Students In Higher Grades Research Articles

Sleep patterns and their association with depression and behavior problems among Chinese adolescents in different grades.

We aimed to examine sleep patterns and their association with depression and behavior problems among Chinese adolescents in different grades. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 cities of mainland China. A total of 8,998 Chinese adolescents (49.3% males) aged 9-20 years completed a self-administered questionnaire that included questions on sleep patterns, depressive symptoms, behavior problems, and demographic characteristics. The percentage of adolescents who slept less than 7 hr on weekdays increased with grade, while the percentage of adolescents who slept less than 7 hr on weekends remained the same. The gap in sleep length between weekdays and weekends increased from 0.6 hr in grade 5 to 2.3 hr in Grade 12. The regression analysis showed that poor sleep habits were linked to greater emotional and behavioral problems. The associations of sleep length with those problems differed by symptom and grade. Sleeping less related to depression in all grades. More behavior problems were observed in primary school students who had less sleep and in senior high school students who had more sleep than their peers. The preference for going to bed late stably related to both adolescent depression and behavior problems in all grades, although it posed a greater risk for students in higher grades.

초등학교 고학년 여학생의 성격유형에 따른 보행형태 비교

초등학교 고학년 여학생의 성격유형에 따른 보행형태 비교

Analysis of current situation and influencing factors on the knowledge, attitude and practice of creative credit system in a medical university

Objective To understand the situation of college students' awareness about innovative credit, analyze the influencing factors, in order to provide a scientific basis for constructing innovation credits and promoting the double strategy. Method The undergraduates of a medical university who were still at school in April 2015 were selected, and by using a stratified cluster sampling method, 450 students were chosen to be conducted by self-administered questionnaire survey to understand the cognitive status of in-novation of credit system in college students. Chi square test was used to compare the passing rates of students in different demographic characteristics, and the relationship between scores was analyzed by linear regression analysis. Result A total of 439 valid questionnaires were collected, and the total scores of innovative knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of 439 undergraduates were 15.95% (70/439), 36.44% (160/439) and 32.80% (144/439) respectively. In the part of knowledge innovation credits, girls' passing rate was higher than boys (χ2=4.010, P=0.045. In the part of attitude, high grade group students had more positive attitude than the low grade group of students (χ2=6.227, P=0.0013). In the part of behavior; higher grade students with innovative credits had higher pass rates than those in lower grades (chi, 2=7.781, P=0.005), and boys had a higher rate of passing than girls (χ2=6.658, P=0.010). The total score of knowledge was positively linear with the total score of attitude and behavior. Conclusion College Students' awareness of innovation credit rate is low, but the innovative attitude and behavior is positive. The higher the awareness rate is conducive to the cultivation of attitude and behavior, so it is necessary in medical colleges to carry out innovation of credit and promote the cultivation of innovative consciousness. Key words: Creative credit; College student; Knowledge-attitude-practice(KAP); Cross-sec-tional study

The effect of silent short movie on EFL writing achievement of Vocational High School students

The purpose of the study was to investigate whether or not there is a significant effect of silent short movie on EFL writing achievement of the vocational high school students. This study was quasi-experimental using a nonrandomized control group, pretest-posttest design. There were 61 students who were selected randomly from the 10 classes of tenth-graders of the 6th State Vocational School in Samarinda. The instruments used in the study was writing test. The result revealed that the vocational high school tenth grade students who were taught by silent short movie (M = 8.01, SD = .32) got significantly different achievement in EFL writing than did the vocational high school tenth grade students who were not taught by silent short, t(58) = -2.22, p = .030. This result suggests that the writing aspects which the students significantly outperformed were text organization, sentence formation, grammar, vocabulary, mechanics, and tidiness.

