Higher Fasting Glucose Research Articles

Associations of predominant night-eating with plasma glycemic status and continuous glucose monitoring measures among pregnant women

To examine whether predominant night-eating, defined as more than 50% of total daily energy intake consumed between 1900 and 0659h, is associated with glycemic outcomes in pregnancy. This was a prospective cohort study of 277 healthy pregnant women with complete 4-day dietary intake records at 18-24 weeks gestation, recruited from KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore. Primary outcomes were fasting, 1-h, and 2-h plasma glucose after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks gestation. Secondary outcomes were gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR), β-cell function (HOMA2-%B), and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) measures. Glucose variables in continuous form were loge-transformed before analyses. Predominant night-eating (11.6%) was associated with higher fasting glucose (geometric mean ratio (95% confidence interval) 1.05 (1.01, 1.08)) and 1-h glucose (1.11 (1.01, 1.21)), but not with 2-h glucose or GDM risk. Predominant night-eating women had lower fasting insulin (0.77 (0.63, 0.95)), lower HOMA2-IR (0.78 (0.64, 0.97)), and lower HOMA2-%B (0.77 (0.67, 0.89)) than their predominant day-eating counterparts. For CGM measures, predominant night-eating was associated with higher mean glucose (1.07 (1.00, 1.15)), higher glucose management indicator (1.05 (1.00, 1.10)), and higher overall glucose levels throughout 24h (1.10 (1.02, 1.19)). All these associations were adjusted for socio-demographic, lifestyle factors, and diet composition. Predominant night-eating was mainly associated with less desirable glycemic outcomes during pregnancy. Future studies should explore dietary interventions aimed at reducing consumption of relatively more calories at night than day during pregnancy.

Prospective study of the association between chronotype and cardiometabolic risk among Chinese young adults

BackgroundThe association of evening chronotype with cardiometabolic disease has been well established. However, the extent to which circadian rhythm disturbances independently result in risk remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal associations between chronotype and cardiometabolic risk among Chinese young adults.MethodsFrom April to May 2019, a total of 1 135 young adults were selected to complete the self-administered questionnaire, and 744 fasting blood samples were collected to quantify cardiometabolic parameters. From April to May 2021, 340 fasting blood samples were collected to quantify cardiometabolic parameters. The Morning and Evening Questionnaire 5 (MEQ-5) was used to assess chronotype. The cardiometabolic (CM)-risk score was the sum of standardized Z scores based on gender for the 5 indicators: waist circumference (WC), mean arterial pressure (MAP), triglyceride (TG), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), where the HDL-C is multiplied by-1. The generalized linear model was used to determine the cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal associations between chronotype and each cardiometabolic parameter.ResultsCross-sectional association analysis showed that lower MEQ-5 scores were correlated with higher fasting insulin (β=-1.420, 95%CI: -2.386~-0.453), higher HOMA-IR (β=-0.301, 95%CI: -0.507~-0.095), and higher CM risk score (β=-0.063, 95%CI: -0.122~-0.003), even after adjustment for covariates. Prospective longitudinal association analysis also showed that lower MEQ-5 scores were associated with 2 years later higher fasting glucose (β=-0.018, 95%CI: -0.034~-0.003), higher fasting insulin (β=-0.384, 95%CI: -0.766~-0.003), higher HOMA-IR (β=-0.089, 95%CI: -0.176~-0.002), and higher CM-risk score (β=-0.109, 95%CI: -0.214~-0.003) after adjustment for covariates.ConclusionsEvening chronotype was significantly correlated with higher CM risk among young adults. Our findings suggest that biologically and socially affected sleep timing misalignment is a contributing factor to cardiovascular disease risk.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in Chinese women with premature ovarian insufficiency

