests that an economy must reach a minimum level of diversity and complexity in its industrial activities before it can experience the productivity gains necessary for substantial GRP growth.

Arabic Character Recognition Using CNN LeNet-5

The human handwriting pattern is one of the research areas of pattern recognition; it is very complex. Therefore, research in this field has become quite popular. Moreover, human handwriting pattern recognition is needed for several things, one of them being character recognition. Recognition of Arabic handwriting is complex because everyone has different characteristics in writing and Arabic characters have quite abstract shapes and patterns. From previous research, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), a deep learning-based algorithm, has a fairly high accuracy value when used for public datasets such as AHDB and private datasets. In this study, private datasets are used with a fairly high level of complexity because the respondents appointed to write Arabic letters come from different age categories. The CNN architecture used in this research is the architecture developed by Yan LeCun known as LeNet-5. The local dataset used was 8400 images, with details of 6720 for training data (each letter has 240 images) and 1680 for testing data (each letter has 60 images). The total respondents who wrote Arabic script were 30 people, and each person wrote each letter ten times. The accuracy obtained is 81% higher than in previous studies. The following study will test a number of additional CNN architectures to increase the accuracy of the results. In addition to accuracy, this study will also calculate the misclassification rate, root mean square error, and mean absolute error.

Researching two Compassionate Cities: Study protocol for a mixed-methods process and outcome evaluation.

Background/Targeted community: Compassionate Cities are social ecology approaches that apply a set of actions, targeting a broad range of stakeholders, with the intention of renormalising caring, dying and grieving in everyday life. While several initiatives have been described in the literature, a rigorous evaluation of their processes and outcomes is lacking. This paper describes the protocol for a mixed-methods study to evaluate the development process and the outcomes of two Compassionate Cities in Flanders, Belgium. 
 Involved stakeholders: While the concept of Compassionate Cities is introduced by the researcher to the cities of Bruges and Herzele, the development is realised through the input from involved local stakeholders and the local project leaders. The project leaders are appointed by the cities of Bruges and Herzele. Their primary task revolves around coordinating the project and guarding its cocreational character. The stakeholders can be anyone with an interest in developing the Compassionate Cities. A community facilitator with expertise in change projects guides, with respect to local ownership, the development of both Compassionate Cities.
 Methods and analysis, planning: We will use a convergent multi-phase mixed-methods design, in which a combination of qualitative and quantitative data collection methods will be triangulated in the data analysis stage to capture both development processes and outcomes. Our design includes a quasi-experimental component of a quantitative outcome evaluation in both Compassionate Cities and two comparable control cities with no formal Compassionate City programme. A critical realism lens will be applied to understand how and why certain processes manifest themselves.
 Discussion: The creation of Compassionate Cities implies high levels of complexity, adaptivity, unpredictability and uncertainty. This requires various data collection methods that can be applied flexibly. A researcher taking on the role of active participant in the project’s development has several advantages, such as access to scholarly information. Reflexivity in this role is paramount to questioning where the ownership of the project lies. By applying a critical realism lens, we remain cautious about our interpretations, and we test the homogeneity of our findings through other forms of data collection.
 Learning for the international audience: This is the first published study protocol to describe both a process and outcome evaluation of a Compassionate City project. By transparently describing our aims and data collection methods, we try to maximise information exchange among researchers and to inform others who desire to implement and evaluate their own initiatives.

An analysis of the learning outcomes of the 2018 geography curriculum for 9th and 10th grades according to Webb’s depth of knowledge

