Higher Concentrations Of Salicylic Acid Research Articles

Farklı Sıcaklık Dereceleri, Tuz ve Salisilik Asit Uygulamalarının Fasulye (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Tohumlarında Çimlenme Üzerine Etkisi

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different degrees of temperature, salt and salicylic acid applications on seed germination of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Study conducted under laboratory conditions. Four different temperatures (10, 15, 20 and 250C), six different doses of salicylic acid (SA) (0.0 (control), 0.1, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00mM) and five different concentration of salt (NaCl) (0.0, 50, 100 150 and 200mM) were used in this study. Also, in this study were investigated effects of SA on seed germination of bean under salt stress. As a result of research, it was determinate that of seeds germination percentage decreased with low temperature, high salt and high SA concentrations. The best germination was determined at 20C and low doses SA application (0,25mM) has increased the rate of germination. SA application was increased in the rate of germination of seed under low and high temperatures and salt conditions. This situation may due to the effectiveness of salicylic acid from the systemic acquired resistance

The Long-Sought-After Salicylic Acid Receptors

The Long-Sought-After Salicylic Acid Receptors

Postharvest application of salicylic acid enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity and maintained quality of peach cv. ‘Flordaking’ fruit during storage

Peach fruit has become very popular among stone fruits in Pakistan with increasing production. The main area of peach production in Pakistan is Swat, in the northern part of the country. Significant fruit losses occur during harvest temporary storing, and transport to market. Objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of salicylic acid (SA) at different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0mmolL−1) on postharvest life of peach fruit (cv. ‘Flordaking’). Fruits were treated with SA immediately after harvest and stored at 0°C for 5 weeks. Generally, all of the SA concentrations gave a higher activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) during five weeks of storage. The 2.0mmol SA concentrations showed the highest activity for enzymatic antioxidants. The fruit browning enzyme polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity decreased in SA treated fruits. SA treated fruits exhibited higher radical scavenging activity (RSA) than control fruits. The SA 2.0mmol concentration resulted in increased fruit weight, firmness, and decreased juice pH. The higher concentration of SA (2.0mmol) proved to be the most effective in keeping peach fruit quality intact along with maintained skin color and delayed fruit surface decay during storage. Conclusively amongst all treatments SA 2.0mmol application exhibited maximum antioxidants enzymatic activities, minimum weight loss, stored firmness and decreased pH during storage period.

Effects of salicylic acid on seedling growth and nitrogen use efficiency in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

Salicylic acid (SA) is involved in the regulation of metabolic activity and acts as a defense mechanism in plants under various stress conditions. This study was conducted to determine the effects of SA (10–500 µM) on seedling growth, development, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants with and without nitrogen nutrient. SA increased the contents of chlorophyll, total non-structural carbohydrate, and total nitrogen, as well as nitrate assimilation through the induction of nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1) activity in isolated cucumber cotyledons. Accumulation of SA was twice as high in cotyledons without nitrate supply as in those with nitrate supply. The germination percentage, root length, shoot length, and dry mass of cucumbers increased significantly in response to 50 µM SA. Higher concentrations of SA were, however, found to inhibit these physiological activities. The present results show that optimal physiological concentrations of SA (50 µM) are required to increase NUE in field applications, particularly during germination and seedling growth.

Effects of salicylic acid on monoterpene production and antioxidant systems in Houttuynia cordata

Salicylic acid (SA) plays important roles in plant defense responses. However, little is available about its effects on monoterpene responses. Therefore, monoterpene contents and antioxidant systems were measured three days after foliar application of SA with different concentrations in Houttuynia cordata . SA at low concentrations (≤ 1 mM) suitably enhanced the efficiency of antioxidant system, however, at high concentrations (10 and/or 100 mM), a strong accumulation of peroxidase, catalase and malondialdehyde suggested the induction of oxidative stress. High concentrations of SA resulted in a marked accumulation of total monoterpenes, which might be attributed to the oxidative burst. A significant increase in total monoterpene contents was also observed at 0.01 mM SA, which might be favorable for the induction of monoterpenes because of less oxidative damage to the plants. Total monoterpene contents showed a decline in the treatments of 0.1 and 1 mM SA. However, not all of monoterpene individuals were significantly induced and/or suppressed in the corresponding treatments. This implied that different monoterpenes might be differentially mediated at different concentrations of SA. Key words : Houttuynia cordata , monoterpenes, oxidative stress, salicylic acid.