Objectives To assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in Chinese women with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and to explore the metabolic profile of Chinese women with POI. Methods 118 POI women aged 20-38 years and 151 age-and-BMI-matched control women were recruited. Measurements included body height, weight, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), blood pressure, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting insulin (FINS). Prevalence and components of MetS and metabolic indices were compared between the two groups. Results The prevalence of MetS in POI women and age-and-BMI-matched control women was 16.9% and 11.3%, respectively, which was not significantly different (p > .05). The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia and high fasting glucose was significantly higher in POI than control (17.8% vs. 9.3%, p = .039; 16.9% vs. 6.6%, p = .008), without significant differences in the prevalence of other components of MetS (p > .05). The levels of TG, FINS, and HOMA-IR in POI were significantly higher than in control (p < .05) but without significant differences in WC, WHR, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and FPG (p > .05). HOMA-IR was positively correlated with WC, DBP, TG, and FPG and negatively correlated with HDL-C in both POI women and control (p < .05). Conclusions POI women presented with more unfavorable cardiovascular risk factors (higher prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia and high fasting glucose; higher TG, FINS, and HOMA-IR). So, women diagnosed with POI should always be covered with special care of metabolic profile.

Glycemic status during pregnancy according to fasting and post-load glucose values: The association with adverse pregnancy outcomes. An observational study

AimPrognosis of treated hyperglycemia in pregnancy (HIP) may differ according to whether diagnosis following an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is based on high fasting and/or high post-load glucose values. MethodsFrom a multiethnic prospective study, we included 8,339 women screened for HIP after 22 weeks of gestation. We evaluated the risk of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infant (primary endpoint) and other adverse pregnancy outcomes according to HIP status in four groups defined as follows: no HIP (n = 6,832, reference); isolated fasting HIP (n = 465), isolated post-load HIP (n = 646), and fasting and post-load HIP (n = 396). ResultsAfter adjusting for age, body mass index, ethnicity, smoking during pregnancy and parity, compared with no HIP, the adjusted odds ratios [95% confidence interval] for LGA infant were higher in the isolated fasting HIP (1.47 [1.11–1.96]) and fasting and post-load HIP (1.65 [1.23–2.21]) groups, but not in the isolated post-load HIP (1.13 [0.86–1.48]) group. The adjusted odds ratios for preterm delivery and neonatal intensive care unit were higher in the post-load HIP group (1.44 [1.03–2.03] and 1.28 [1.04–1.57], respectively), the fasting and post-load HIP group (1.81 [1.23–2.68] and 1.42 [1.10–1.81], respectively) but not in the isolated fasting HIP group (1.34 [0.90–2.00] and 1.20 [0.94–1.52], respectively). ConclusionDespite glucose-lowering care and adjustment for confounders, compared with no HIP, fasting HIP was associated with a higher rate of LGA infant, whereas post-load HIP was associated with higher preterm delivery and neonatal intensive care unit admission rates.

Deteriorating beta cell function is the dominant determinant of progression from normal glucose tolerance to prediabetes/diabetes in young women following pregnancy.

Excess adiposity, insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction each contribute to the development of prediabetes (impaired glucose tolerance and/or impaired fasting glucose)/diabetes but their comparative impact in relation to one another remains uncertain. We thus ranked their contributions to incident dysglycaemia over the first 5 years postpartum in women reflecting the full spectrum of gestational glucose tolerance (spanning normoglycaemia to gestational diabetes) and hence a range of future diabetic risk. In this study, 302 women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) on OGTT at 3 months postpartum underwent repeat OGTT at 1 year, 3 years and 5 years, enabling serial assessment of glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity/resistance (Matsuda index, HOMA-IR) and beta cell function (insulin secretion-sensitivity index-2 [ISSI-2], insulinogenic index [IGI]/HOMA-IR). Determinants of prediabetes/diabetes were ranked by change in concordance index (CCI) of Cox proportional hazard regression models. Over 5 years of follow-up, 89 women progressed from NGT to prediabetes/diabetes (progressors). At 3 months postpartum, though all women were normoglycaemic, future progressors had higher fasting glucose (p=0.03) and 2 h glucose (p<0.0001) than non-progressors, coupled with higher BMI (p=0.001), greater insulin resistance (both Matsuda index and HOMA-IR, p≤0.02) and poorer beta cell function (both ISSI-2 and IGI/HOMA-IR, p≤0.006). Unlike their peers, progressors exhibited deteriorating beta cell function from 1 year to 5 years (both p<0.0001). On regression analyses, the dominant determinants of progression to prediabetes/diabetes were time-varying ISSI-2 (change in CCI 25.2%) and IGI/HOMA-IR (13.0%), in contrast to time-varying Matsuda index (2.9%) and HOMA-IR (0.5%). Neither time-varying BMI nor waist were significant predictors after adjustment for beta cell function and insulin sensitivity/resistance. Declining beta cell function is the dominant determinant of incident prediabetes/diabetes in young women following pregnancy.