Investigation and study on the knowledge about osteoporosis and health beliefs of nursing students

Objective To investigate the status and characteristics of knowledge about osteoporosis and health beliefs of nursing students to provide evidence for education about osteoporosis of nursing school. Methods Students of nursing major from 4 classes in each grade of a certain health college in Suzhou from April to May, 2016 were randomly selected and investigated through convenient sampling method.And Knowledge about osteoporosis and Health Belief Questionnaire was employed to investigate 619 nursing students. Results The awareness rate about osteoporosis knowledge, risk factors, exercises, knowledge about calcium intake of 619 nursing students were respectively 56.40%, 51.31%, 58.70% and 61.39% respectively.There were statistical significances about the differences in terms of scores for knowledge of students of different gender and in different grades(P<0.05). The scores for knowledge of the female was higher than that of the male and the scores for knowledge of students in higher grade were higher than that of students in lower grade.The average awareness score for seriousness of osteoporosis and benefits of exercises, benefits of calcium intake, barriers to exercises and barriers to calcium intake were respectively(2.82±0.78)points, (3.80±0.80)points, (3.43±0.66)points, (3.48±0.75)points and(3.34±0.67)points.There were statistical significances about the differences in terms of scores for health belief at certain dimension of nursing students of different gender and in different grades(P<0.05). For example, the sense of barriers for calcium intake of female students were higher than that of the male students, and the awareness of the seriousness of osteoporosis and the sense of barriers for exercises of the students in third grade was higher than that of the students in the first and second grade. Conclusions Nursing students' knowledge about osteoporosis and health beliefs need to be improved.Nursing school should carry out the education for knowledge about osteoporosis and health beliefs with target based on the concrete condition. Key words: Nursing Students; Knowledge; Health Beliefs; Osteoporosis

School grade and sex differences in domain-specific sedentary behaviors among Japanese elementary school children: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundIt is vital to reduce the proportion of sedentary behavior in children. Understanding the duration and behavioral context is needed. The present study examined school-grade and sex differences in domain-specific sedentary times and concurrence with screen-time guidelines among Japanese elementary school children.MethodsA total of 625 children (330 boys) were surveyed in 2010 and 2014. Using a questionnaire, data regarding participants’ grade (first through third grades: lower grades; fourth through six grades: higher grades), sex, weight, and height were collected in addition to the time spent per day engaging in each specific sedentary behavior separately: (1) reading or listening to music, (2) TV or video viewing, (3) TV game use, (4) internet use excluding class, (5) homework, and (6) car travel. Two-way analysis of covariance and logistic regression analyses, adjusted for BMI and moderate to vigorous physical activity, were used to examine school-grade and sex differences in sedentary behaviors and the independent risk of exceeding recommended total daily screen time (< 2 h).ResultsOn 625 children, mean minutes (SD) of sedentary behavior per week in (1) – (6) were 90.3 (123.4), 535.0 (356.6), 167.3 (222.1), 23.9 (70.9), 264.9 (185.3), and 33.4 (61.2) in weekdays and 42.1 (70.0), 323.9 (232.0), 123.0 (96.4), 15.8 (49.9), 74.4 (96.4), and 71.3 (84.9) in weekends, respectively. There were differences in the minutes of sedentary behavior between participants of 2010 and 2014; e.g., TV game use and homework in weekdays and weekdays and car travel in weekends. Boys spent more time in TV game use, and girls spent more time reading, listening to music, doing homework, and car travel. Higher-grade students spent more time reading or listening to music, using a computer, and doing homework. Higher-grade students were 2.09 times (95% CI: 1.32 − 3.30) in whole week, 2.08 times (95% CI: 1.45 − 3.00) in weekday, and 1.88 times (95% CI: 1.29 − 2.74) in weekend more likely to spend ≥2 h per day in domains (2) − (4) (screen-time) than lower-grade students.ConclusionsTime spent engaging in each domain-specific sedentary behavior differed according to sex and school grade. Higher-grade students were less likely to meet screen-time guidelines. These findings highlight the need for domain-focused strategies to decrease sedentary behavior in Japanese school-age children.

