Higher Fat Mass Research Articles

Modulation of Dietary Fatty Acids in an Open-Label Study Improves Psoriasis and Dampens the Inflammatory Activation Status

Obesity and high abdominal fat mass are risk factors for developing the chronic inflammatory skin disease psoriasis. They are associated with increased incidence, prevalence and severity of the disease. A positive effect of weight loss on psoriasis activity has been shown in several studies. Obesity-related factors such as the dysregulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, the activation of adipose tissue and resultant persistent low-grade inflammation have been discussed as links of obesity and inflammatory diseases. Recently, we demonstrated a critical role of free fatty acids (FFAs) in obesity-mediated exacerbation of psoriatic skin inflammation in both mice and humans. In the present study, we translated these findings into a therapeutic intervention. An open-label study focusing on the dietary reduction of FFAs was conducted in patients with mild-to-moderate plaque psoriasis, and disease severity and serum markers of inflammation were analyzed. Here, we show that such a dietary intervention improves psoriatic disease activity independently of weight loss. Diet-related metabolic changes, such as a reduction in saturated free fatty acids (SFAs), may thus be more important than weight loss itself. Moreover, dietary intervention inhibited the overall pro-inflammatory activation status in patients, as shown by analysis of serum inflammatory parameters using the Olink platform. From our pilot study, we conclude that dietary intervention focusing on SFA reduction has the capacity to reduce disease activity and general inflammatory status in psoriasis patients.

Life course effects of genetic susceptibility to higher body size on body fat and lean mass: prospective cohort study.

Different genetic variants are associated with larger body size in childhood vs adulthood. Whether and when these variants predominantly influence adiposity are unknown. We examined how genetic variants influence total body fat and total lean mass trajectories. Data were from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children birth cohort (N = 6926). Sex-specific genetic risk scores (GRS) for childhood and adulthood body size were generated, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans measured body fat and lean mass six times between the ages of 9 and 25 years. Multilevel linear spline models examined associations of GRS with fat and lean mass trajectories. In males, the sex-specific childhood and adulthood GRS were associated with similar differences in fat mass from 9 to 18 years; 8.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.1, 11.6] and 7.5% (95% CI 4.3, 10.8) higher fat mass at 18 years per standard deviation (SD) higher childhood and adulthood GRS, respectively. In males, the sex-combined childhood GRS had stronger effects at ages 9 to 15 than the sex-combined adulthood GRS. In females, associations for the sex-specific childhood GRS were almost 2-fold stronger than the adulthood GRS from 9 to 18 years: 10.5% (95% CI 8.5, 12.4) higher fat mass at 9 years per SD higher childhood GRS compared with 5.1% (95% CI 3.2, 6.9) per-SD higher adulthood GRS. In females, the sex-combined GRS had similar effects, with slightly larger effect estimates. Lean mass effect sizes were much smaller. Genetic variants for body size are more strongly associated with adiposity than with lean mass. Sex-combined childhood variants are more strongly associated with increased adiposity until early adulthood. This may inform future studies that use genetics to investigate the causes and impact of adiposity at different life stages.

Expression pattern of miR-193a, miR122, miR155, miR-15a, and miR146a in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of children with obesity and their relation to some metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers

BackgroundThe widespread presence of childhood obesity has increased considerably over three decades. The present study was designed to investigate expression patterns of miR-146a, miR-155, miR-15a, miR-193a, and miR-122 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in children who are obese along with their association with metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers.MethodsNinety test subjects were admitted. The profile of blood pressure, resting energy expenditure (REE), anthropometric measures, body composition, dietary intakes, physical activity levels, insulin, and lipid profile, fasting blood glucose (FBG), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and pubertal stage have been measured. Total RNA (including small RNAs) was extracted from PBMCs. The expression levels of miRNAs were measured by stem-loop RT-qPCR.ResultsThe miR-155a expression level was significantly lower in obese children, children with high hs-CRP, and children with high-fat mass. Obese girls had significantly higher PBMC levels of miR-122. MiR-155a had a significant negative association with fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and hs-CRP. There were significant positive associations between miR-193a and miR-122 expression levels and fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and TG. MiR-15a was positively correlated with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. Children with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and high-fat mass had higher PBMC levels of miR-122 and miR-193a. Higher miR-193a and miR-122 levels were also detected in PBMCs of children with fast REE, compared to those with slow REE, and the subjects with high hs-CRP, respectively.Conclusionlower level of miR-155 expression in obese subjects and significant associations unfolds the need for more studies to detect the possible underlying mechanisms.