The effects of effortless exercise on diabetic status

Treating physicians have consistently recommended exercise to either prevent diabetes or de-escalate symptomatology. Diabetic complications, however, render physical activity undesirable or unattainable. These involve: hypothyroidism leading to substantial weight gain; perpetual fatigue due to accumulation of white adipose tissue serving as fat storage, and inadequate supply of brown fat to generate energy; accumulated toxicity causing hormonal imbalance that increases hunger; chronic pain and wounds on extremities associated with diabetic neuropathy, etc. Recent research with an effortless exercise method demonstrated enhanced fitness and T3 increase, juxtaposed by decreased inflammation, an optimal relationship between leptin and ghrelin that control appetite, and a significant decrease of visceral fat along with VLDL, the very low-density lipoprotein that carries triglycerides to the tissues. We measured the fasting and postprandial glucose and insulin of 21 diabetics and 20 prediabetics respectively, pre and post twenty treatments. Both previously abnormally high fasting and postprandial (PP) glucose decreased considerably in all 21 diabetic subjects (100%). Nine of the diabetic subjects (42.85%) manifested normal fasting glucose levels after 20 treatments, while the fasting glucose of the remaining twelve diabetic subjects (57.2%) dropped down to the prediabetic level. Ten of the diabetic subjects (47.6%) manifested normal PP insulin levels, while the PP insulin of the remaining eleven diabetic subjects (52.38%) dropped to the prediabetic level after the 20 treatments. Prediabetics had more robust results as expected by their baseline healthier status. Eighteen of prediabetics (90%) manifested both normal fasting and PP insulin levels after the 20 treatments, while the fasting and PP insulin of the remaining two subjects (10%) remained within the prediabetic level. All subjects also exhibited a statistically significant increase in muscle mass, normalized T3 levels, decreased visceral and overall fat along with reduced CRP, advocating diminished inflammation. Dyslipidaemia appeared to subside as denoted by suppressed levels of triglycerides contrasted by elevated HDL.

Differences in the components of metabolic syndrome by age and sex: a cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of a cohort of middle-aged and older Japanese adults

BackgroundThe prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Japan, a super-aged society, is increasing and poses a major public health issue. Several studies have reported sex differences in the association between age and MetS prevalence. This study aimed to examine the association between age and the prevalence of MetS based on multiple screening criteria and MetS components by sex.MethodsWe used 6 years of individual-level longitudinal follow-up data (June 2012 to November 2018; checkup year: 2012–2017) of middle-aged and older adults aged 40–75 years in Japan (N = 161,735). The Joint Interim Statement criteria, International Diabetes Federation criteria, and another set of criteria excluding central obesity were used as the screening criteria for MetS. The prevalence of MetS and MetS components was cross-sectionally analyzed according to sex and age. A longitudinal association analysis of age, MetS, and MetS components by sex was performed using a multilevel logistic model, adjusted for lifestyle- and regional-related factors.ResultsSex differences were observed in the prevalence and association of MetS and MetS components. In all age groups, the prevalence of central obesity was higher among women, and the prevalence of high blood pressure and fasting glucose was higher among men (P < 0.001). The prevalence of high triglyceride and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was higher among women aged > 60 years (P < 0.05). Based on the criteria of the Joint Interim Statement and International Diabetes Federation, the prevalence of MetS was higher among women than in men aged > 55 years (P < 0.001). Men had a higher prevalence of MetS without central obesity than women in all age groups (P < 0.001). The odds ratio for MetS and MetS components with aging was greater among women than in men.ConclusionsMedical management should be based on the prevalence of MetS and its components according to sex and age. In particular, the high prevalence of MetS without central obesity in middle-aged and older Japanese men suggests that the adoption of the Joint Interim Statement criteria, which do not precondition central obesity, should be considered.