Mogu li diferenciranost i konzistentnost interesa biti pokazatelji profesionalne zrelosti osnovnoškolaca?

Holland postulated that interests should become more differentiated and more consistent as career maturity increases, but previous studies provided ambiguous results on relations between these constructs. This paper presents two studies conducted on samples of students in higher grades of Croatian elementary schools which were 10 to 15 years old (Nstudy 1 = 522; Nstudy 2 = 497). The first study was conducted online and Pictorial and Descriptive Interest Inventory (PDII) and Test of Occupational Knowledge (TOK) were applied. The second study was based on a paper and pencil assessment and Occupational Preference Scale OPS-96 and TOK were used. Both studies showed coherent results. Career maturity systematically increased with the age of respondents and female students demonstrated a higher level of career maturity. Differentiation and consistency of interest did not increase with age, while girls expressed a higher level of differentiation and consistency than boys. Career maturity correlated weakly and positively with interest differentiation, but not with consistency. It was concluded that differentiation and consistency should not be considered as measures of career maturity, and it is recommended that specific career maturity measures are used in career counselling of elementary school students.

Examining Relations of Aggressive Communication in Social Networks

Aim of this research is the detection of aggressive communication parameters and typology. A network sample of 62 students (male = 32, female = 30) and 4 instructors (male = 2, female = 2) at the physical education and sport sciences dept. at the University of Thessaly has been collected in 2016. A standardized questionnaire consisting of network and non-network part was used. Social network analysis (algebraic analysis) combined with conventional statistics has been used. Basic results are the following ones: Persons dedicated to sport appear to target others and be targeted. Dedication to study content is proved to play a role of a refuge against criticism. High grade and ambition seem to protect against negative comments. Physical qualification (tallness) seems also to discourage rudeness. Spatial-regional discrimination is also revealed. Mockery seems to be even a cause of absence from the courses. A superiority-induced aggressiveness (on economic basis) has been detected. Threat may be regarded as a behavioral extension of mockery (or inversely). In the course of study time, more aggressive persons emerge who even threat others. High grade students are unattractive for arguing. Internet seems to develop communication stimuli. The tendency for professional distinction is connected with arguing. Younger students show an integration deficit in terms of argumentation. Communicational types (three profiles of targets: “depreciated assaulted”, “attractive”, “repellent”, and two profiles of general involvement: “lively”, “controversial”) have emerged. A typology of targets is depicting a sharper fragmentation than a typology of general involvement (targeted and acting).

Modeling of DNA and protein organization levels with Cn3D software.

The molecular structure of living organisms and the complex interactions amongst its components are the basis for the diversity observed at the macroscopic level. Proteins and nucleic acids are some of the major molecular components, and play a key role in several biological functions, such as those of development and evolution. This article presents an educational, bioinformatics-based process, designed to enhance a better understanding of the structure of the above molecules. In addition, by using selected protein molecules, it attempts to clarify protein organization levels and how these are related with the structural and functional diversity, which define the biodiversity of living organisms at the macroscopic level. In the framework of this project, molecular modeling has been performed using the Cn3D software, created by the US National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Cn3D is a user friendly application, which is easy for students to get familiar with quickly. Our suggested process may be easily enriched by a multitude of protein, nucleic acid, or other molecule structures, which are freely accessible at NCBI website. The described process has been implemented by students (n = 225) of the 5th high school grade, in two high schools in Greece. © 2016 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 45(2):126-129, 2017.