The role of obesity in sarcopenia and the optimal body composition to prevent against sarcopenia and obesity.

Elderly people with low lean and high fat mass, are diagnosed with sarcopenic obesity (SO), and often have poor clinical outcomes. This study aimed to explore the relationship between obesity and sarcopenia, and the optimal proportion of fat and muscle for old individuals. Participants aged 60 years or above were instructed to perform bioelectrical impedance analysis to obtain the muscle and fat indicators, and handgrip strength was also performed. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to predicted appendicular skeletal muscle mass and function. Body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BF%) were used to define obesity. The association of muscle and fat indicators were analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient. Pearson Chi-Square test was utilized to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) on the risk of sarcopenia according to obesity status. 1637 old subjects (74.8 ± 7.8 years) participated in this study. Not only fat mass, but also muscle indicators were positively correlated to BMI and body weight (p < 0.05). Absolute muscle and fat mass in different positions had positive associations (p < 0.05). Muscle mass and strength were negatively related to appendicular fat mass percentage (p < 0.05). When defined by BMI (OR = 0.69, 95% CI [0.56, 0.86]; p = 0.001), obesity was a protective factor for sarcopenia, whilst it was a risk factor when using BF% (OR = 1.38, 95% CI [1.13, 1.69]; p = 0.002) as the definition. The risk of sarcopenia reduced with the increase of BMI in both genders. It was increased with raised BF% in males but displayed a U-shaped curve for females. BF% 26.0-34.6% in old females and lower than 23.9% in old males are recommended for sarcopenia and obesity prevention. Skeletal muscle mass had strong positive relationship with absolute fat mass but negative associations with the percentage of appendicular fat mass. Obesity was a risk factor of sarcopenia when defined by BF% instead of BMI. The management of BF% can accurately help elderly people prevent against both sarcopenia and obesity.

Antioxidant Enzymes and Growth of Broiler Fed Microparticle Protein Diet with Inulin or Lactobacillus acidophillus Supplementation

The effect of dahlia tuber extract or Lactobacillus acidophilus inclusion on intestinal physiology, antioxidant enzymes, and growth performance of broiler chicken given a microparticle protein-composed diet was evaluated in the present study. Three dietary treatments were applied, Control: 21% intact protein diet without additive, MP-DTE: 21% microparticle protein diet + 1.2% dahlia tuber extract as inulin source, and MP-La: 21% microparticle protein diet + 1.2 mL L. acidophilus (1 mL L. acidophilus /La equal to 108 cfu). Microparticle proteins were obtained from common protein source ingredients for poultry, fish meal, and soybean meal. A completely randomized design was assigned with 3 treatments and replicated 8 times, 10 broilers in each replication. Experimental animals were 240 broilers for treatment and 10 birds for endogenous correction. Digestibility of protein and essential amino acids, villi height, intestinal bacterial counts (LAB and Eschericia coli ), short chain fatty acids/SCFA (acetate, propionate, and butyrate), antioxidant enzymes (GSH-Px and SOD), and growth performances (meat protein/MPM and fat mass/MFM, feed consumption, body weight gain/BWG, and feed conversion ratio/FCR) were variables measured. Data were statistically processed based on analysis of variance and continued to the Duncan test (p<0.05). Supplementation of dahlia inulin extract or L. acidophilus to the micropaticle protein diet significantly (p<0.05) increased N retention, villi height, LAB population, SCFA, antioxidant enzymes, and improved MPM and BWG, but decreased E. coli count, MFM, and FCR. However, feed consumption was not affected by any treatment. It can be concluded that L. acidophilus supplementation to the microparticle protein diet (MP-La) improves antioxidant enzymes, and growth performance with high meat protein and low fat mass.