Regulation of stomatal movement and photosynthetic activity in guard cells of tomato abaxial epidermal peels by salicylic acid.

Salicylic acid (SA), a signalling molecule in plant-pathogen interactions induces stomatal closure in intact leaves and it has a direct control over stomatal movement by increasing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in guard cells (GC). Stomatal closure on the abaxial epidermal peels of tomato leaves was induced at 10-7 and 10-3M SA but stomata remained open at 10-4M. At concentrations that reduced stomatal aperture, the ROS and NO levels were raised. The accumulation of ROS and NO could be prevented by specific scavengers, which were effective inhibitors of the SA-induced stomatal closure. In contrast with other plant species, the guard cells (GCs) of tomato did not show a long-lasting accumulation of ROS in the presence of 10-4M SA and their NO content decreased to below the control level, leading to stomatal opening. Increasing SA concentrations resulted in a significant decrease in the maximum and effective quantum yields of PSII photochemistry and in the photochemical quenching parameter of GCs. In the presence of 10-7 and 10-4M SA, the chloroplasts of GCs sustained a higher electron transport rate than in the presence of 10-3M, suggesting that the SA-induced inhibition of GC photosynthesis may affect stomatal closure at high SA concentrations.

Salicylic acid induces stomatal closure by modulating endogenous hormone levels in cucumber cotyledons

Salicylic acid (SA) is one of the most important signaling molecules in plant growth and defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, the effect of exogenous SA on the stomatal movements was investigated in cotyledons of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings. Application of different SA concentrations could induce the reduction in stomatal aperture and conductance, especially at a concentration of 0.5 mM. Using the isolated epidermal strips, stomata were found to close notably in response to exogenous SA, even at a concentration as low as 0.001 mM. Further study showed that a SA-induced decrease in the stomatal aperture was intensified by the higher SA concentrations, longer exposure, and lower pH of the medium. In addition, to understand the relationship between stomatal closure and endogenous hormone contents, the levels of ABA, IAA, and gibberellin (GA3) were assayed under SA treatment. SA significantly increased endogenous ABA but not IAA and GA3 content. A significant negative correlation (p ≤ 0.01) was observed between stomatal conductance and the ratio of ABA to (GA3 + IAA) during SA application. It was suggested that exogenous SA could change the balance of endogenous hormones and thereby induce stomatal closure in cotyledons of cucumber seedlings.

Effect of Salicylic Acid Treatment on Postharvest Quality, Antioxidant Activities, and Free Polyamines of Asparagus

The effects of salicylic acid (SA) on the quality and antioxidant activity of asparagus stored at 18 ± 2 °C were investigated by analyzing the color, chlorophyll, shear force, and the activity of antioxidant compounds such as ascorbic acid, phenolics, flavonoids, 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and polyamines (PAs). The results showed that SA improved the color and maintained the chlorophyll, phenolic, flavonoid, and ascorbic acid content of asparagus. High concentrations of SA caused a deterioration in asparagus would harm to color and had no effect on shear force within 6 d. SA induced the maximum concentration of phenolics in postharvest asparagus, promoted the increase in total flavonoids before 6 to 9 d, affected the antioxidant activity positively as indicated by the resultant increase in FRAP concentration; however, SA was only active with regard to DPPH scavenging activity within 6 d of treatment. Spermidine (Spd) is the most common form of PA in asparagus, and free putrescine (Put) contents increased over the first 3 d following harvest and then decreased. Spd and Spm concentrations evolved in a similar way and decreased during storage. Higher Spd and Spm contents in the SA pre-treatment Put was inhabited and its peaks appeared later.