학령기 아동의 스트레스와 대처행위 및 사회적지지 지각과의 관계

본 연구는 학령기 아동의 스트레스와 스트레스 대처행위, 그리고 아동이 인지하는 사회적지지 지각과의 관계를 살펴보기 위한 서술적 상관관계연구이다. 본 연구의 대상자는 A 광역시의 일개 초등학교 3, 4, 5학년으로, 연구자가 연구기관을 직접 방문하여 기관과 학생들의 동의를 얻은 후 총 481명의 학생을 대상으로 설문을 실시하였으며, 이 중 불성실에게 응답한 72부를 제외한 409부의 설문지를 분석하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 13.0을 이용하여 기술통계와 T-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation을 사용하여 분석하였다. 스트레스 점수는 학업으로 인한 스트레스 점수가 가장 높았다(<TEX>$9.30{\pm}4.41$</TEX>). 스트레스 대처행위는 저학년이 고학년보다 사회적지지 추구 대처행위 점수가 유의하게 높았고(F=3.181, p=.043), 남학생이 여학생보다 공격적 대처행위 점수가 유의하게 높았다(t=-3.399, p=.001). 사회적지지 지각점수는 가족(<TEX>$33.01{\pm}7.61$</TEX>), 친구(<TEX>$28.43{\pm}7.89$</TEX>), 교사(<TEX>$25.71{\pm}6.30$</TEX>)의 순서이었고, 여학생이 남학생보다 친구(t=3.842, p=.000)와 교사(t=3.037, p=.003) 지지 지각에서 유의하게 높았다. 스트레스 점수가 증가할수록 소극적 대처행위(r=.410, p=.000)와 공격적 대처행위(r=.445, p=.000)는 유의하게 증가하였다. 사회적지지 지각이 높을수록 적극적 대처행위(r=.455, p=.000)와 사회적지지 추구 대처행위(r=.429, p=.000)는 유의하게 증가하였다. 따라서 아동에게 스트레스 관리는 매우 중요하며 아동의 공격적, 소극적 대처행위를 줄이고 사회적지지 지각을 증진시키기 위한 간호중재 프로그램 개발 연구가 필요하다고 하겠다. This research is a descriptive correlation research to examine the relationship among stress, coping behaviors, and perceived social support in school-age children. Students in third, fourth, and fifth grades at one elementary school in A metropolitan city were included for this research. A researcher of the study visited the elementary school and obtained appropriate approval to conduct this survey. Then, a total of 481 students answered the questionnaire; finally, the questionnaires of 409 students were analyzed after excluding 72 questionnaires due to unreliable responses. Descriptive statistics, T-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation were used to analyze the collected data with SPSS 13.0. In the stress scores, academic stress was associated with the highest score (<TEX>$9.30{\pm}4.41$</TEX>). With respect to stress coping behaviors, lower-grade students showed to have significantly higher scores in coping behavior of pursuing social support than higher-grade students (F=3.181, p=.043); male students had higher scores in aggressive coping behavior than female students (t=-3.399, p=.001). Perceived social support scores were higher in the following order: family members (<TEX>$33.01{\pm}7.61$</TEX>), friends (<TEX>$28.43{\pm}7.89$</TEX>), and teachers (<TEX>$25.71{\pm}6.30$</TEX>). Female students had higher scores in perceived social support from friends (t=3.842, p=.000) and teachers (t=3.037, p=.003) than the male students. As the stress scores increased, passive coping behaviors (r=.410, p=.000) and aggressive coping behaviors (r=.445, p=.000) have been significantly increased. As perceived social support is higher, active coping behaviors (r=.455, p=.000) and coping behaviors to pursue social support (r=.429, p=.000) were significantly increased. Therefore, we can conclude that stress management is very significant for children. It would be necessary to develop nursing intervention programs in order to reduce the aggressive and passive coping behaviors of children and encourage perceived social support.