Association of Plant-Based and High-Protein Diets with a Lower Obesity Risk Defined by Fat Mass in Middle-Aged and Elderly Persons with a High Genetic Risk of Obesity

Obesity has become a severe public health challenge globally. The present study aimed to identify separate and interactive dietary, genetic, and other factors that increase the risk of obesity as measured by body fat (BF) mass. We utilized a genome-wide association study to identify genetic variants associated with high fat mass (obesity; n = 10,502) and combined them to generate polygenic risk scores (PRS) of genetic variants interacting with each other in adults aged over 40 while excluding body-fat-related diseases in a city-hospital-based cohort (n = 53,828). It was validated in Ansan/Ansung plus rural cohorts (n = 13,007). We then evaluated dietary and lifestyle factors in subjects to assess what factors might help overcome a genetic propensity for higher BF. The three-SNP model included brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)_rs6265, fat-mass- and obesity-associated protein (FTO)_rs1421085, and SEC16B_rs509325. The genes with the minor alleles of ADCY3_rs6545790 and BAIAP2_rs35867081 increased their gene expression in the visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes, but their gene expression decreased in the hypothalamus in eQTL analysis. In the three-SNP model, the PRS was associated with BF mass by 1.408 and 1.396 times after adjusting covariates 1 (age, gender, survey year, residence area, education, and income) and 2 (covariates in model 1 plus energy intake, alcohol intake, regular exercise, and smoking status), respectively. However, when separating subjects by PRS of the three-SNP model, a plant-based diet was the most significant factor associated with low BF, followed by high-protein diets and lower energy intakes. They could offset the effects of high genetic risk for high BF. In conclusion, modulating nutrient intakes might overcome a high genetic risk for obesity. Dietary choices favoring more plant-based and higher-protein foods might help prevent increased BF in Asians and potentially people of other ethnicities with high polygenetic risk scores.

Association of physical function and body composition with falls in pre-frail older adults with poor physical performance: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundFalls in pre-frail older adults is often attributed to poor physical performance, lower muscle quality and quantity. The aims of our study were to determine (i) demographics, physical function, and body composition in pre-frail older adults with poor physical performance (ii) characteristics of fallers amongst those with poor physical performance and (iii) association of physical function and body composition measures with falls in pre-frail older adults with poor physical performance. MethodsCross-sectional study of 328 pre-frail community-dwelling older adults ≥ 60 years. Data was collected on demographics, cognition, short physical performance battery (SPPB) and gait speed. Poor physical performance was defined by SPPB ≤ 9, 5x chair-stand time ≥12 s or gait speed <1 m/s. InBody S10 used to measure body composition. ResultsMean age 72.51 years, 185(56.4%) females, 276(84.1%) of Chinese ethnicity and 257 (78.4%) had poor physical performance. Within the poor performers, SPPB balance (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.27–0.92; p = 0.025) and 5x-chair-stand (OR 1.09; 95% CI 1.01–1.18; p = 0.038) in addition to higher body fat percentage, fat mass index, fat mass to fat free mass ratio, all segmental lean masses except for left leg and body cell mass were significantly associated with falls. ConclusionsLonger chair-stand time, lower balance, low muscle and high fat mass are associated with falls in poor performers and could serve as screening tools for those at increased risk of falls. The findings from our study need to be validated prospectively in a larger population study.