Changes in growth, pigment content and antioxidants in the root and leaf tissues of wheat plants under the influence of exogenous salicylic acid

The effect of various concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) on the growth, pigment content and the activity of antioxidants was investigated in the laboratory grown wheat plants. The root and shoot growth was affected at higher concentration of SA in early days of growth. The activities of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaicol-specific peroxidase (POX) declined with the application of SA (50, 500 and 1000 µM), the decrease being more pronounced with the increase in SA concentrations both in the root and leaf tissues. On the other hand superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased with the application of SA. At low concentrations, SA has no effect on the activities of these enzymes in vitro. Salicylic acid at higher concentrations (5- and 10 mM) though inhibited CAT activity, the activities of APX and POX remain unchanged. High concentration of SA increased the level of H2O2 and malondialdehyde both in root and leaf tissues. Thus, SA though has been reported to be a signal molecule for inducing various physiological and morphological attributes in plants, this study indicated the negative effect of the compound on growth and the activity of major enzymatic antioxidants.

Erratum

New PhytologistVolume 189, Issue 2 p. 644-644 Free Access Erratum This article corrects the following: Salicylic acid promotes seed germination under high salinity by modulating antioxidant activity in Arabidopsis Sangmin Lee, Sang-Gyu Kim, Chung-Mo Park, Volume 188Issue 2New Phytologist pages: 626-637 First Published online: July 20, 2010 First published: 08 November 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03561.xAboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat New Phytologist 188 (2010), 626–637. Since its publication, the authors of Lee et al. (2010) have brought to our attention that there is an error in Fig. 2 in their paper. In the key of Fig. 2(c), the descriptor of the open squares incorrectly states Salt 150 mM + SA 10 μM. This should read Salt 150 mM + SA 100 μM. The correct Fig. 2 is printed below. Figure 2Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Salicylic acid (SA) promotes germination under high salinity. Germination assays were carried out as described in Fig. 1. Bars indicate standard error of the mean. The statistical significance of differences between the measurements was determined by a Student t-test (*P < 0.01). h, hours after cold imbibition. (a) Effects of NaCl on germination of Columbia (Col-0) seeds. Seeds were cold-imbibed and germinated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) agar plates supplemented with various concentrations of NaCl. All the concentrations of NaCl examined significantly delayed germination at 36 h after cold imbibition. (b) Effects of high concentrations of SA on germination of Col-0 seeds under high salinity. Seeds were cold-imbibed and germinated on MS agar plates supplemented with 150 mM NaCl (calculated water potential (ψw) −0.83 MPa; Verslues et al., 2006) and various concentrations (100 μM to 1 mM) of SA. (c) Effects of low concentrations of SA on germination of Col-0 seeds under high salinity. SA at a concentration of 1 or 10 μM significantly promoted germination. We apologize to our readers for this mistake. Reference Lee S, Kim S-G, Park C-M. 2010. Salicylic acid promotes seed germination under high salinity by modulating antioxidant activity in Arabidopsis. New Phytologist 188: 626– 637. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Volume189, Issue2January 2011Pages 644-644 FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation

Effect of salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate on antioxidant systems of Haematococcus pluvialis

The influence of phytohormones, salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) on the antioxidant systems in Haematococcuspluvialis was investigated. Both SA and MJ at 500 μM concentration reduced the growth of alga with salicylic acid, having more pronounced effect. Carotenoid and chlorophyll contents were decreased by SA and increased by MJ. Salicylic acid (100 μM) increased astaxanthin content to 6.8-fold under low light (30 μmol m−2 s−1), while MJ (10 μM) showed marginal increase in astaxanthin. Salicylic acid (500 μM) increased superoxide dismutase activity to 4.5- and 3.3-fold and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity to 15.5- and 7.1-fold under low and high light, respectively. Methyl jasmonate increased catalase activity (1.4-fold) under high light and APX activity (5.4-fold) under low light. Different mechanism of oxidative stress induced antioxidant production may be the plausible reason for this varied response for salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate. Higher concentrations of SA and MJ inhibited astaxanthin accumulation by different mechanisms either by scavenging the free radicals or by increasing primary carotenoids production. At lower concentrations, these phytohormones could be used for elicitation of secondary carotenoid production.

