Highest Inhibition Zone Diameter Research Articles

Activities test of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) leaves extract against Candida albicans of HIV/AIDS patients

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Candida albicans is a local commensal flora of the oral cavity, with opportunistic nature and often causes oral candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients. Since long time, Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) known of having efficacy treat various disease traditionally. The purpose of this study was to determine the activity test of Phaleria macrocarpa leaves extract against Candida albicans from HIV/AIDS patients. Methods: Experimental laboratory with samples colonies of the Candida albicans fungus obtained from patients with HIV/AIDS at Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital Padang. Research conducted during January-March 2016 in Microbiology and Chemistry Laboratory of Kopertis Region X, Microbiology Laboratory of Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, and Microbiology Laboratory of Siti Rahmah Islamic Hospital, Padang, West Sumatra. Data analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The concentration of the Phaleria Macrocarpa leaves extract used in this study was 10, 20, 40 and 80%. Inhibition zone average value obtained 0,00 mm, means no inhibition zone, 9.217 mm and 18.017 mm with sig = 0.000 <0.05. Conclusion: The higher level of the Phaleria macrocarpa leaves extract concentration, the higher inhibition zone diameter against Candida albicans, with the highest in concentration 80%.Keywords: Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) leaves extract, Candida albicans, HIV/AIDS

Activities test of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) leaves extract against Candida albicans of HIV/AIDS patients

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Candida albicans is a local commensal flora of the oral cavity, with opportunistic nature and often causes oral candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients. Since long time, Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) known of having efficacy treat various disease traditionally. The purpose of this study was to determine the activity test of Phaleria macrocarpa leaves extract against Candida albicans from HIV/AIDS patients. Methods: Experimental laboratory with samples colonies of the Candida albicans fungus obtained from patients with HIV/AIDS at Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital Padang. Research conducted during January-March 2016 in Microbiology and Chemistry Laboratory of Kopertis Region X, Microbiology Laboratory of Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, and Microbiology Laboratory of Siti Rahmah Islamic Hospital, Padang, West Sumatra. Data analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The concentration of the Phaleria Macrocarpa leaves extract used in this study was 10, 20, 40 and 80%. Inhibition zone average value obtained 0,00 mm, means no inhibition zone, 9.217 mm and 18.017 mm with sig = 0.000 <0.05. Conclusion: The higher level of the Phaleria macrocarpa leaves extract concentration, the higher inhibition zone diameter against Candida albicans, with the highest in concentration 80%.Keywords: Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) leaves extract, Candida albicans, HIV/AIDS

Antibacterial Activity of Jatropha curcas (Linn) Leaves Extract a gainst Vibrio harveyi and Aeromonas hydrophila

The use of natural products as an antimicrobial agent is an alternative way in the treating drug-resistant pathogens. A. hydrophila and V. harveyi are pathogenic bacteria both in freshwater and marine culture, respectively. Physic nut (Jatropha curcas, Linn) has been known as an herbal plant that has an antibacterial agent. The purpose of this study was to analyze inhibition ability of an extract of physic nut leaves on the growth of V. harveyi and A. hydrophila. In this study, water extract of physic nut leaves was determined to evaluate the antibacterial activity against V. harveyi and A. hydrophila using the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Test (MIC) and Paper Disk Diffusion Method. The smallest concentration on the MIC was 0.10 g/ml for A. hydrophila and 0.15 g/ml for V. harveyi, respectively. The Paper Disk Diffusion Method used difference concentrations (0.10 g/ml; 0.15 g/ml; 0.20 g/ml; 0.25 g/ml; 0.30 g/ml; 0.35 g/ml; dan 0.40 g/ml) and Control (0 g/ml). The concentration of 0.35 g/ml had the highest inhibition zone diameter in 11.3±0.2 mm for A. hydrophila and 0.40 g/ml had the highest inhibition zone in 11.2±0.3 mm for V. harveyi. The result showed that water extract of physic nut leaves was able to inhibit both tested bacteria.