Type 2 diabetes clusters in the Novosibirsk region

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a heterogeneous disease. Determination of different T2DM phenotypes will improve the prediction of metabolic disorders, the risk of complications and individual diabetes therapy.AIM: To identify clusters of T2DM in patients with different duration of diabetes with a study of the frequency of diabetic complications and drug therapy in the Novosibirsk region.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out at Diamodul in the period 2013–2017 in the Novosibirsk region. K-means cluster analysis was performed in 2805 T2DM patients aged 44 to 75 years with a duration of diabetes of 7.84±6.53 years based on 5 variables — HbA1c, age at diagnosis, BMI, C-peptide, sex.RESULTS: Cluster analysis identified three clusters: cluster 1 in 1003 patients (35.7%) with preserved β-cell function, age of T2DM diagnosis 51.72±8.29 years and BMI 33.50±5.74 kg/m2, in men there was a 27% higher risk of developing diabetic nephropathy compared to women. Cluster 2 in 432 patients (15.4%) with increased function of β-cells, the age of diagnosis of T2DM was older — 52.91±7.75 years, patients had a higher BMI of 35.64±7.21 kg/m2 and more high diastolic blood pressure, earlier development of diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and polyneuropathy, and better response to metformin therapy and combined therapy with metformin and sulfonylurea. Cluster 3 in 1370 patients (48.8%) with reduced function of β-cells, the age of diagnosing T2DM was younger — 49.63±8.32 years, patients had a lower BMI of 33.09±6.36 kg/m2 and had longer diabetes, high fasting glucose levels, males were associated with a higher risk of developing diabetic nephropathy (by 26%) compared with women, the first line of therapy was insulin therapy in 52.8% of patients.CONCLUSION: The conducted study in T2DM patients with different duration of diabetes confirmed the possibility of using cluster analysis to identify phenotypes of T2DM in the Russian population by five variables (HbA1c, age at the time of diagnosis, BMI, C-peptide, gender). A high incidence of early development of diabetic polyneuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy was revealed in a cluster with increased function of β-cells, male gender was risk factor for diabetic nephropathy and polyneuropathy.

Serum Leptin Level is Positively Correlated with Aortic Stiffness in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

The global number of people living with diabetes mellitus (DM) continues to grow. Obesity, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension are independently correlated with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in diabetic patients regardless of differences in race or ethnicity. We aimed to investigate the relationship between serum leptin levels and aortic stiffness in patients with type 2 DM to identify cardiovascular risk at the early stage. A total of 128 diabetic patients were enrolled after screening for eligibility at a medical center in Eastern Taiwan. Aortic stiffness was defined as having a carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) of >10 m/s using applanation tonometry. Fasting serum levels of leptin and other associated biomarkers were determined by enzyme immunoassay or biochemical analyses. Forty-six diabetic patients with a cfPWV of >10 m/s were included in the aortic stiffness group. Compared with the control group (n = 82), our aortic stiffness group was significantly older (p = 0.019) and had higher body fat mass (p = 0.002), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p < 0.001), serum triglyceride (p = 0.02), and serum leptin (p < 0.001). Aortic stiffness was also associated with insulin resistance (p = 0.026) and poorer blood sugar control (higher fasting glucose (p = 0.044) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (p = 0.049)). In the multivariable linear regression analyses examining the correlations between aortic stiffness and clinical variables, we found that age (β = 0.291; p < 0.001), SBP (β = 0.176; p = 0.033), logarithmically transformed urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (β = 0.256; p = 0.002), and serum leptin levels (β = 0.244; p = 0.002) were independently associated with cfPWV values. The analyses showed that only leptin was correlated with a higher probability of aortic stiffness (odds ratio: 1.055, 95% confidence interval: 1.005-1.107, p = 0.031). The results suggested that serum leptin is positively associated with aortic stiffness in patients with type 2 DM.

