High Effect Sizes Research Articles

Abstract TP92: Feasibility of a Poststroke Without-Fail Care Rate to Assess Rehabilitation and Follow-Up Care

Introduction: Large cohort studies show substantial variability in poststroke care. We developed a guideline-based poststroke without-fail care rate (PWR) to measure rehabilitation and follow-up care quality (Table 1). Our primary aim was to test PWR feasibility to measure guideline-concordant poststroke care among individuals discharged from an urban safety net hospital. Secondarily, we evaluated socioeconomic strain’s (SES) relationship with PWR. Methods: We reviewed electronic medical records of individuals with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) admitted to an urban safety net hospital from July 1 - August 31, 2022. Individuals were given a pass/fail or ineligible for each process. The PWR, calculated per individual, was passes/total number of eligible processes (score 0-1.0). Results: Out of 30 persons with AIS, 20 were eligible for PWR assessment (Table 2). Mean PWR was 0.598 (SD .210, range .273-.900). Most processes were readily available, with no observable floor or ceiling effects. Lowest pass rates were seen in therapy continuance, PCP follow-up, blood pressure control, and exercise. The PWR difference between individuals with SES (M = .443, SD =.135) and without SES (M = .634, SD = .246) lacked statistical significance but demonstrated a high effect size; t(10) = 1.66, p = .064, d = .961. Conclusion: The PWR is a feasible tool to assess quality of poststroke care and may be useful to identify and evaluate interventions to improve equity and quality of poststroke care. The high effect size of SES warrants further examination in a larger sample.

Is Visual Prediction Impaired in Adolescents with Autism spectrum Disorder? Event-Related Potentials in a Cued Visual GO/NOGO Task.

Aim: Deviant visual processing has been observed in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), manifesting as decreased P1 and P2 components of visual event-related potentials (ERPs). Alterations have been attributed to a failure of Bayesian inference, characterized by hypo-activation of top-down predictive abilities. To test this hypothesis, we measured the visual negativity (vN) as an ERP index of visual preparation hypothesized to mirror predictive brain activity. Method: ERPs in a cued visual GO/NOGO task in 63 adolescents with ASD (IQ > 70, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder excluded) were compared with ERPs in a sex- and age-matched group of 60 typically developing (TD) controls. Results: The behavioral variables (omissions, commissions, reaction time, and reaction time variability), as well as ERP components reflecting, among other processes, cognitive control (contingent negative variation, P3 GO, P3 NOGO, N2 NOGO) did not differ between the groups. There were group differences in visually based ERPs. Besides P1 and P2 differences, the vN component differentiated the 2 groups with the highest effect size (d = 0.74).Conclusion: This ERP study lends support to the hypothesis suggesting that a Bayesian hypo-prediction could underlie unique perceptual experiences in individuals with ASD. This could lead to a predisposition to perceive the world with reduced influence and modulation from contextual cues, prior experiences, and pre-existing expectations.

Financial scarcity and cognitive performance: A meta-analysis

Whereas several studies find that financial scarcity has a detrimental impact on cognitive functioning, some studies find no relationship and others even report beneficial effects. To shed light on this issue we conducted a meta-analysis on the relationship between financial scarcity and cognitive functioning. We went beyond testing the direct relationship between these two concepts and looked at potential moderators, namely education, the moment of scarcity, the severity of scarcity, the type of tasks used to assess cognitive functioning, and the type of study. Our findings suggest that scarcity does have a detrimental effect on cognitive functioning. Across 256 effect sizes from 29 datasets involving 111,852 respondents, we found a detrimental total effect of scarcity on cognitive performance of Hedge’s g = -0.43. We then estimated a meta-regression model of the drivers of the effect of scarcity on cognition. Education strongly explained this relationship, reducing the effect size by 60 % (partial effect of scarcity on cognitive performance is Hedge’s g = -0.15, when accounting for education), to a small effect size. The moment and the severity of scarcity also contribute to this relationship, by moderating the effect, such that lifetime and adulthood scarcity have a larger effect than childhood scarcity, and more extreme levels of scarcity lead to higher cognitive dysfunction. The type of task used to assess cognitive functioning did not moderate the effect. And when controlling for education, higher effect sizes were found for non-correlational designs. We discuss these findings and their implications in light of existing research and theories.

The Acute, Combined, and Separate Effects of Cold Hemodialysis and Intradialytic Exercise in Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Disposal.