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Tanacetum persicum

Background: Tanacetum persicum (Boiss.) Mozaff is a plant with a long history in Iranian traditional medicine as an antiseptic medicinal plant. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of T. persicum essential oil and analyze its chemical composition. Methods: In this study, the chemical composition of the aerial part essential oil of T. persicum was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy apparatuses. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Helicobacter pylori, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella enterica by disc diffusion and micro-broth dilution assays. Results: The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was compared with ascorbic acid against ABTS free radicals. Borneol (33.5%), bornyl acetate (12.8%), and linalool (9.1%) were the main components of the essential oil of T. persicum. S. aureus, which has a high inhibition zone diameter (mm) and low minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration values, showed the most sensitivity to essential oil, followed by S. enterica and H. pylori. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was the same as that of ascorbic acid (IC50 = 20 ppm). Conclusions: The essential oil of T. persicum is a good source of borneol and a valuable antioxidant and antimicrobial agent.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME ESSENTIAL OILS ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH AMIKACIN AGAINST ACINETOBACTER SP

Acinetobacter sp. as gram negative bacilli is one of the most problematic bacteria in hospital environments. The emergence of multi-drug resistant isolates of Acinetobacter sp. encourages the scientists to find the new antimicrobial agent with less side effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Cymbopogon olivieri, Heracleum persicum, Juniperus comminus, Azillia eryngioides, Dacus carrota, Ferula gummosa, Acorus calamus, Mentha pulegium, Achillea biebersteinii, and Chaerophyllum macropodum essential oils against clinical trials of Acinetobacter sp. by disc diffusion and micro broth dilution assays. The synergistic effect of these essential oils and amikacin (AMI) were determined. The higher inhibition zone diameters were for 2 µl of C. macropodum (15.3±0.48 mm). The lower MIC and MBC values were for C. olivieri (1.4 and 1.9 µl/ml) and J. comminus (1.9 and 2.6 µl/ml), followed by C. macropodum (2.01 and 3.2 µl/ml), D. carrota (2.1 and 3.8 µl/ml), A. eryngioides (2.3 and 3.1 µl/ml) essential oils and F. gummosa (2.4 and 4 µl/ml). AMI showed synergistic effect with all of the essential oils. D. carrota and A. eryngioides showed the best synergistic effect with AMI, followed by C. macropodum, A. biebersteinii, J. comminus and F. gummosa essential oils.

Exploration of Potential Actinomycetes from CIFOR Forest Origin as Antimicrobial, Antifungus, and Producing Extracellular Xylanase

<p>This study aimed to isolate and explore the actinomycetes of CIFOR forest origin as an antimicrobial and antifungal agent, to produce an extracellular xylanase, and to identify isolates based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Actinomycetes were isolated using Humic-acid Vitamin-B agar (HV) media. Actinomycetes colonies that grow on the medium HV was subsequently purified by growing them on yeast malt agar (YMA) media), then an antagonistic test of selected bacteria against Bacillus sp., Escherichia coli, Fusarium oxysporum, and Sclerotium sp was performed. Xylanase activity test was detected by observing a clear zone, followed by identification. Total of 35 isolates of actinomycetes isolated based on their colony morphology characteristics and diverse types of spore chains showed Streptomyces spp. of isolates CFR-06, CFR-15, CFR-17, CFR-18, and CFR-19 were able to inhibit the growth of Bacillus sp.. The highest inhibition zone has a diameter of 10.1 mm (isolate CFR-17). Isolates CFR-01 and CFR-15 were able to inhibit the growth of E. coli with the highest inhibition zone diameter of 5.1 mm (isolate CFR-15). Isolates CFR-29 and CFR-12 were able to inhibit the growth of F. oxysporum while isolate CFR-35 were able to inhibit the growth of Sclerotium sp.. Xylanase activity test showed that isolates CFR-12, CFR-20, CFR-22, CFR-24, CFR-25, CFR-30, CFR-33, CFR-34 have an ability to produce extracellular xylanase enzyme. Actinomycetes isolate (Xyl_22) as a potential xylanase enzyme producer was closely related with Streptomyces drozdowicii by the maximum similarity of 99%.</p><p><strong>How to Cite</strong></p><p>Sipriyadi, S., Lestari, Y., Wahyudi, A., & Meryandini, A. (2016). Exploration Potential CIFOR Forest actinomycetes origin as Antimicrobial, Anti Fungus and Producing Enzymes Extracellular Xylanase. <em>Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education</em>, 8(1), 94-102.</p>