SERUM PARATHORMONE, VITAMIN D AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the associations of serum 25-OHD and PTH concentrations with blood pressure and hypertension mediated target organ damage including left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). Design and method: This observational retrospective study included 98 patients admitted at Hypertension Research Center of Federico II University Hospital in Naples without CKD. We collected serum 25-OHD, PTH, creatinine, BMI, lipid profile, blood glucose and office blood pressure. All patients underwent carotid doppler ultrasound and echocardiography. Results: Mean age of the participants was 53±17 years and 69% were men. Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that PTH levels correlated directly with age, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, fasting glucose, on statin therapy, left ventricular mass and inversely with the GFR, total cholesterol, LDL and vit D level. Vit. D levels correlated inversely with PTH, diabetes and carotid plaque. Multivariate regression models indicated that PTH was significantly associated with higher fasting glucose and with vit D while Vit D was associated with lower GFR and PTH level. Conclusions: In a population at high cardiovascular risk, Vit. D and PTH are not directly associated with hypertension but might influence association with other cardiovascular risk factors and markers.

Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias in China: Secular trend in disease burden from 1990 to 2019 and projections to 2030

AbstractBackgroundAlzheimer’s disease and other dementias (ADOD) inflict substantial burden on the individual, family and society. China has the world’s highest number of people living with dementia, but the national‐level secular trends have not been well‐characterized.MethodDrawing on data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, we explored the burden of ADOD in China from 1990 to 2019, including its prevalence, incidence, mortality, years of lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), disability adjusted life years (DALYs), and attributable specific risk factors. Temporal trends in disease burden were calculated by average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) using log‐linear regression in age‐standardized rates. We utilized Bayesian age‐period‐cohort models with integrated nested Laplace approximations to predict the age‐sex‐specific number of new cases and deaths from 2020 to 2030.ResultThe age‐standardized prevalence, incidence, deaths, YLLs, YLDs and DALYs for ADOD were 788.28, 103.83, 23.32, 254.42, 114.07 and 368.49 per 100,000 population in 2019 respectively, with increasing trends observed (AAPC [95% Confidence Interval]: 0.66% [0.57 to 0.75], 0.33% [0.27 to 0.40], 0.15% [0.07 to 0.23], 0.10% [0.01 to 0.20], 0.65% [0.56 to 0.75], and 0.26% [0.21 to 0.31]) during the past three decades. Although ADOD is more prevalent in females, AAPCs in all indicators were more pronounced in males. More dementia cases were attributable to smoking in males than in females. Proportions of DALYs attributable to high BMI increased over time in both sexes, and the cases attributable to high fasting glucose were comparable in both sexes. Incidence and mortality from ADOD are projected to be 2,967,059 and 527,960 cases in 2030, representing a 1.65‐fold increase.ConclusionIncreasing incidence and mortality due to ADOD will continue in coming years due to population aging, although age‐standardized mortality rates showed a slight decrease. Further research on modifiable risk factors and targeted prevention strategies are warranted.

Cluster analysis of angiotensin biomarkers to identify antihypertensive drug treatment in population studies

BackgroundThe recent progress in molecular biology generates an increasing interest in investigating molecular biomarkers as markers of response to treatments. The present work is motivated by a study, where the objective was to explore the potential of the molecular biomarkers of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) to identify the undertaken antihypertensive treatments in the general population. Population-based studies offer an opportunity to assess the effectiveness of treatments in real-world scenarios. However, lack of quality documentation, especially when electronic health record linkage is unavailable, leads to inaccurate reporting and classification bias.MethodWe present a machine learning clustering technique to determine the potential of measured RAAS biomarkers for the identification of undertaken treatments in the general population. The biomarkers were simultaneously determined through a novel mass-spectrometry analysis in 800 participants of the Cooperative Health Research In South Tyrol (CHRIS) study with documented antihypertensive treatments. We assessed the agreement, sensitivity and specificity of the resulting clusters against known treatment types. Through the lasso penalized regression, we identified clinical characteristics associated with the biomarkers, accounting for the effects of cluster and treatment classifications.ResultsWe identified three well-separated clusters: cluster 1 (n = 444) preferentially including individuals not receiving RAAS-targeting drugs; cluster 2 (n = 235) identifying angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers (ARB) users (weighted kappa κw = 74%; sensitivity = 73%; specificity = 83%); and cluster 3 (n = 121) well discriminating angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) users (κw = 81%; sensitivity = 55%; specificity = 90%). Individuals in clusters 2 and 3 had higher frequency of diabetes as well as higher fasting glucose and BMI levels. Age, sex and kidney function were strong predictors of the RAAS biomarkers independently of the cluster structure.ConclusionsUnsupervised clustering of angiotensin-based biomarkers is a viable technique to identify individuals on specific antihypertensive treatments, pointing to a potential application of the biomarkers as useful clinical diagnostic tools even outside of a controlled clinical setting.