Hemodialysis (HD) patients suffer from multiple health problems, including severe insulin resistance. Both cold dialysis and intradialytic exercise training could elicit health benefits; however, it is still unknown whether the combination of those two approaches could enhance overall health. The current study aimed to evaluate the separate and combined acute effects of a single session of cold dialysis and intradialytic exercise in parameters related to insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal. Ten HD patients (57.2 ± 14.9 years) participated in the study. Each patient participated in four different scenarios during HD: a) typical dialysis with dialysate temperature at 37°C (TD), b) cold dialysis with dialysate temperature at 35°C, c) typical HD combined with a single exercise bout, d) cold dialysis combined with a single exercise bout. Glucose disposal and insulin resistance were assessed immediately after the end of the HD session. None of the examined parameters significantly differed between the four scenarios ( p > 0.05). However, slight numerical changes and moderate to high effect size ( d : 0.50-0.85) were observed between TD versus cold dialysis and TD versus TD + exercise in glucose and insulin disposal rates. A single session of cold and TD with intradialytic exercise may provide an "acute" time-efficient stimulus for consecutively improving glucose disposal and insulin sensitivity.

The Effects of a Physical Activity Intervention on Adiposity, Physical Fitness and Motor Competence: A School-Based, Non-Randomized Controlled Trial.

This study is a non-randomized controlled trial involving 173 children from Chile. The intervention was based on an ecological model and consisted of a physical activity program with three simultaneous parts, affecting intra- and interpersonal dimensions. The adiposity index, body mass index and waist circumference were measured. For physical fitness, muscle strength in the lower part, speed/agility and cardiorespiratory fitness were measured. Motor competence was assessed using catching, aiming and dynamic and static balance tests. After the intervention, there was no reduction in adiposity indices; in the intervention group, body mass index increased significantly with a high effect size. The intervention group showed significant differences in physical fitness in the components of muscle strength in the lower part (p = 0.000) and speed/agility (p = 0.002). For motor competence, the intervention group showed significant improvements in most components. The multicomponent intervention did not reduce adiposity indices; however, it caused significant improvements in the physical fitness and motor competence components, so it seems prudent to continue implementing it, given the benefits that adequate levels of motor competence and physical fitness bring to children's health, both in the short and long term.

Differential patterns of reproductive and lifestyle risk factors for breast cancer according to birth cohorts among women in China, Japan and Korea.

The birth cohort effect has been suggested to influence the rate of breast cancer incidence and the trends of associated reproductive and lifestyle factors. We conducted a cohort study to determine whether a differential pattern of associations exists between certain factors and breast cancer risk based on birth cohorts. This was a cohort study using pooled data from 12 cohort studies. We analysed associations between reproductive (menarche age, menopause age, parity and age at first delivery) and lifestyle (smoking and alcohol consumption) factors and breast cancer risk. We obtained hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using the Cox proportional hazard regression analysis on the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s and 1950s birth cohorts. Parity was found to lower the risk of breast cancer in the older but not in the younger birth cohort, whereas lifestyle factors showed associations with breast cancer risk only among the participants born in the 1950s. In the younger birth cohort group, the effect size was lower for parous women compared to the other cohort groups (HR [95% CI] 0.86 [0.66-1.13] compared to 0.60 [0.49-0.73], 0.46 [0.38-0.56] and 0.62 [0.51-0.77]). Meanwhile, a higher effect size was found for smoking (1.45 [1.14-1.84] compared to 1.25 [0.99-1.58], 1.06 [0.85-1.32] and 0.86 [0.69-1.08]) and alcohol consumption (1.22 [1.01-1.48] compared to 1.10 [0.90-1.33], 1.15 [0.96-1.38], and 1.07 [0.91-1.26]). We observed different associations of parity, smoking and alcohol consumption with breast cancer risk across various birth cohorts.

Development of early numeracy skills in children with moderate intellectual disability.

This study assessed the effectiveness of a program aimed at improving the early numeracy skills of students with moderate intellectual disability. The persistence of the acquired skills and the program's impact on learning were monitored. Feedback from the students and their mothers was also gathered. Using a multiple-probe design across subjects, the results were visually presented through graphical analysis. Three male students aged 8-9 years participated. After obtaining high-reliability findings from reliability analyses, results showed the program effectively increased students' number skills with a high effect size. These skills persisted post-intervention, and both students and mothers expressed positive views of the intervention.