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of Arnebia benthamii (Wall ex. G. Don) Johnston—a critically endangered medicinal plant of North western Himalaya

Arnebia benthamii is one of the promising folklore medicinal plants which is being traditionally used over the years for the treatment of various prevailing diseases in the area. The aim of this research work was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity of methanolic plant extract. Antimicrobial activity of the plant extract (250–500 μg/ml concentration) was analyzed against Escherichia coli CD0006, Pseudomonas aeruginosa CD0023, Shigella flexneri CD0033, Klebsiella pneumonia CD0049, Salmonella typhimurium CD0003, Staphylococcus aureus CD0001, Aspergillus versicolor CDF0011, Candida albicans CDF0032, Candida kruesie CDF0016, Candida parapsilosis CDF0013, Aspergillus flavus CDF0024, and Acremonium spp. CDF0027. The free radical scavenging assay of the plant extracts was evaluated by various antioxidant methods. Comparative analysis reveals that the aerial part exhibited the highest antibacterial activities against almost all tested bacterial strains with the highest inhibition zone diameter (IZD) (30 ± 0.54) was recorded on P. aeruginosa CD0023 and E. coli CD0006. All the fungal strains except C. parapsilosis CDF0013 were more or less inhibited by both aerial and root part extracts of the plant. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values recorded revealed that the P. aeruginosa CD0023 was inhibited by the least concentration of 75 μg/ml of the aerial part methanol extract. The antioxidant activity of the aerial and root part extracts was almost of the same strength with the root part slightly showing a higher scavenging effect in a concentration-dependent manner in superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals. The plant has got a broad spectrum antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and has a promising potential for treating diseases.

Novel antimicrobial superporous cross-linked chitosan/pyromellitimide benzoyl thiourea hydrogels

In this work, chitosan (CS) was cross-linked with different amounts of pyromellitimide benzoyl thiourea moieties. The structure of the cross-linked CS was confirmed by elemental analyses, FTIR and 1H- NMR spectroscopy. The cross-linking process proceeds via reacting of the amino groups of CS with the isothiocyanate groups of the N,Nʹ-bis [4-(isothiocyanate carbonyl)phenyl] pyromellitimide cross-linker. The amount of the cross-linker was varied with respect to CS to produce four new pyromellitimide benzoyl thiourea cross-linked CS (PIBTU-CS) hydrogels designated as PIBTU-CS-1, PIBTU-CS-2, PIBTU-CS-3, and PIBTU-CS-4 of increasing cross-linking degree percent of 11, 22, 44 and 88%, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy observation indicates the extremely porous structure of the hydrogels. XRD results showed that the crystallinity of CS was decreased upon cross-linking. The four hydrogels exhibit a higher antibacterial activity on Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae as Gram positive bacteria and against Escherichia coli as Gram negative bacteria and higher antifungal activity on Aspergillus fumigatus, Syncephalastrum racemosum and Geotricum candidum than that of the parent CS as shown from their higher inhibition zone diameters and their lower MIC values. The swell ability of the hydrogel as well as their antimicrobial activity increased with increasing cross-linking density.

Organic Acid Content and Antimicrobial Properties of Eleiodoxa conferta Extracts at Different Maturity Stages

Eleiodoxa conferta water extracts at different maturity stages were shown to contain three types of organic acid which are oxalic, ascorbic and malic acids by HPLC analysis. The content of oxalic acid concentration was the highest at young stage (1.33 gml-1) followed by mature stage (1.26 gml-1) and ripe stage at 1.23 gml-1. Malic acid content decreased during ripening from 1.38 gml-1 to 1.07 gml-1. The concentration of ascorbic acid remained constants during the fruit ripening. When antimicrobial activity of the extract was tested against several bacteria it was observed that the activity decreased as the fruit ripen. Highest diameter of inhibition zone was recorded against Escherichia coli by the young fruit extract at 15.3 mm. MIC of 0.063 gml-1 exhibit by the young fruit extract was helpful in controlling the growth of Gram negative bacteria, E. coli. However, 0.063 gml-1 concentration of extract from mature fruit is shown to regulate the growth of Gram positive bacteria, Staphylococus aureus.