Association Between Measures of Body Composition and Coronary Calcium: Findings From the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Background Obesity, as measured by body mass index, is widely recognized as a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. However, the role of body composition components such as fat and lean mass is not well studied. Methods and Results A total of 3129 patients who underwent computed tomography scans for quantification of coronary artery calcification and had bioelectrical impedance analysis of body composition (fat mass and fat-free mass) during exam 5 of MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Multivariable adjusted linear regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between both fat mass and fat-free mass to prevalent coronary artery calcification, a marker of subclinical coronary artery disease quantified by both the coronary artery calcification (CAC) Agatston score and the spatially weighted calcium score. CAC and spatially weighted calcium score were natural log-transformed for analysis as continuous variables. Fat-free mass, but not fat mass, was independently associated with CAC. There was a 7.6% prevalence risk difference for CAC>0 per 10 kg. Fat-free mass was also significantly associated with natural log of CAC (coefficient=0.272, P<0.001). Both fat-free mass and fat mass were positively associated with natural log of spatially weighted calcium score, with risk difference coefficients of 0.729 and 0.359, respectively (P<0.001). Conclusions In this cross-sectional study, higher lean mass by bioelectrical impedance analysis and, to a lesser extent, higher fat mass by bioelectrical impedance analysis were significantly associated with higher coronary calcium, a marker of subclinical cardiovascular disease. Further exploration of the relationship between components of body composition and the development of cardiovascular disease is warranted.

Associations of Total Body Fat Mass and Skeletal Muscle Index with All-Cause and Cancer-Specific Mortality in Cancer Survivors.

Purpose: The importance of body composition on cancer outcomes is of great clinical interest. Measures of body composition that differentiate fat mass from skeletal muscle mass can help redefine our understanding of body composition for cancer survival. We investigated whether the risk of all-cause and cancer-specific mortality differ by levels of total fat mass and sarcopenia status in cancer survivors. Our secondary aim was a subgroup analysis assessing the role of race within these associations. Methods: Participants included 1682 adult cancer survivors who had undergone a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) examination to measure body composition, from the 1999-2006 and 2011-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Total fat mass was categorized into tertiles (we assessed high vs. low tertiles), and sarcopenia was considered as having an appendicular skeletal muscle mass index less than 7.26 kg/m2 for males and less than 5.45 kg/m2 for females. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models estimated the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: The mean age of study participants was 61.9 years, and they were followed up for an average of 9.67 years. The prevalence of sarcopenia was 25.0% (N = 304), and 33.4% (N = 561) had a high total fat mass. Participants with a higher fat mass (aHR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.06-1.61) and with sarcopenia (aHR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.22-1.88) had a 30% and 51% increased risk of all-cause mortality compared to participants with a low fat mass and with no sarcopenia, respectively. Further, sarcopenia (aHR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.23-2.29) was associated with a higher risk of cancer-specific mortality in cancer survivors. The association between sarcopenia and all-cause mortality was twice as strong in Black people (aHR = 2.99, 95% CI = 1.39-6.06) compared to White people (aHR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.19-1.95). Conclusions: Our findings show the opposing relations of fat mass and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index with mortality in a national sample of cancer survivors, and that the relationships may differ by race. These results emphasize the importance of maintaining a healthy body composition among cancer survivors.

P536 Is there any association between fat body mass and bone mineral density in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease?

Abstract Background Low bone mineral density (BMD) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is multifactorial and includes nutritional status. The study aimed to look for the association between fat body mass and fat-free mass and BMD of the lumbar spine (L1-L4), femoral neck and total body. Methods The study subjects included 95 patients with Crohn’s disease (CD), 68 with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 40 healthy adults (control group - CG) in age of 18-50 years old, recruited at the Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences between 2020-2021. The summary of the methods is presented in Figure 1. DXA- Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry Results A lowered fat mass percentage occurred in about 8% of CD, 13% of UC and 3% of CG. Additionally, an increased percentage of fat mass occurred above 50% of CD, 40% of UC and about 60% of CG. It is interesting because the median, lower and upper quartile for BMI (body mass index) was normal for CD [21.70 (19.20; 24.40] and UC [20.30 (18.45; 24.05)]. Fat body mass and fat mass percentage were significantly lower among UC compared with the CG and CD in women but not men. Additionally, healthy women presented higher fat-free mass than CD and UC women. We did not find the same differences for men. In CD women, but not men, with a high body fat percentage, we find a higher BMD and T-score of L1-L4-but than the standard body fat percentage. Fat body mass correlated positively with BMD and T-score of L1-L4 and total body in men with UC but not in men with CD and women with UC. However, we find a positive correlation between fat body mass and BMD and T-score of L1-L4, femoral neck and total body. Among CG, positive correlations occurred between the fat body mass and BMD of L1-L4, BMD of total body and T-score of total body, but only in men. Fat-free mass correlated positively with BMD and T-score of L1-L4 and total body and BMD, T-score and Z-score of the femoral neck in CD women but not UC women. In men, correlations occurred between the fat-free mass and BMD and T-score of L1-L4, femoral neck and total body in CD. Among UC, fat-free mass correlated with BMD, T-score, and Z-score of L1-L4, femoral neck and total body. We did not find a correlation in CG. CRP (C-reactive protein) correlated negatively with fat body mass only in men with CD and negatively in healthy women. Conclusion A higher fat mass percentage is common among IBD patients and healthy adults despite normal BMI. Probably, fat body mass and fat-free mass are predictors of nutritional status and the course of the disease, therefore correlated positively with BMD, T-score and Z-score. On the other hand, a high-fat mass percentage with a normal BMI indicates metabolic obesity with normal weight.