Assessing task values in five subjects during secondary school: Measurement structure and mean level differences across grade level, gender, and academic subject

Students’ value beliefs tend to decrease across secondary school (Wigfield et al., 2015). However, previous studies did not differentiate between all the dimensions of task values defined by expectancy-value theory (Eccles et al., 1983). Therefore, this study evaluated an instrument for assessing multiple value dimensions across grade level and academic subjects and tested for differences between grade levels in these subjects. A total of 830 students from Grades 5 to 12 completed a questionnaire assessing their value beliefs in German, English, math, biology, and physics with 37 items each. The factor structure was shown to be invariant across academic subjects, grade levels, and gender. Generally, students in higher grades showed lower means on positive value facets and higher means on cost facets. However, the results varied substantially by facet and subject. Furthermore, stereotypical gender differences in value beliefs were found, and some of these differences increased with students’ grade level. The findings indicate that examining multiple dimensions and subjects is crucial for developing a complete understanding of the development of students’ value beliefs.

Looking beyond cigarettes: Are Ontario adolescents with asthma less likely to smoke e-cigarettes, marijuana, waterpipes or tobacco cigarettes?

ObjectivesThe purpose of this paper is to examine whether high school students in Ontario with asthma smoke cigarettes, waterpipes, marijuana or e-cigarettes more or less than those without asthma. MethodsThe 2013 Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey provides self-report data on tobacco cigarettes, waterpipes, marijuana and e-cigarette smoking and asthma rates from 109 high schools in Ontario, Canada. Individual and social characteristics were also collected. Multiple binary logistic regression models measures the association with the various types of smoking in relation to asthma. ResultsAdolescents with asthma have higher odds of smoking e-cigarettes or smoking any type including either cigarettes, waterpipes, marijuana or e-cigarettes. Respondents of lower socio-economic status had a higher odds of smoking marijuana or any type. Boys were more likely to smoke waterpipes, e-cigarettes or any type, while students in higher grades had a higher odds of smoking cigarettes, waterpipes, marijuana or any type. ConclusionsResults from this study suggest that adolescents with asthma have a higher odds of smoking e-cigarettes than those without asthma, but no relationship was found for cigarettes, waterpipes or marijuana. Findings present some new challenges as technology changes how adolescents can smoke. Public health campaigns should target adolescents, especially those with asthma, to raise their awareness of the risks of all types of smoking including e-cigarettes.

Measurement invariance and validity of a brief questionnaire on reading motivation in elementary students

In order to initiate more research on the role of reading motivation during the initial stages of learning to comprehend texts, we developed the Reading Motivation Questionnaire for Elementary Students (RMQ‐E). The sample comprised 1497 elementary students in Grades 1–3. By means of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, three factors were determined: Curiosity, involvement and competition. The three‐factor structure of the RMQ‐E was found to be invariant across grade levels (scalar invariance) and across female and male students (strict invariance). As was anticipated, students in higher grades and male students were lower in curiosity and involvement than students in lower grades and female students. Whereas competitive reading motivation did not differ across grade levels, it was higher for boys than for girls. Moreover, the contributions of involvement and competition to reading amount and reading competence were in accordance with the hypotheses. The predictive validity of curiosity, however, was not confirmed.

Investigation on Internet addiction disorder in adolescents in Anhui, People's Republic of China.

Background and aimThe purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics and prevalence of Internet addiction (IA) in adolescents so as to provide a scientific basis for the communities, schools, and families.MethodsWe conducted a survey by randomized cluster sampling on 5,249 students, grades ranging from 7 to 12, in Anhui province, People’s Republic of China. The questionnaire consisted of general information and IA test. Chi-square test was used to compare the status of IA disorder (IAD).ResultsIn our results, the overall detection rate of IAD and non-IAD in students was 8.7% (459/5,249) and 76.2% (4,000/5,249), respectively. The detection rate of IAD in males (12.3%) was higher than females (4.9%). The detection rate of IAD was statistically different between students from rural (8.2%) and urban (9.3%) areas, among students from different grades, between students from only-child families (9.5%) and non-only-child families (8.1%), and among students from different family types.ConclusionPrevalence of IA is high among Chinese adolescents. IAD has more effect on male students, single-child families, single-parent families, and higher grade students. We should take more care of male students, only-child students, and students living with their fathers, and related education should be strengthen for susceptible subjects of IDA.