Isolation and Identification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var boulardii and its Uses as a Probiotic (in vitro)

The study included isolation and identification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii from fresh and dried fruits such as (fig, grape, apricot, lychees, mangosteen) which were available in local markets in Erbil city. Fifty isolates of the yeast were obtained depending on morphological, physiological and biochemical tests. The antibacterial activity of the isolated yeasts against pathogenic bacteria Salmonella enteric sub spp.enterica (Typhimurium) in vitro was determined by Well's Diffusion method. Most of the isolated yeasts showed antibacterial activity against tested bacterium, the highest diameter of inhibition zone was (16 mm) for isolates (S.b32). The ability to tolerate different concentrations of bile salt and gastric acids were also studied. Ten strains of the isolated yeast had the highest inhibitory activity and were used to study physiological properties (bile salt concentration and gastric acidity) which were (S.b6, S.c1, S.b2, S.c36, S.b13, S.b28, S.b32, S.b22, S.b48, and S.b5). The result showed that the isolate (S.b32) was more resistant than other strains when exposed to bile salt and gastric acids.

Influence of Salicylic Acid on the Antimicrobial Potential of Stevia (<i>Stevia rebaudiana</i> Bertoni, Asteraceae) Leaf Extracts against Soybean Seed-Borne Pathogens

Purpose: To investigate the effect of salicylic acid (SA) on the antimicrobial profile of Stevia leaf extracts against soybean seed-borne pathogens. Methods: Stevia seeds were planted in a greenhouse and SA foliar applied after six weeks on the whole plant at concentrations of 0 and 0.1 g L -1 . The extracts of the plant leaf were separately obtained using four different solvents (water, acetone, ethanol and chloroform), and the oil composition of the extracts determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial and antifungal potentials of each of the extracts were examined against 11 selected pathogens responsible for soybean seed and seedling diseases. Results: Chloroform extrac -cadinol, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, methyl salicylate and safranal in the SA-treated plants, and were 8, 10, 18, 14 and 11 %, respectively, higher than the non-SA treated control. In the anti-microbial tests, chloroform extract exhibited the highest diameter of inhibition zone (max 18 mm) against all the tested microorganisms while water extract showed the least effect (max 9 mm), with no effect at all on two fungi (Phomopsis spp and Cercospora kikuchii) and two bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas campestris). All extracts with or without SA had no effect on Xanthomonas campestris. SA treatment enhanced the antimicrobial potential of all extracts in the pathogenicity test compared with untreated plant extracts. Conclusion: Stevia leaf extract has antimicrobial effect against soybean seed-borne disease if applied on the seed before planting. Application of SA on the Stevia plant substantially enhances the antimicrobial activity of the leaf extract thus affording the seeds greater protection.

Isolation and Identification of Three Alkaloids Compounds from Albizia lebbeck L.Leaves and study of Their Antimicrobial Activity Against Pathogenic Bacteria of Urinary Tracts Inflammatory in vitro

Three alkaloidic compounds are 3,3-dimethyl-4-(1-aminoethyl)- Azetidin-2-one, 2,4-Bis( hydroxylamino)- 5-nitropyrimidine and 2-Amino-4-hydroxy pteridine-6-carboxylic acid were isolated and purified from Albizia lebbeck L.leaves. Gas chromatography- mass spectrum technique, thin layer chromatography and column chromatography were carried out for identification of chemical structures of these compounds. Antimicrobial activity of the three alkaloids were recorded against pathogenic bacteria of urinary tracts represented byProteus sp., Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The highest inhibition zone diameter was measured for the mixture of alkaloidic compounds against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with value equal to 42 mm at concentration 150 mg/ml whereas the highest inhibition zone diameter was recorded for 2-Amino-4-hydroxypteridine-6-carboxylic acid compound against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with value equal to 23 mm at the same concentration. Cytotoxicity detectionproved that all alkaloid compounds have no toxicity towards red blood cells. Therefore the three alkaloids can be used as medicinal herbal substituents to treat urinary tract Inflammatory instead of antibiotics but this work demands further pharmaceutical and clinical studies.

Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of the thyme and rosemary

The present study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of thyme and rosemary essential oils. The chemical compositions of hydro distilled essential oils were analyzed by GC/MS system. A total of 30 constituents representing of thyme oil were identified: thymol (39.44%), P-cymene (23.6%), γterpinene (12.51%), ledol (2.24%) and Aromadenrrene (2.12%) were the main components comprising 79.91% of the oil. While 37 constituents representing of rosemary oil were identified: borneol (24.13%), α – pinene (9.72%), αcaryophyllene (8.35%), ledol (6.42%), eucalyptol (5.11%), camphor (5.01%), γ – terpinene (5.005), Dverbenone (4.17%), limonene (2.29%) and methyl jasmonate (2.24) were the main components comprising 72.445 % of the oil. Antioxidant effects of essential oils from thyme and rosemary were determined on flaxseed and sesame oils. These essential oils were added to the oils at concentrations of 0.25% and 0.5%, besides the control groups for comparison. The samples were stored 65° C in darkness for 14 days. The antioxidant activity of the essential oils was determined by measuring peroxide values (meq O2/kg oil). On the basis of peroxide value assay, the essential oils showed stronger antioxidant effect when compared to control groups. Amongst the investigated essential oils, the thyme oil was the most effective on retarding lipid oxidation of crude oils, which was followed by rosemary oil. On the other hand in the present investigation antimicrobial activity of two essential oils has been evaluated. After bioassays, most of the essential oils were found susceptible to Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and didn't showed any activity against Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aueginosa, Escherichia coli. For screening of antimicrobial susceptibility in each essential oil, both positive and negative controls were set to determine growth inhibition zone diameters and MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration).Among two essential oils thyme oil was found to be highly antimicrobial, as it has shown high growth inhibition zone diameter in comparison to rosemary oil except against Aspergillus niger.

English

  Isolation of Streptococcus mutans was achieved from 79.3% of total positive culture of tooth decay cases. Testing of various extracts of Punica grantum (pomegranate), red and white fruit juice, fruit crust and three tooth pastes (Signal-2, Close-Up and Sinan) with comparison to standard antibiotics were carried out in this study. The highest diameter of inhibition zone was recorded for 1000 mcg/ml of fruit crust (26 mm). The MICs for pomegranate extracts are between 80 - 400 mg/ml, and 200 - 500 mg/ml for tooth pastes. The effects of pomegranate extracts are between the limits of standard antibiotics.   Key words: Streptococcus mutans, Punica grantum, tooth decay, pomegranate extracts, fruit crust

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some novel terephthaloyl thiourea cross-linked carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogels

Four novel hydrogels composed of carboxymethyl chitosan (CM-chitosan) cross-linked with various contents of terephthaloyl thiourea moieties (TTUCM-chitosan-1, TTUCM-chitosan-2, TTUCM-chitosan-3, TTUCM-chitosan-4) have been successfully synthesized. The hydrogels were characterized by elemental analyses, FTIR, 13C NMR, SEM, XRD, solubility and swell ability in various solvents. The antimicrobial activities of these hydrogels against three crop-threatening pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus, Geotrichumcandidum and Candida albicans) and against three bacterial species (Bacillis subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) were investigated. The hydrogels showed higher antibacterial activity than the parent CM-chitosan as judged by their higher inhibition zone diameter and lower minimum inhibition concentration. They are more active against Gram-positive bacteria than against Gram-negative bacteria. The results also indicated that the hydrogels have effective antifungal activity as compared with CM-chitosan. The antimicrobial activity of the hydrogels increased with increasing their cross-linking density.

Monitoring Of Antimicrobial Effect of GC-MS Standardized Melaleuca alternifolia Oil (Tea Tree Oil) On Multidrug Resistant Uropathogens

The aim of this work was to investigate antimicrobial action of tea tree oil (TTO) against multidrug resistant uropathogens. TTO was analysed by GC-MS studies. 16 compounds representing approximately 99% of the oil were characterized. The major compounds were Limonene, γ -Terpinene, α- Terpinene, Cineol and α- Terpinolene. Further the antimicrobial effect of whole TTO was tested against the isolated uropathogens like Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, P. mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial action of TTO was determined by disc diffusion method and MIC was determined by broth microdilution method. The ZOI (mm) and MIC (%) was in the range of 16±4 mm and 0.075% (v/v equivalent) for E. Coli; 20±2 mm and 0.03% for S. aureus; 19±2 mm and 0.10% for K. pneumoniae; 19±2 mm and 0.03% for Proteus mirabilis; 20±2 mm and 0.038% for Proteus vulgaris. TTO showed low MIC values and high growth inhibition zone diameter in comparison to broad spectrum antibiotics - erythromycin, ampicillin, kanamycin, streptomycin and gentamycin. The result of the bioassay showed that oil possesses potent antibacterial and bacteriostatic property. This paper reviews the classical methods commonly used for evaluation of antibacterial activity of TTO and gives an overview on the susceptibility of human pathogens towards TTO and their constituents.