Original Contribution: Three clinical studies showing the anti‐aging benefits of sodium salicylate in human skin

SummaryBackground Anti‐aging effects of high concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) peels are commonly known. Like all acids, SA can produce somatosensory and visible irritation to the skin and as such may be unsuitable for subjects with sensitive skin.Aims To provide evidence that sodium salicylate (SS) obtained from neutralization of 1% SA by sodium hydroxide can deliver significant anti‐aging benefits.Methods The effects of SS were examined using three approaches: (1) evaluating its effects on stimulating the synthesis of fibrillin and collagen‐1 in vivo; (2) examining its efficacy by using Fast Optical in vivo Topometry (FOITS) in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical study; (3) determining its effects on both expert and naïve grader assessement of wrinkles in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study.Results In the first study SS produced significant increases of the fibrillin and collagen‐1 anti‐aging biomarkers compared with the untreated skin control. A commercially available retinol cream delivered similar effects to SS. In the second study using FOITS we showed that the SS formulation significantly reduced wrinkle depth (Rz) and skin roughness (Ra) after 4 and 8 weeks of daily application vs. placebo (Rz: −8.2 ± 1.40% and −11.4 ± 1.07%; Ra: −7.8 ± 1.33% and −11.9 ± 0.61%; P &lt; 0.01). In the third study reductions in wrinkle depth were observed by expert assessment at both 4 and 8 weeks for the SS‐containing formulation compared to its placebo (P &lt; 0.05). Equally, non‐expert graders recorded the SS formulation superior to its placebo.Conclusion Although the mechanism of action is not completely understood, we believe the benefits of SS are derived from its intrinsic stratum corneum exfoliation effects. All three studies demonstrate the significant anti‐aging effects of SS that are especially suitable for subjects with sensitive skin.

Alteration in phosphate uptake potential of wheat plants co-cultivated with salicylic acid

The phosphate uptake potential was significantly stimulated with low concentration of salicylic acid (SA). In one of the wheat cultivars ( Triticum aestivum Var. Sonalika), 50 μM SA stimulated phosphate (PO 4 3−) uptake. At higher concentrations of SA (500 and 1000 μM), the rate of uptake was reduced. These findings underscore the light and dose-dependent biphasic action of SA: a low 50 μM stimulated, and high concentrations 500 and 1000 μM inhibited, PO 4 3− uptake.

The dual effects of salicylic acid on dehydrin accumulation in water-stressed barley seedlings

Dehydrins are a group of plant proteins that usually accumulate in response to environmental stresses. They are proposed to play specific protective roles in plant cells. Present study showed that the accumulation of dehydrins in water-stressed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings was influenced by their treatment with salicylic acid (SA). The level of dehydrin proteins was increased by 0.20 mM SA, but decreased by 0.50 mM SA treatment. Both mRNA expression and protein accumulation of a typical barley dehydrin, DHN5, were enhanced by SA treatment when SA concentrations were lower than 0.25 mM. However, the higher SA concentrations significantly decreased the protein level of DHN5 despite of a stable mRNA level. Our results also showed that low SA concentrations (less than 0.25 mM) decreased the electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 contents in water-stressed barley seedlings. But high SA concentrations (more than 0.25 mM) enhanced H2O2 accumulation, tended to cause more electrolyte leakage, and increase MDA content. These data indicated that SA could up-regulate the dehydrin gene expression and protein accumulation. Since the protective role of dehydrins in plant cells, such effect could be an important reason for the SA-mediated alleviation on water stress injury. But excessive SA could suppress the accumulation of dehydrin proteins and aggravate the oxidative damage.

Concentration-dependent effect of salicylic acid application on wheat seedling resistance to take-all fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici

Application of 0.1 and 0.2 mM salicylic acid (SA) significantly reduced take-all disease caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) and increased the root and shoot lengths and biomass, whereas 0.5 and 1 mM SA had no significant effect. The effective SA concentrations also increased the activities of soluble peroxidase (SPOX) and cell-wall-bound peroxidase (CWPOX) and the concentration of total phenolic compounds. SPOX activity was highest at days 4 and 3 in healthy roots and those inoculated with Ggt, respectively, and that of CWPOX at day 6 in both healthy and inoculated roots. The concentration of phenolic compound was also highest at day 3 in both healthy roots and those inoculated with Ggt. The results indicate that the protective effect of SA depends on certain concentrations which increase peroxidase activity and phenolic compounds accumulation in the wheat roots; higher SA concentrations did not differ from the controls.