Evaluation of the effects of metformin on antioxidant biomarkers and mineral levels in patients with type II diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and arterial hypertension are considered serious public health problems. Several studies have shown that oxidative stress is usually related to the onset of DM and hypertension, as well their associated complications. Moreover, the levels of some minerals are closely related to the pathophysiology of these diseases. Thus, in this study we aimed to evaluate the effect of metformin on the redox profile and mineral levels in the serum of patients with DM type 2 and hypertension. We also tested the effect of metformin on the viability and redox profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for 24 h. As expected, we found that patients with type 2 DM and hypertension + type 2 DM had higher fasting glucose and triglyceride levels. As groundbreaking research, we found that both patients DM type 2 and Hypertension + DM type 2 had reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. On the other hand, the levels of total thiols (PSH) and vitamin C were increased. There was no statistical significance for the alterations in mineral levels. In addition, metformin treatment had no cytotoxic effect on PBMCs. Similarly, in patients of both groups, MPO activity was reduced and PSH levels were increased in PBMCs. We have shown that metformin is a drug with a protective effect in patients with DM type 2 against oxidative stress by reducing MPO activity and improving the levels of PSH and antioxidant defenders such as vitamin C. The results of in vitro assays support the antioxidant effect of metformin. Furthermore, we suggest studies to assess the biochemical mechanisms of metformin and how it can be used in a pharmacological therapeutic perspective against oxidative damage.

Association between Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Different Age Groups of Adolescents: An Analysis of Data from the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey.

We investigated the association between obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVDRFs) in adolescents. We performed a cross-sectional study using the data from 8149 adolescents, aged 10-18 years, included in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011-2020). Using the body mass index, we defined "overweight" (≥85th to <95th percentile) and "obese" (≥95th percentile). We analyzed the associations between obesity and CVDRFs (high blood pressure, abnormal lipid profiles, and high fasting glucose levels) by sex and age groups (early [10-12 years], middle [13-15 years], and late [16-18 years] adolescence). When analyzing all the subjects, being overweight was correlated with high blood pressure and abnormal all-lipid profiles in boys and high triglyceride and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in girls, while obesity was associated with all CVDRFs in both boys and girls. Analyzing separately in the age subgroups, the correlation between obesity and CVDRFs tended to be shown earlier in boys than in girls, and obesity tended to be associated with CVDRFs earlier than being overweight. The association between obesity and CVDRFs may begin to be shown at different periods of youth, depending on the degree of obesity, CVDRF variables, and sex.

Nut and seed consumption is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome in females but not males: findings from the 2005–2018 NHANES data