Formulation and in vitro evaluation of a PEGylated microscopic lipospheres delivery system for ceftriaxone sodium

The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate in vitro, ceftriaxone sodium lipospheres dispersions for oral administration. Ceftriaxone sodium lipospheres were prepared by melt-emulsification using 30%w/w Phospholipon® 90H in Softisan® 154 as the lipid matrix containing increasing quantities of PEG 4000 (10, 20, 30, and 40%w/w). Characterization based on particle size, particle morphology, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity and pH were carried out on the lipospheres. Microbiological studies of the ceftriaxone sodium-loaded lipospheres were performed using Escherichia coli as the model organism. In vitro permeation of ceftriaxone sodium from the lipospheres through artificial membrane (0.22 μm pore size) was carried out using Franz cell and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) without pancreatin as acceptor medium. Photomicrographs revealed spherical particles within a micrometer range with minimal growth after 1 month (Maximum size = 64.76 ± 3.81 μm). Microbiological studies indicated that lipospheres formulated with 20%w/w of PEG 4000 containing 2%w/w or 3%w/w of ceftriaxone sodium gave significantly (p < 0.05) higher inhibition zone diameter than those with 30%w/w or 40%w/w of PEG 4000. The result also indicated that lipospheres with 10%w/w PEG 4000 resulted in significantly higher encapsulation efficiency (p < 0.05) while those with 30%w/w gave the least, while the loading capacity values ranged from 3.22 mg of ceftriaxone sodium/100 mg of lipid to 6.36 mg of ceftriaxone sodium/100 mg of lipid. Permeation coefficient values varied and ranged from 8.55 × 10−7 cm/s to 2.08 × 10−6 cm/s depending on the concentration of PEG 4000. The result of this study gave insight that the issue of ceftriaxone stability in oral formulation could be adequately addressed by tactical engineering of lipid drug delivery systems such as lipospheres.

Deteksi Mutasi Gen Gyrase A Porphyromonas Gingivalis Resisten terhadap Ciprofloxacin berdasarkan teknik Polymerase Chain Reaction

One of resistance mechanisms to ciprofloxacin shown by bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis isolated from periodontitis patients is mutations of genes through changes in DNA topoisomerase. Ciprofloxacin is an effective antimicrobial for Gram-negative bacteria effectively used for clinical infections treatment. The purpose of this research was to determine the gene mutation of P. gingivalis on periodontitis patients in relation to the resistance to ciprofloxacin by using disc diffusion and, followed by RFLP-PCR on P.gingivalis samples. Based on sensitivity tests by diffusion method, it was shown that the sensitive samples (n =13) had the highest inhibition zone diameter (mean= 25 mm), while the intermediate samples (n=1) was 19 mm. Examination using RFLP-PCR for 14 samples did not reveal any mutation of gyrase A gene.

Efficacy of some antibacterial agents against Streptococcus mutans associated with tooth decay

Isolation of Streptococcus mutans was achieved from 79.3% of total positive culture of tooth decay cases. Testing of various extracts of Punica grantum (pomegranate), red and white fruit juice, fruit crust and three tooth pastes (Signal-2, Close-Up and Sinan) with comparison to standard antibiotics were carried out in this study. The highest diameter of inhibition zone was recorded for 1000 mcg/ml of fruit crust (26 mm). The MICs for pomegranate extracts are between 80 - 400 mg/ml, and 200 - 500 mg/ml for tooth pastes. The effects of pomegranate extracts are between the limits of standard antibiotics. Key words : Streptococcus mutans, Punica grantum , tooth decay, pomegranate extracts, fruit crust.