HOW DO HIGH ACHIEVER STUDENTS APPLY LEARNING STRATEGIES ON READING?

Learning strategies used by the learners to help them comprehend, learn, or retain new information and achieve learning goals easily. This research aims at finding how the students apply learning strategies in their reading activity. The goals are to find the kinds and the most frequent learning strategies on reading together with the reason of using those most frequent strategies. This case study was carried out on the high achievers third grade students of English Department University of Nusantara PGRI Kediri. The data are collecting using questionnaire ,documentation and interview . The data then analyzed using quantitative data analysis for questionnaire data andquanitative analysis for the rest. There are three points that can be discovered from this research. 1) There are six learning strategies are used by high achievers, 2) Compensation Strategy is the strategy which is the most frequently used by high achievers in solving the problems of reading. 3) High achievers students have different reasons in applying learning strategies when they get problems, it is because of interest and urgent time.Based on three finding above, students should be aware the benefit of having learning strategies during they are learning English, especially in reading.By knowing that Compensation Strategy is the most frequent strategy used, the lecturers or teachers can use teaching strategies that appropriate with this strategy, for example: in reading exercise, students are given two passages with different contexts, but using same words or phrases in some parts of passages. So, students are able to differenciate the meaning of word when they guess it in a passage.

СУБЪЕКТИВНЫЕ МНЕНИЯ О РЕАЛИЯХ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ФИЗКУЛЬТУРЫ ПРЕПОДАВАТЕЛЕЙ ФИЗКУЛЬТУРЫ И УЧЕНИКОВ

Aim. Research aim was to reveal the subjective opinions of Physical Education teachers and students in higher grades on the realities of modern Physical Education classes. Material and Methods. The sample included Physical Education teachers (n = 33) and 10–11th grade students (n = 324) who were selected applying the convenience sampling strategy from Kaunas city schools. The research employed a questionnaire by Pate, Corbin ? Pangrazi (1998), and some more questions of interest to the researchers were added. Results. According to the survey data, students’ opinions on the given question mostly differed from teachers’ notion. However, the statistical analysis of the obtained data suggested that there is a certain tendency which may be considered in Physical Education lesson planning. Conclusions. Physical Education teachers tend to subjectively better assess the modern realities of the Physical Education classes than students. In particular, it refers to the satisfaction of students, diversity of content, modern teacher personality traits and school disciplinary measures for students. However, an observed trend implies the improvement of evaluation criteria corresponding to modern lesson recommendations.

ORAL NARRATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE PROFICIENCY IN BILINGUAL CHILDREN: A CASE STUDY OF JAVANESE-INDONESIAN CHILDREN

This qualitative preliminary study focuses on the linguistic proficiency of Javanese-Indonesian bilingual elementary school children in a village in Gunung Kidul, 65 km south of Yogyakarta in the island of Java, Indonesia, in producing oral narrative and descriptive stories in Javanese and Indonesian. Two kinds of instruments were used to elicit data in this study: a six-minute silent movie and a picture about some activities to commemorate the Indonesian Independence Day. The elicited data from the movie instrument shows that both the lower-grade and higher-grade students were more at ease with Javanese than with Indonesian. From the picture-triggered speech, the result is that the higher-grade students superseded the lower-grade students in their fluency in Indonesian as well as in their ability to construct longer utterances in the language. This study demonstrates that the children’s proficiency in Javanese – their first language – remains at the basic level and it does not develop even though the children are in the higher grade. However, all children are more comfortable with Javanese when they have to do retelling. When the children were given a task that is related to academic requirements, such as describing something that is based on a picture, the higher-grade children perform better in Indonesian rather than in Javanese.