PurposeTo assess the association between nut and seed consumption, both combined and separately, and metabolic syndrome and its components, including fasting glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, central obesity, and blood pressure.MethodsThis cross-sectional analysis used data from 22,687 adults (aged ≥ 18 years) involved in seven cycles (2005–2018) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Habitual nut and seed intakes were estimated by the Multiple Source Method using data from two 24-h dietary recalls. Metabolic syndrome was ascertained using biochemical data and self-reported medication use. Sex-specific effect estimates were obtained using logistic and linear regressions adjusting for lifestyle and socioeconomic confounders.ResultsCompared to non-consumers, female, but not male, habitual consumers of either nuts or seeds had lower odds of having metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.83, 95% CI 0.71, 0.97). Both nut intake alone and seed intake alone were inversely associated with high fasting glucose and low HDL-cholesterol in females compared to non-consumers. When restricted to habitual consumers only, the combined intake of nuts and seeds at 6 g/day was associated with the lowest triglycerides and highest HDL-cholesterol in females. Combined consumption of nuts and seeds up to one ounce-equivalent (15 g) per day, but not in higher intake levels, was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome, high fasting glucose, central obesity, and low HDL-cholesterol in females.ConclusionsNut and seed consumption, both separately or combined, below 15 g/day was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome and its component conditions in females but not males.

METABOLIC SYNDROME IN PATIENTS WITH ANDROGENETIC ALOPECIA IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Background: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a hereditary androgen-dependent disorder, characterized by a progressive decline in hair fibre production by scalp hair follicles and their eventual miniaturization. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of inter-related risk factors that increase the risk of coronary artery disease. Despite the high burden of Androgenetic Alopecia and Metabolic Syndrome in India, specific data on the participants are relatively sparse.&#x0D; &#x0D; Methods: A total of 126 patients of androgenetic alopecia (age range 18-55 years; mean age 30.83±10.37 years; 83.3% males) falling in sampling frame were enrolled in the study and were assessed clinically, anthropometrically and biochemically. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed using Joint interim statement of International Diabetes Federation, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, American Heart Association, World Health Federation, International Atherosclerosis Society, and International Association of the Study of Obesity criteria.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results: Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) was 29.4% in 126 cases of Androgenetic Alopecia. The P Value was &lt;0.001 for obesity (52.4%), hypertension (35.7%), low HDL cholesterol (21.4%), hypertriglyceridemia (13.5%) and high fasting glucose (12.7%) respectively. Patients with higher severity grade of AGA had significantly higher prevalence of MetS and its components.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusions: Metabolic Syndrome showed a positive relation with Androgenetic Alopecia. Early screening for Metabolic Syndrome is beneficial in patients with androgenic alopecia to prevent them from developing coronary artery disease.

The Association between Dietary Iron Intake, SNP of the MTNR1B rs10830963, and Glucose Metabolism in Chinese Population.

Type 2 diabetes is associated with both dietary iron intake and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of intronic rs10830963 in melatonin receptor 1B (MTNR1B); however, it is unclear whether they interact. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between dietary iron intake, SNP of rs10830963, and glucose metabolism. Data were obtained from the Shanghai Diet and Health Survey (SDHS) during 2012-2018. Standardized questionnaires were carried out through face-to-face interviews. A 3-day 24 h dietary recall was used to evaluate dietary iron intake. Anthropometric and laboratory measurements were applied. Logistic regression and general line models were used to evaluate the association between dietary iron intake, SNP of the MTNR1B rs10830963, and glucose metabolism. In total, 2951 participants were included in this study. After adjusting for age, sex, region, years of education, physical activity level, intentional physical exercise, smoking status, alcohol use, and total energy, among G allele carriers, dietary iron intake was associated with a risk of elevated fasting glucose, higher fasting glucose, and higher HbA1c, while no significant results were observed among G allele non-carriers. The G allele of intronic rs10830963 in MTNR1B potentially exacerbated unfavorable glucose metabolism with the increasing dietary iron intake, and it was possibly a risk for glucose metabolism homeostasis in the Chinese population.

Morning Serum Cortisol Is Uniquely Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk Independent of Body Composition in Latino Adolescents.