There are many taxonomies in education related to the cognitive learning domain. This study aimed to analyze the learning outcomes in the 9th and 10th grade 2018 geography curriculum according to Webb's depth of knowledge. Document analysis was used in the study. The geography curriculum was analyzed by considering the four levels of Webb’s depth of knowledge and the scope of the acts and learning outcomes identified for social sciences. In this context, the levels of 56 learning outcomes in the 2018 geography curriculum were analyzed by grade and unit. It was found that the learning outcomes in Webb's depth of knowledge were not distributed evenly across grades, units and levels. Half of the 9th and 10th grade outcomes were at Level 2, while the other half were distributed between Level 1 and Level 3. At Level 4, there was only one outcome in Grade 9. Level 2 was predominant in the learning outcomes of the Natural Systems unit in Grade 9 and of the Human Systems unit in Grade 10. Tasks with a high level of complexity were more common in Grade 10. "The Environment and Society" and "The Global Environment: Regions and Countries" units did not have learning outcomes at all levels. The characteristics of the course content were effective in determining the level of the learning outcomes. For a holistic evaluation of the 2018 geography curriculum in terms of Webb's Depth of Knowledge, it is recommended to examine how the 11th and 12th-grade outcomes were distributed.

Evaluating Street Character Using the 3D Fractal Analysis Method: Lefkoşa

The aim of this article is to reveal the mathematical dimension behind the complex structure of architectural fabric through a three-dimensional analysis. Given that the architectural character, which has evolved under the influence of various cultures over time, is crucial for urban integrity and sustainability, understanding the mathematical dimension underlying this character is of great importance for new designs and interventions in existing urban fabric. Therefore, streets in the Arabahmet neighbourhood of Lefkoşa Suriçi, which best represents the traditional fabric, were examined using a three-dimensional fractal analysis method. The analyses indicate that, in general, the fractal dimension values of the residential fabric-created streets are above 2.52, demonstrating a high level of character and complexity in these streets. Additionally, the fractal dimension values of these streets are close to each other, supporting the spatial and mass consistency of different streets within the same neighbourhood.

Refits, cobbles, and fire: Approaching the temporal nature of an expedient Gravettian lithic assemblage from Lagar Velho (Leiria, Portugal).

Upper Paleolithic lithic assemblages have traditionally been considered a paramount example of the high level of complexity characterizing the technological behavior of prehistoric modern humans. The diversity and standardization of tools, as well as the systematic production of blades and bladelets, show the high investment of time, energy and knowledge often associated with Upper Paleolithic technocomplexes. However, more expedient behaviors have also been documented. In some cases, such low-cost behaviors can be dominant or almost exclusive, giving assemblages of Upper Paleolithic age an "archaic" appearance. In this paper, we address these expedient Upper Paleolithic technologies through the study of a lithic assemblage recovered from a Gravettian-age layer from the Lagar Velho rockshelter (Leiria, Portugal). Due to the specific formation processes characterizing this site, we also discuss the distinction between artifacts and geofacts, an aspect that is particularly difficult in expedient assemblages. Moreover, the combination of lithic refitting and data on thermal damage allows us to approach the temporal nature of the lithic assemblage and the timing of the different agents contributing to its formation.

Examining the Effect of Assessment Construct Characteristics on Machine Learning Scoring of Scientific Argumentation

AbstractArgumentation, a key scientific practice presented in the Framework for K-12 Science Education, requires students to construct and critique arguments, but timely evaluation of arguments in large-scale classrooms is challenging. Recent work has shown the potential of automated scoring systems for open response assessments, leveraging machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) to aid the scoring of written arguments in complex assessments. Moreover, research has amplified that the features (i.e., complexity, diversity, and structure) of assessment construct are critical to ML scoring accuracy, yet how the assessment construct may be associated with machine scoring accuracy remains unknown. This study investigated how the features associated with the assessment construct of a scientific argumentation assessment item affected machine scoring performance. Specifically, we conceptualized the construct in three dimensions: complexity, diversity, and structure. We employed human experts to code characteristics of the assessment tasks and score middle school student responses to 17 argumentation tasks aligned to three levels of a validated learning progression of scientific argumentation. We randomly selected 361 responses to use as training sets to build machine-learning scoring models for each item. The scoring models yielded a range of agreements with human consensus scores, measured by Cohen’s kappa (mean = 0.60; range 0.38 − 0.89), indicating good to almost perfect performance. We found that higher levels of Complexity and Diversity of the assessment task were associated with decreased model performance, similarly the relationship between levels of Structure and model performance showed a somewhat negative linear trend. These findings highlight the importance of considering these construct characteristics when developing ML models for scoring assessments, particularly for higher complexity items and multidimensional assessments.