ASES and UCLA Are Responsive Patient-Reported Outcome Measures After Rotator Cuff Repair: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Multiple patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) have been used to assess shoulder function, but it is unknown which are the most effective. The purpose of this study was to report the multiple PROMs used after rotator cuff repair (RCR) and to compare the responsiveness between them. It was hypothesized that the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff PROM would be the most responsive and commonly used in patients undergoing RCR. Meta-analysis; Level of evidence, 4. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and PRISMA-Searching extension guidelines via PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase (Elsevier), and Web of Science (Clarivate). Patient and study characteristics were extracted. From the studies that met inclusion criteria for responsiveness analysis (≥2 PROMs reported, 1-year minimum follow-up, and pre- and postoperative PROM means and standard deviations reported), the authors compared the responsiveness between PROM instruments using effect size and relative efficiency (RE) if a PROM could be compared with another in ≥10 articles. A total of 252 studies met inclusion criteria (32,072 patients; mean age, 59.6 years; mean body mass index, 28.7; mean follow-up time, 27.8 months). Range of motion was reported in 131 (52%) studies and imaging findings were reported in 123 (49%) studies. There were 67 PROM instruments identified; the most commonly used were the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeon (ASES) (n = 183; 73%), Visual Analog Scale (VAS) (n = 163; 65%), and Constant (n = 118; 47%) scores. The 3 PROMs with the highest effect sizes were the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (2.51), Western Ontario Rotator Cuff (2.42), and ASES (2.00) scores. Overall, UCLA and ASES scores were the most responsive PROMs. The ASES PROM was more responsive than the VAS (RE, 1.70), Constant (RE, 2.76), Simple Shoulder Test (RE, 1.67), and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (RE, 2.14) scores. The UCLA PROM was more responsive than the ASES (RE, 1.03), VAS (RE, 3.66), Constant (RE, 1.72), and Simple Shoulder Test (RE, 1.66) scores. ASES and UCLA scores were the most responsive PROMs after RCR. The authors recommend widespread adoption of ASES and UCLA scores for clinical and research standardization; however, the UCLA PROM requires in-person range of motion and strength testing, which is a practical limitation and barrier to long-term follow-up.

Assessing the efficacy of a resilience training intervention for long-term improvements in well-being and resilience.

This article has two aims: (1) to assess the impacts of a novel training intervention for individual well-being and (2) to measure the trajectory of resilience over the training period dependent on reported significant life events. Using a randomised controlled trial with a diverse German sample with the majority drawn from a student population, we measure the effects of the intervention to provide insight into its impacts and act as a proof of concept for the training. We find that the training intervention boosts resilience and other related well-being measures with a high effect size in comparison with a control group and compared with existing resilience training studies.

Brain connectivity for subtypes of parkinson's disease using structural MRI.

Objective. Delineating Parkinson's disease (PD) into distinct subtypes is a major challenge. Most studies use clinical symptoms to label PD subtypes while our work uses an imaging-based data-mining approach to subtype PD. Our study comprises two major objectives - firstly, subtyping Parkinson's patients based on grey matter information from structural magnetic resonance imaging scans of human brains; secondly, comparative structural brain connectivity analysis of PD subtypes derived from the former step.Approach. Source-based-morphometry decomposition was performed on 131 Parkinson's patients and 78 healthy controls from PPMI dataset, to derive at components (regions) with significance in disease and high effect size. The loading coefficients of significant components were thresholded for arriving at subtypes. Further, regional grey matter maps of subtype-specific subjects were separately parcellated and employed for construction of subtype-specific association matrices using Pearson correlation. These association matrices were binarized using sparsity threshold and leveraged for structural brain connectivity analysis using network metrics.Main results. Two distinct Parkinson's subtypes (namely A and B) were detected employing loadings of two components satisfying the selection criteria, and a third subtype (AB) was detected, common to these two components. Subtype A subjects were highly weighted in inferior, middle and superior frontal gyri while subtype B subjects in inferior, middle and superior temporal gyri. Network metrics analyses through permutation test revealed significant inter-subtype differences (p < 0.05) in clustering coefficient, local efficiency, participation coefficient and betweenness centrality. Moreover, hubs were obtained using betweenness centrality and mean network degree.Significance. MRI-based data-driven subtypes show frontal and temporal lobes playing a key role in PD. Graph theory-driven brain network analyses could untangle subtype-specific differences in structural brain connections showing differential network architecture. Replication of these initial results in other Parkinson's datasets may be explored in future. Clinical Relevance- Investigating structural brain connections in Parkinson's disease may provide subtype-specific treatment.