Background: Alterations in morning serum cortisol (MSC) have been associated with higher cardiometabolic risk. This finding has been documented primarily in populations with overweight or obesity; however, it has not been clearly established if obesity plays a requisite role in this relationship. This study seeks to extend earlier findings by examining whether body composition measures alter the relationship between MSC with glucose and insulin markers, blood pressure, and lipid parameters in Latino youth in middle adolescence. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 196 healthy adolescents (130F/66M; mean age: 16.4 ± 0.6 years; 95% Latino; mean body mass index, BMI: 24.3 ± 5.7) from Los Angeles, California. Morning cortisol, glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin, and lipids (triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) were assessed from a fasting blood sample. Sitting systolic and diastolic blood pressure was averaged from duplicate measures. Body composition measures included BMI and waist circumference, which were used as proxies for total body and abdominal adiposity, respectively. Triplicate measurements of weight and height were averaged for calculation of BMI; age- and sex-specific BMI z-score was used to classify into normal BMI or overweight/obese BMI status. Waist circumference was measured in duplicate and the average was used to classify participants into two strata: normal/healthy waist circumference (<90th percentile for age, sex, and ethnicity) and high waist circumference (≥90th percentile). Results: The primary findings were that higher MSC was associated with higher fasting glucose and systolic blood pressure after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI z-score (and/or waist circumference). BMI status or waist circumference status did not alter these relationships. Main Conclusion: Our results suggest that the relationships between hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and certain cardiometabolic risk factors may be independent of adiposity. Future research is warranted to discover the contributors and underlying mechanisms of these relationships in adolescent populations. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02088294.

Association of BMAL1 clock gene polymorphisms with fasting glucose in children

BackgroundThe brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1 (BMAL1) gene is an important circadian clock gene and previous studies have found that certain polymorphisms are associated with type 2 diabetes in adults. However, it remains unknown if such polymorphisms can affect fasting glucose in children and if other factors modify the associations.MethodsA school-based cross-sectional study with 947 Chinese children was conducted. A multivariable linear regression model was used to analyze the association between BMAL1 gene polymorphisms and fasting glucose level.ResultsAfter adjusting for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, and unhealthy diet, GG genotype carriers of BMAL1 rs3789327 had higher fasting glucose than AA/GA genotype carriers (b = 0.101, SE = 0.050, P = 0.045). Adjusting for the same confounders, rs3816358 was shown to be significantly associated with fasting glucose (b = 0.060, SE = 0.028, P = 0.032). Furthermore, a significant interaction between rs3789327 and nutritional status on fasting glucose was identified (Pinteraction = 0.009); rs3789327 was associated with fasting glucose in the overweight/obese subgroup (b = 0.353, SE = 0.126, P = 0.006), but not in non-overweight/non-obese children.ConclusionsBMAL1 polymorphisms were significantly associated with the fasting glucose level in children. Additionally, the observed interaction between nutritional status and BMAL1 supports promoting an optimal BMI in children genetically predisposed to higher glucose level.ImpactPolymorphisms in the essential circadian clock gene BMAL1 were associated with fasting blood glucose levels in children. Additionally, there was a significant interaction between nutritional status and BMAL1 affecting fasting glucose levels.BMAL1 rs3789327 was associated with fasting glucose only in overweight/obese children.This finding could bring novel insights into mechanisms by which nutritional status influences fasting glucose in children.

Egg Intake Is Associated with Lower Risks of Impaired Fasting Glucose and High Blood Pressure in Framingham Offspring Study Adults.

The association between egg consumption and cardiometabolic risk factors such as high blood pressure (HBP) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) is still under debate. This study examines the association between egg consumption and these outcomes among 2349 30-64 year-old adults in the prospective Framingham Offspring Study. Diet was assessed using three-day dietary records. Potential confounders retained in the final models included age, sex, body mass index, and other dietary factors. The analysis of covariance and Cox proportional hazard's models were used to assess the relevant continuous (i.e., FG, SBP, DBP) and categorical (i.e., T2D, HBP) outcomes. Consuming ≥5 eggs per week was associated with lower mean FG (p = 0.0004) and SBP (p = 0.0284) after four years of follow-up. Higher egg intakes led to lower risks of developing IFG or T2D (HR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.51-1.03) and high blood pressure (HBP) (HR: 0.68; 0.50-0.93). The beneficial effects of egg consumption were stronger in combination with other healthy dietary patterns. This study found that regular egg consumption as part of a healthy diet had long-term beneficial effects on blood pressure and glucose metabolism and lowered the long-term risks of high blood pressure and diabetes.