Effects of Visual Complexity of Banner Ads on Website Users’ Perceptions

Design plays a major role in online advertising. While specific aspects such as color or animation have been extensively studied, there is a surprising lack of comprehensive research on the overall impact of visual design and aesthetics. This study delved into the effects of varying levels of visual complexity in banner ads using the eye-tracking method. Out of 108 participants browsing test webpages with specially designed banners, data from 90 adequately measured data sets were used in the study. Notably, ads with a low level of visual complexity outperformed ads with a high level of visual complexity. While users noticed complex ads slightly faster (by 0.84%), they fixated on them significantly less (by 9.09%) and looked at them less frequently (by 4.79%). An implemented survey questionnaire examining the user perception of the banners reinforced the superiority of simple ads, as they were perceived as 4.40% more appealing in comparison. The study further delved into the correlation between objectively and subjectively evaluated data, exploring the credibility of subjective methods in the process. Considering our results and findings from other studies, it was evident that visually complex ads demanded more cognitive effort, could be more distracting, negatively impacted attention, could contribute to banner blindness and were perceived as less appealing.

Monoterpenoids: An upcomingclass of therapeutic agents for modulating cancer metastasis.

Monoterpenoids, a sub-class of terpenoids, are secondary metabolites frequently extracted from the essential oils of aromatic plants. Their antitumor properties including antiproliferative, apoptotic, antiangiogenic, and antimetastatic effects along with other biological activities have been the subject of extensive study due to their diverse characteristics. In recent years, numerous investigations have been conducted to understand its potential anticancer impacts, specifically focusing on antiproliferative and apoptotic mechanisms. Metastasis, a malignancy hallmark, can exert either protective or destructive influences on tumor cells. Despite this, the potential antimetastatic and antiangiogenic attributes of monoterpenoids need further exploration. This review focuses on specific monoterpenoids, examining their effects on metastasis and relevant signaling pathways. The monoterpenoids exhibit a high level of complexity as natural products that regulate metastatic proteins through various signaling pathways, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/jun N-terminal kinase, nuclear factor kappa B, vascular endothelial growth factor, and epithelial mesenchymal transition process. Additionally, this review delves into the biosynthesis and classification of monoterpenoids, their potential antitumor impacts on cell lines, the plant sources of monoterpenoids, and the current status of limited clinical trials investigating their efficacy against cancer. Moreover, monoterpenoids depict promising potential in preventing cancer metastasis, however, inadequate clinical trials limit their drug usage. State-of-the-art techniques and technologies are being employed to overcome the challenges of utilizing monoterpenoids as an anticancer agent.

Consumer Responses to Elements of Visual Esthetics on a Brand’s Instagram Page

The current study investigates the influence of visual complexity and color harmony, two important aspects of visual esthetics in the online context, on customer engagement and word-of-mouth (WOM) transmission. We further examine whether consumer expectations and self-concept congruence operate as critical boundary conditions for the effect of these esthetic factors. The study uses an experimental design in which 402 respondents viewed researcher manipulated Instagram brand pages with varying levels of visual complexity and color combinations. The results show that independently, high levels of visual complexity, and complementary color combinations evoked greater consumer engagement and positive WOM intentions. Engagement levels declined when analogous color combinations were used on Instagram pages with high visual complexity and complementary colors on low visual complexity pages. Additionally, consumer engagement mediated the relationship between the visual esthetic elements and WOM transmission. Consumer expectations emerged as an important moderator of the effect of visual complexity on engagement but our prediction regarding the moderating effect of self-concept congruence was not supported. The results of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the underlying process by which visual esthetic elements on image-centric platforms, like Instagram, interact to influence customer engagement and WOM.