The Effect of the Internet of Things Integrated Discovery Learning Model on Students Critical Thinking Skills: Meta-analysis

This study aims to determine the effect of the internet of things integrated discovery learning model on students' critical thinking skills. This type of research is meta-analysis research. This research data comes from 12 national and international journals published in 2020-2024. Data tracing through goole scholar, Sage journal, Researchgate and ScienceDirect. The inclusion criteria in this meta-analysis are research derived from national and international journals indexed by SINTA and Scopus, research must be experimental methods and quasi-experiments, research related to the Internet of Things (IoT) integrated discovery learning model on students' critical thinking skills and research reports complete data to calculate effect size values. Data analysis using Microsoft Excel. The results concluded that there is an influence of the IoT integrated discovery learning model on critical thinking skills with a high mean effect size ( ES = 0.915) effect category.

Efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors for metastatic colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability in second or latter line using synthetic control arms: A non-randomised evaluation

PurposeImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) appeared active in single-arm trials for patients with chemoresistant metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) harboring microsatellite instability (MSI). Given the paucity of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in this setting, we evaluated the effect size of ICIs using intra-patients comparison and ARCAD database as historical controls. Patients and methodsIndividual-patient data from NIPICOL and CheckMate 142 phase II trials that evaluated a combination of ICIs for MSI mCRC patients (N = 176) and from five non-ICI mCRC historical RCTs in second-line or latter (N = 4026) were analyzed. Firstly, promising of ICIs was identified using intra-patient comparison based on growth modulation index (GMI) defined the ratio of progression-free survivals (PFS) on ICIs and previous line of therapy. Survival outcomes of ICIs-treated patients were then compared with those matched non-ICIs treated from ARCAD database historical RCTs. ResultsAmong ICIs-treated patients, median PFS on ICIs was 32.66 (range 0.10–74.25) versus 4.07 months (range 0.7–49.87) on prior therapy, resulting on median GMI of 4.97 (range 0.07–59.51; hazard-ratio (HR)= 0.16 (95 %CI=0.11–0.22, P < 0.001)). Compared to matched non-ICI patients, in third-line, median overall survival (OS) was not reached with ICIs versus 3.52 months with placebo (HR=0.20, 95 %CI=0.10–0.41, P < 0.001), and 6.51 months with active drugs (HR=0.30, 95 %CI=0.15–0.60, P = 0.001). In second-line, median OS was not reached with ICIs versus 11.7 months with chemotherapy+placebo (HR=0.12, 95 %CI=0.07–0.22, P < 0.001), and 16.3 months with chemotherapy+targeted therapy (HR=0.10, 95 %CI=0.05–0.19, P < 0.001). ConclusionICIs demonstrates high effect size for MSI mCRC patients in second-line and later. This work might be useful as an example of methodology to avoid RCTs when benefit from experimental therapy is likely to be high.

Application of Meta-Analysis Approach in Determining Talent Management Indicators

Objective: Talent management can be regarded as a tool to assist managers in formulating strategic plans and developing human resources. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effective indicators on talent management through meta-analysis. Methodology: This research is applied in purpose, descriptive in type, and quantitative in nature. The current study aims to quantitatively integrate the results of research conducted in the field of talent management using the CMA2 software (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis). Findings: Searching through various databases, out of 416 articles, 156 articles were selected based on predetermined criteria and examined. The analysis results showed that the highest effect size among the indicators affecting talent management includes alignment and retention of talents (0.595), talent pool (0.577), flexibility in recruitment and retention processes (0.556), organizational policies (0.585), structured talent selection/identification of key roles (0.542), and succession development (0.521). Conclusion: The research results indicate that the effective indicators on talent management include alignment and retention of talents, technological advancements, strategic planning, competition in the job market, merit placement, talent pool, legal and regulatory factors, flexibility in recruitment and retention processes, work-life balance, compensation systems, organizational policies, knowledge management, career development path management, talent development and enhancement, governing management structure, succession development, opportunity creation, organizational culture, needs assessment, structured talent selection/identification of key roles, diversity and inclusion, organizational reputation and credibility, human capital welfare, and work arrangements.