Mendelian randomization investigation identified the causal relationship between body fat indexes and the risk of bladder cancer.

Observational studies have suggested that obesity is associated with the risk of bladder cancer (BCa). However, their causal relationship remains unclear. This study aimed to prove the causal relationship between obesity and the risk of BCa by using Mendelian randomization. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) correlated with body fat indexes were screened from several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with more than 300,000 individuals. Summary-level genetic data of BCa-related GWAS were obtained from a European cohort with a sample size of 218,792. An inverse-variance-weighted (IVW) method was used as the major MR analysis. The MR-Egger regression, IVW regression, leave-one-out test, and MR-Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier methods were used to test the reliability and stability of MR results. Genetically predicted per 1-SD increase in body fat indexes (whole body fat mass, and the right leg, left leg, right arm, left arm, and trunk fat mass) were associated with increased BCa risk with values of 51.8%, 77.9%, 75.1%, 67.2%, 59.7%, and 36.6%, respectively. Sensitivity analyses suggested that the genetically determined risk effect of obesity on BCa was stable and reliable. Our study provided powerful evidence to support the causal hypothesis that the genetically predicted high body fat mass was associated with a risk increase for BCa. The finding is a new idea for drawing up prevention strategies for BCa.

Antimüllerian hormone and adiposity across midlife among women in Project Viva.

This study aimed to examine the association of antimüllerian hormone (AMH) with concurrent and prospective measures of adiposity during approximately 9 years of follow-up. Participants were 697 parous women from the Project Viva prebirth cohort without polycystic ovarian syndrome. We measured AMH at approximately 3 years postpartum (baseline). Outcomes were weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference assessed at baseline, 4, and 9 years later; % body fat was assessed by bioimpedance at the 4- and 9-year visit. We used linear mixed-effect models including all outcome time points and accounting for age across follow-up and hormonal contraception prescription. In an additional model, we further adjusted for height. Median AMH was 1.97 ng/mL (interquartile range, 0.83-4.36 ng/mL), 29.1% had AMH <1.0 ng/mL, and mean age at AMH measurement was 36.7 years (SD, 4.9 y; range, 20-48 y). AMH was inversely associated with average weight, BMI, and waist circumference over follow-up. In age-adjusted models, women with AMH <1.0 versus ≥1.0 ng/mL were 4.92 kg (95% CI, 2.01-7.82 kg) heavier, had a 2.51 cm (95% CI, 0.12-4.89 cm) greater waist circumference, and a 1.46 kg/m 2 (95% CI, 0.44-2.48 kg/m 2 ) greater BMI across the 9 years of follow-up. Findings were similar after covariate adjustment and when AMH was modeled continuously. AMH was also inversely associated with higher fat mass %; however, the CI crossed the null. Low AMH at baseline was associated with greater adiposity concurrently and across approximately 9 years of follow-up. Whether low AMH is a useful marker of metabolic risk across midlife requires further research.