The Effects of Parental Attachment, Peer Attachment, and Teacher Attachment on Children’s Happiness in Elementary School Students in Higher Grades：With a Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Self-Regulation Abilities

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effects of self-regulation abilities on the relationships between parental attachment, peer attachment, teacher attachment and children`s happiness in elementary school students in higher grades. The subjects of this study were selected from 4th-6th grade students residing in Dae-gu and Kyung-buk using questionnaires from May 1st to July 1st in 2014. The statistical analysis program(SPSS) was used for analyzing the collected data from the research in correlation analysis. To examine the mediating effects of self-regulation abilities on the relationship between parental attachment, peer attachment and teacher attachment and children`s happiness, the Baron and Kenny(1986) model was used.. The results are as follows. First, in the case of father attachment, mother attachment, peer attachment, and teacher attachment, self-regulation abilities and children`s happiness, as perceived by higher grade elementary school children positive correlations were observed. Second, in terms of relative effects of father attachment, mother attachment, peer attachment and teacher attachment on children`s happiness, mother attachment was observed to have the most effect on children`s happiness. Third, self-regulation abilities, as perceived by the children, mediated the effect of father attachment, mother attachment, peer attachment, and teacher attachment amongst higher grade elementary school students and the subsequent affect on children`s happiness.

Gender differences in irritable bowel syndrome among medical students at Inner Mongolia Medical University, China: a cross-sectional study

There is little epidemiological research on Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in Inner Mongolia, China. Here we investigated the prevalence of IBS and factors associated with IBS in both males and females in Inner Mongolia Medical University by a cross-sectional study. We recruited Inner Mongolia Medical University students residing in campus and asked them to complete a self-administered questionnaire. The prevalence of IBS in each factor we chose in all, male, and female students was determined. We assessed IBS subtypes in male and female students. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the factors associated with IBS in male and female students. The overall prevalence of IBS was 29.5%. The prevalence of IBS in female students was significantly higher than that in male students (31.3% vs. 24.8%, p < .001). Logistic regression results showed that attempting to lose weight and anxiety were both associated with increasing odds of IBS, while exercise was not associated with IBS in either male or female students. In female students, snack consumption and depression were also both associated with increasing odds of IBS. The predominant IBS subtype was the diarrhea-predominant type in both male and female students. Considering the high prevalence of IBS in students and the fact that the factors associated with IBS can be improved by individuals, students should be given adequate education and counseling to improve their mental health and lifestyle, especially female students in higher grades.

小学生自我调节的发展研究

为测查小学生自我调节的发展情况，采用家长评定问卷，对某小学一年级、三年级、五年级共240名学生的注意集中和抑制控制进行了为期一年的追踪测试。结果发现：1) 高年级小学生的注意集中水平更高，但抑制控制的年级差异不显著；2) 低年级小学生的抑制控制显著优于注意集中，但5-6年级小学生自我调节维度间的差异不显著；3) 随着年级的升高，抑制控制的发展稳定性逐渐增强，但注意集中发展稳定性的年级差异不显著。结论：尽管小学阶段，抑制控制的发展稳定性逐渐增强，但儿童的注意集中仍在持续发展，可见儿童自我调节的培养与促进需及早进行。 To examine the development of children’s self-regulation in elementary school, pupils of grade 1, grade 3, and grade 5 in a primary school were selected and their parents finished the tests of at-tention focusing and inhibition control for them. And there was a one-year follow-up study with the same subjects and the same tests. The results were as follows: 1) High-grade students demon-strated higher attention focusing, but there was no significant difference in grades of students’ in-hibition control; 2) Younger children’s inhibition control was better than attention focusing, but this difference was not significant in grades 5-6; 3) The developmental stability of inhibition control increased gradually with the development of grades, but there was no significant difference in grades of the developmental stability of attention focusing. Although inhibition control was rela-tively stable in elementary school, children’s attention focusing presented an increasing tendency. Therefore, the cultivation and promotion of children’s self-regulation should be done as soon as possible.