Meta-Analysis of Positive Psychotherapy Interventions for Parents of Children with Special Needs in Iran

Objective: The purpose of this research was to conduct a meta-analysis of positive psychotherapy interventions for parents of children with special needs in Iran. Method: This study determined the effect size of positive psychotherapy interventions for these parents by synthesizing the results of various studies. The data sources included the National Publication Database, the Academic Jihad Science Information Center, and the Noor Specialized Journals Database. Out of 18 studies, 12 met the inclusion criteria and were selected, utilizing a meta-analysis checklist as the research tool. The study was based on 348 samples and 12 effect sizes. Findings: The meta-analysis revealed that the effect size of positive psychotherapy interventions for parents of children with special needs is d = 1.19 (p = 0.05), which is considered high according to Cohen's scale. The highest effect size was reported by Rezaei Kalantari et al. (2019), with a d = 2.31, titled "Effect of positive psychotherapy on perceived stress and life purposes in mothers of children with autism," and the smallest effect sizes were found in the study by Nili et al. (2019), with d = 0.2 and d = 0.23, titled "Effectiveness of positive training on irrational beliefs and happiness in mothers of deaf children." Conclusion: Overall, the results indicate that positive psychotherapy interventions are effective for parents of children with special needs, and researchers can utilize this program to enhance mental health components.

Feasibility and acceptability of FOotpaths foR adolescent MAternal mental HeAlth (FOR MAMA): A co-designed intervention for pregnant adolescents in Malawi.

This study aimed to assess feasibility, acceptability and potential for impact of FOotpaths foR Adolescent MAternal Mental HeAlth (FOR MAMA), a co-designed intervention for pregnant adolescents in Malawi. We used a mixed-methods interventional pre-post cohort design. We recruited pregnant adolescents from a rural health centre in Zomba district, Malawi, all of whom were offered a five-session psychosocial intervention delivered by community healthcare workers. Quantitative feasibility indicators related to participant enrolment, session attendance and intervention completion. Feasibility of intervention delivery was explored using in-depth semi-structured interviews with healthcare workers. Acceptability was investigated through in-depth semi-structured interviews with intervention participants and a service user satisfaction questionnaire. Intervention outcomes were assessed using standardised measures of common mental disorders, financial distress and poor mental health and perceived social support. 19 adolescents aged 15-19 years (mean=17.21, SD=1.18) started the intervention, with 18 (94.7%) completing the programme. Significant improvements (p<0.05) were reported across all outcome measures, with moderate to high pre-post effect sizes. Intervention participants reported high levels of service satisfaction, although healthcare workers (n = 6) reported that some feasibility challenges emerged during recruitment and delivery. The FOR MAMA intervention proved to be an acceptable and feasible psychosocial intervention for pregnant adolescents in Malawi.

A Joint Equivalence and Difference (JED) Test for Practical Use in Controlled Trials

A joint equivalence and difference (JED) test is needed because difference tests and equivalence (more exactly, similarity) tests each provide only a one-sided answer. The concept and underlying theory have appeared numerous times, noted and discussed here, but never in a form usable in workaday statistical applications. This work provides such a form as a straightforward simple test with a step-by-step guide and possible interpretations and formulas. For initial treatment, it restricts attention to a t test of two means. The guide is illustrated by a numerical example from the field of orthopedics. To assess the quality of the JED test, its sensitivity and specificity are examined for test outcomes depending on error risk α, total sample size, sub-sample size ratio, and variability ratio. These results are shown in tables. Interpretations are discussed. It is concluded that the test exhibits high power and effect size and that only quite small samples show any effect on the power or effect size of the JED test by commonly seen values of any of the parameters. Data for the example and computer codes for using the JED test are accessible through links to supplementary material. We recommend that this work be extended to other test forms and multivariate forms.