Body fat and muscle in relation to heart rate variability in young-to-middle age men: a cross sectional study

Background While obesity is recognisably associated with changes in heart rate variability (HRV), the association between skeletal muscle mass and HRV is less clear. Aims In this cross sectional study, we analysed the association of body fat (four parameters) and muscle mass (five parameters) with indicators of HRV activity. Subjects and methods Assessment of body composition and HRV was performed in n = 180 young-to-middle age healthy men exposed to high occupational physical activity, using the multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance device and the PPG-StressFlow® HRV photoplethysmography device, respectively. Results Mean values of parameters of fat tissue were above normal/reference values. Muscle tissue indicators were higher or within the reference ranges. Fat tissue parameters were significantly higher in participants with lower parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) indicators. Weight-adjusted skeletal muscle index (wSMI) was significantly lower in men with reduced PNS parameters. Fat tissue parameters were negatively correlated with PNS parameters, while wSMI was positively correlated with PNS parameters. Conclusions Participants with higher fat mass and lower muscle mass had poorer parasympathetic activity. Since mean values of HRV parameters indicated mild parasympathetic dominance, we conclude that physical activity and consequently good muscle mass potentially compensated for the negative interaction between fat tissue and HRV.

A pilot study to disentangle the infant gut microbiota composition and identification of bacteria correlates with high fat mass.

Background: At birth, the human intestine is colonized by a complex community of microorganisms known as gut microbiota. These complex microbial communities that inhabit the gut microbiota are thought to play a key role in maintaining host physiological homeostasis. For this reason, correct colonization of the gastrointestinal tract in the early stages of life could be fundamental for human health. Furthermore, alterations of the infant microbiota are correlated with the development of human inflammatory diseases and disorders. In this context, the possible relationships between intestinal microbiota and body composition during infancy are of great interest. Methods: In this study, we have performed a pilot study based on 16S rRNA gene profiling and metagenomic approaches on repeatedly measured data on time involving a cohort of 41 Italian newborns, which is aimed to investigate the possible correlation between body fat mass percentage (FM%) and the infant gut microbiota composition. Results and conclusion: The taxonomical analysis of the stool microbiota of each infant included in the cohort allowed the identification of a specific correlation between intestinal bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium and Veillonella, and the increase in FM%. Moreover, the analysis of the infant microbiome's metabolic capabilities suggested that the intestinal microbiome functionally impacts the human host and its possible influence on host physiology.

Using machine learning to detect sarcopenia from electronic health records.

Sarcopenia (low muscle mass and strength) causes dysmobility and loss of independence. Sarcopenia is often not directly coded or described in electronic health records (EHR). The objective was to improve sarcopenia detection using structured data from EHR. Adults undergoing musculoskeletal testing (December 2017-March 2020) were classified as meeting sarcopenia thresholds for 0 (controls), ≥1 (Sarcopenia-1), or ≥2 (Sarcopenia-2) tests. Electronic health record diagnoses, medications, and laboratory testing were extracted from the Indiana Network for Patient Care. Five machine learning models were applied to EHR data for predicting sarcopenia. Of 1304 participants, 1055 were controls, 249 met Sarcopenia-1 and 76 met Sarcopenia-2. Sarcopenic participants were older, with higher fat mass, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and more chronic diseases. All models performed better for Sarcopenia-2 than Sarcopenia-1. The top performing models for Sarcopenia-1 were Logistic Regression [area under the curve (AUC) 71.59 (95% confidence interval [CI], 71.51-71.66)] and Multi-Layer Perceptron [AUC 71.48 (95%CI, 71.00-71.97)]. The top performing models for Sarcopenia-2 were Logistic Regression [AUC 91.44 (95%CI, 91.28-91.60)] and Support Vector Machine [AUC 90.81 (95%CI, 88.41-93.20)]. For the best Logistic Regression Model, important sarcopenia predictors included diabetes mellitus, digestive system complaints, signs and symptoms involving the nervous, musculoskeletal and respiratory systems, metabolic disorders, and kidney or urinary tract disorders. Opioids, corticosteroids, and antihyperlipidemic drugs were also more common among sarcopenic participants. Applying machine learning models, sarcopenia can be predicted from structured data in EHR, which may be developed through future studies to facilitate large-scale early detection and intervention in clinical populations.

Association of Body Composition with Static Plantar Foot Pressure in Young Adult

Body composition is a key component of health-related fitness. Dual Energy Absorptiometry (DEXA) is the most reliable technique to evaluate body composition. There is evidence suggesting that obesity is linked to foot disorders leading to &amp; an increase in the risk of falls and injuries. Pedobarography is a fast, simple, non-invasive and reliable method used to measure plantar foot pressure. Studies on the association of body composition using DEXA with the static standing plantar pressure are limited. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to measure the association of fat percentage, Body mass index, type of obesity, fat mass and bone mineral content (BMC) with foot pressure. Methods: 64 young adults participated in this study including 34 females and 30 males with a mean age of 21.7±2.6 years. DEXA and Pedobarography were used for evaluation. Results: It was found that with the increase in every 1% in fat percentage, BMI, android type obesity the forefoot pressure increases by 1.070% (p-value 0.06), 1.079% (p-value 0.07) and 1.106% (p-value 0.25). Gynoid type obesity has an inverse relationship with forefoot pressure. With every 1% decrease in the gynoid type obesity value the forefoot pressure increases by 0.971% (p-value 0.97). Also, 39 out of 64 (60%) subjects with higher fat mass and 34 out of 64 (53%) subjects with greater bone mineral density (BMD) on one side had foot pressure dominance on the same side with p-value &gt;0.05. Conclusion: This study concludes that body composition parameters variably affect the foot pressure in static standing.

Body composition, fear of falling and balance performance in community-dwelling older adults

ObjectivesWe aimed to 1) assess body composition using a portable technology, bioelectrical impedance analysis, (BIA) and 2) examine the associations between body composition and the discrepancy of fear of falling (FOF) and balance performance. MethodsA cross-sectional study included 121 older adults 60 years and older, 78% were female, 41% lived alone, and 71% had no history of falls. The discrepancy between fear of falling and balance performance was categorized into four groups. We found 47% rational (low FOF and normal balance), 19% incongruent (low FOF despite poor balance), 18% irrational (high FOF despite normal balance), and 16% congruent (high FOF and poor balance). ResultsBody Fat Mass (BFM), Percent Body Fat (PBF), and Body Mass Index (BMI) were correlated with fear of falling and balance performance. BMI was significantly different in the rational group (p = 0.004) and incongruent group (p = 0.02) compared to the congruent group. PBF was significantly different between the incongruent (p = 0.002), irrational (p = 0.014), and rational (p < 0.001) groups, compared to the congruent group. ConclusionsThe study found that body BFM, PBF, and BMI were correlated with fear of falling and balance impairment. High Body Mass Index and Body Fat Mass were associated with a discrepancy between FOF and balance. Body composition analysis devices, such as BIA and other portable technologies, could be taken to underserved communities and may help identify community-dwelling older adults who are frail and may be at high risk of falling.

Fat mass to fat- free mass ratio and body composition in participants with chronic leg problems

Background &amp; aim: Low fat-free mass (FFM) or high fat mass (FM) in older adults are abnormal body composition phenotypes associated with morbidity. The dual burden of excessive FM and low FFM may lead to a higher risk of cardiovascular and other diseases and disability and lower physical performance compared with individuals with normal body composition or low FFM or high FM alone. Both conditions lead to poorer health and can be identified by a high FM/FFM ratio. Because few studies have examined the effects of abnormal body composition using the FM/FFM ratio, the aim of this study is to determine the FM/FFM values by gender in patients with knee and hip pathologies and compare them with body composition parameters. This condition is important when surgery is required because abnormal body composition leads to an increase in infections and other postoperative complications. Methods: A total of 93 participants aged 64.71 ± 7.71 years in women and 65.9 ± 9.9 years in men with a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 were recruited from the Valdoltra Orthopaedic Hospital (Ankaran, Slovenia). The waist circumference (WC) and anthropometric data (BMI), as well as body composition data (FM, FFM, % of body water, estimated by bioelectrical impedance - BIA) were measured. In addition, the body composition phenotypes (FM/FFM ratio) were calculated. Results: The FM/FFM index was higher in females. The female group with FM/FFM (0.68) and those with a higher FM/FFM (0.92) correlated positively with WC. Male participants were excluded for further analysis because only two males had FM/FFM &gt; 0.80. The FM/FFM of the remaining male participants was 0.53 ± 0.09. Conclusions: FM/FFM provide information on patient body composition and identify individuals at risk of body composition abnormalities in women only.