Polyneuropathy in systemic sclerosis: exploring the causes and biomarkers.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune disease with multiple organ involvement; however, the contribution of the nervous system (NS) remains relatively understudied. There are no specific data on the role of the autoimmune response and inflammation in the development of peripheral nerve system (PNS) damage in SSc and markers to assess this damage have yet to be identified. The primary objective of this study was to define the autoimmune mechanisms that lead to neuropathy by identifying antibodies (Abs) that target certain component of the NS or are associated with SSc. The secondary objective was to identify markers of NS damage that correlate with the detection and progression of polyneuropathy (PNP). This study included patients diagnosed with SSc who met ACR/EULAR 2013 classification criteria at two leading Latvian hospitals between January 2016 and December 2021. Patients underwent a nerve conduction study (NCS). The SSc-associated Abs, Abs against myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and anti-ganglioside Abs (GM1, GM2, GD1a, GD1b and GQ1b) were analysed. Potential serum PNS biomarkers-neurofilament light chain (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15)-were measured. We recruited 103 Caucasian patients diagnosed with SSc. SSc-associated Abs did not differ significantly between patients with and without PNP (p > 0.05). Anti-MAG and anti-ganglioside Abs in patients with PNP did not present a significant increase above the reference range. NfL, GFAP and GDF15 were significantly elevated in the presence of PNP (p < 0.05), with a moderate to high effect size (r = 0.36-0.65). Our regression analysis revealed a strong association between the HAQ-DI score, older age, male gender and the risk of developing PNP. The development of PNP in patients with SSc is most likely due to ageing, natural progression and the sequelae of the disease. Several serum biomarkers-NfL, GFAP and GDF15-could be used as relevant diagnostic biomarkers for PNP in patients with SSc. Future studies are warranted to validate the diagnostic efficacy of these biomarkers and to unravel the complex interplay of factors leading to PNP in patients with SSc.

Is Education Level a Modulation Factor of Cognitive Abilities in Older Individuals?

Purpose: Similar to bilingualism, musical abilities, socio-economic status, and physical activities; education level also plays a contributing factor to cognitive reserve in an individual. Literature suggests that educational level and years of schooling enhance cognitive development and also show a correlation with better Intelligence Quotient. It is important to consider the level of education and its relationship with cognitive abilities particularly assessed on standardized cognitive tests which were not considered in earlier research.Methods: The present study recruited 25 native Kannada speakers aged 50 to 70 years and divided them into two groups based on level of education (lower education and higher education group). All the participants were assessed on Cognitive Linguistic Assessment Protocol (CLAP)-Kannada (Kamath &amp; Prema, 2001). The performance scores were tabulated and analyzed across all the domains of the test.Results: Descriptive statistics highlighted that the higher education group had greater overall scores and also across the domains compared to their counterparts. Inferential statistics utilizing the Mann-Whitney U test found a significant difference between the two groups on overall performance and also across the domains with high effect size. Both groups performed poorly in the organization domain, attributed to task demands that need a greater level of processing skills.Conclusions: The current study highlights that higher education levels influence better cognitive function and that this effect persists with age as compared to the lower education levels group indicating higher educational levels can help an individual to resist the effects of the aging process on cognitive function decline.

국내 무용동작치료 효과에 대한 메타분석

This study conducted a meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of dance movement therapy programs in South Korea. We selected 58 studies from 2005 to January 2022 that met specific criteria, such as degree theses and pre-post experimental design. The overall effect size, calculated using a random-effects model, was found to be substantial at 1.43. We found that the programs targeting males and older adults had the highest effect size, those explicitly incorporating a theoretical approach showed better results, and there were no significant differences based on dependent variables. Additionally, programs with 16 to 20 participants, 10 to 14 sessions, and session durations of 60 to 90 minutes demonstrated the most significant effect sizes. This research provides valuable insights into the development and operation of dance movement therapy programs in South Korea.

중학교 인성교육 프로그램의 효과 메타분석

Objectives The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the effect size by systematically analyzing studies that have verified the effects of character education programs in middle school.&#x0D; Methods To this end, papers were searched and selected step by step according to the PICOS selection criteria from February to April 2023. The years were from 2016 to 2022, which were published after previous research, and a final meta-analysis was conducted on 22 dissertations and journal papers published in Korea that met the criteria, with an effect size of 129. The research tools used for descriptive statistics were Excel, R 4.3.0, and R studio.&#x0D; Results The overall effect size of the middle school personality education program was medium-sized and had a significant educational effect. When classified according to type, the non-subject education program showed a relatively higher effect size than the subject education program, but there was no significant difference. By moderating variable, it was analyzed that the effect size was relatively high when the number of people in the group was small, with 1 to 10 sessions for each session, 40 to 60 minutes for each hour, and fewer people in the group.&#x0D; Conclusions The significance of this study is that it conducted a meta-analysis of studies that verified the effect of a character education program targeting middle school students experiencing rapid change on character development in middle school students. In addition, at a time when the Character Education Promotion Act was enacted and various programs were being developed according to the comprehensive promotion plan, the difference from existing studies was that the effects were compared and analyzed by distinguishing whether the type of character education program was a non-curricular education program or a subject education program. There is. In addition, it is meaningful in that it provided basic information for the development of middle school character education programs based on the results of the analysis of each control variable. Based on the research results, directions and limitations for future research were presented.&#x0D;