Imbalanced dietary patterns, anthropometric, and body composition profiles amongst adults with Down syndrome

ABSTRACT Introduction: We aimed to analyze the anthropometric and body composition profiles of Down syndrome (DS) adults; to describe their dietary habits, nutrient intake, and physical activity patterns; and to identify the related risk factors which may influence their health status and quality of life. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a cohort of 23 DS adults (45% women) aged 21-44 years. Anthropometry and body composition were assessed by bioelectrical impedance. Dietary nutrient intake was assessed quantitatively using a 72-h recall. A food frequency questionnaire and the prevention with Mediterranean diet-PREDIMED questionnaire were used for qualitative rating. Results: Higher fat mass (FM) and lower lean mass (LM), bone mass (BM), and waist to hip ratio (WHR) were observed in women compared to men. LM and BM decreased, and body mass index (BMI), FM, and WHR increased with aging (all P < 0.05). Vitamin D and iodine intakes were not met by 70% and 60% of the studied participants, respectively. A total of 82% of the participants consumed less than 5 portions of fruits and vegetables per day and overconsumed food groups such as sweets and snacks and red meat (> 2 times per week). Protein intake showed a significant positive correlation with height (r = 0.489, P < 0.05), whereas fat intake was positively correlated with sweets and snacks (r = 0.521, P < 0.05). Conclusion: The present findings support the existence of poor anthropometric and body composition profiles, and diet quality, underscoring the need for an interdisciplinary team assessment to enhance health and quality of life in DS adults.

The association of fasting plasma thiol fractions with body fat compartments, biomarker profile, and adipose tissue gene expression

People with high plasma total cysteine (tCys) have higher fat mass and higher concentrations of the atherogenic apolipoprotein B (apoB). The disulfide form, cystine, enhanced human adipogenesis and correlated with total fat mass in a Middle-Eastern cohort. In 35 European adults with overweight (88.6% women) and with dual-X-ray absorptiometry measurements of regional fat, we investigated how cystine compared to other free disulfides in their association with total regional adiposity, plasma lipid and glucose biomarkers, and adipose tissue lipid enzyme mRNA (n = 19). Most total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) (78%) was protein-bound; 63% of total glutathione (tGSH) was reduced. tCys was 49% protein-bound, 30% mixed-disulfide, 15% cystine, and 6% reduced. Controlling for age and lean mass, cystine and total free cysteine were the fractions most strongly associated with android and total fat: 1% higher cystine predicted 1.97% higher android fat mass (95% CI 0.64, 3.31) and 1.25% (0.65, 2.98) higher total fat mass (both p = 0.005). A positive association between tCys and apoB (β: 0.64%; 95% CI 0.17, 1.12%, p = 0.009) was apparently driven by free cysteine and cystine; cystine was also inversely associated with the HDL-associated apolipoprotein A1 (β: −0.57%; 95% CI −0.96, −0.17%, p = 0.007). No independent positive associations with adiposity were noted for tGSH or tHcy fractions. Plasma cystine correlated with CPT1a mRNA (Spearman’s r = 0.68, p = 0.001). In conclusion, plasma cystine—but not homocysteine or glutathione disulfides—is associated with android adiposity and an atherogenic plasma apolipoprotein profile. The role of cystine in human adiposity and cardiometabolic risk deserves investigation. ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT02647970 and NCT03629392.