Effects of long-term salicylic acid pre-treatment on tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. L.) salt stress tolerance: Changes in glutathione S-transferase activities and anthocyanin contents

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of salicylic acid (SA) pre-treatment on the salt stress acclimation of tomato plants ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. L. cv. Rio Fuego). The antioxidant defence and detoxifying capacity of the tissues were analysed by measuring the accumulation of soluble, non-enzymatic antioxidants (anthocyanins) and the activities of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) at low (10 −7 M) and high (10 −4 M) SA concentrations in plants exposed to 100 mM NaCl. GSTs are a diverse group of enzymes that catalyse the detoxification of xenobiotics and other toxic organic compounds, and anthocyanins are among the few endogenous substrates that bind to GSTs and are sequestered to the vacuole. It was found that 10 −4 M SA pre-treatment improved the acclimation of tomato to high salinity. SA pre-treatments increased the accumulation of anthocyanins both in the presence and absence of 100 mM NaCl. The extractable GST activity of tissues increased under salt stress in young leaves and roots of the control and in plants pre-treated with 10 −4 M SA, while the extractable GST activity in these organs was reduced by 10 −7 M SA. It is suggested that elevated GST activity is a prerequisite for successful acclimation to high salinity in tomato plants pre-treated with SA, but it may also be a symptom of tissue senescence.

Effect of pre‐harvest salicylic acid spray treatment on post‐harvest antioxidant in the pulp and peel of ‘Cara cara’ navel orange (Citrus sinenisis L. Osbeck)

AbstractBACKGROUND: Exogenous salicylic acid (SA) pretreatment could change the antioxidant system and maintain the nutritional value of fruits and vegetables, which have a higher ability to withstand oxidation injuries. However, the relationship between a pre‐harvest SA spray and post‐harvest antioxidant compounds in fruit remains unknown.RESULTS: The post‐harvest behaviour of antioxidant compounds in ‘Cara cara’ navel orange (Citrus sinenisis L. Osbeck) fruit was investigated in relation to the pre‐harvest SA applications. Pre‐harvest SA treatment significantly increased the content of carotenoids (lycopene and α‐carotene), ascorbic acid, glutathione, total phenolics, and total flavonoids in the pulp and peel during storage. Furthermore, the values of these antioxidant compounds were high in the fruit treated with high SA concentrations (1.0 and 2.0 mmol L−1). High antioxidant activity was also observed in the SA pre‐harvest treated fruit when compared with the control. The positive relationships were found between the antioxidant activity and the content of these active compounds.CONCLUSION: These results indicated that SA could maintain fruit antioxidant activity and nutrition which was shown by the increase in content of antioxidant compounds and suggested that pre‐harvest treatment with SA promised a novel technology, which was a substitute for the perplexing programme control of post‐harvest nutrition in fruit. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry

Percutaneous Penetration, Melanin Activation and Toxicity Evaluation of a Phytotherapic Formulation for Vitiligo Therapeutic

The aim of this work was to apply photoacoustic spectroscopy for the ex vivo determination of the penetration rate of a phytotherapic formulation for vitiligo therapeutic, with or without salicylic acid as the promoter agent. In addition, the compound toxicity and morphophysiology effects were evaluated for different concentrations of salicylic acid. The experiments were performed as a function of the period of time of treatment in a well-controlled group of rabbits. Toxic effects were not observed with any of the tested products. All formulations containing salicylic acid induced cutaneous reaction which was dose dependent. The histological analysis showed that the use of the medication was associated with an increased comedogenic effect in relation to the control group, regardless of salicylic acid concentration. Inflammatory reactions and acanthosis were observed only in the animals treated with formulations containing higher concentrations of salicylic acid, while none of these effects were detected with the use of the formulation containing 2.5% (wt/vol) of salicylic acid. Photoacoustic depth monitoring showed that both formulations, with or without salicylic acid, propagated through the skin up to the melanocytes region, suggesting that the transport of the active agent may occur through the epithelial structure without the need of using queratinolitic substances, which are known to induce side effects in the animals.

The maize alternative oxidase 1a (Aox1a) gene is regulated by signals related to oxidative stress

We isolated and characterized the expression of Aox1a, a member of the maize alternative oxidase (Aox) small multigene family. Aox1a consists of four exons interrupted by three introns and its promoter harbors diverse stress-specific putative regulatory motifs pointing to complex regulation and response to multiple signals. Responses of Aox1a to such signals were examined and compared with those of maize glutathione S-transferase I (GstI), a typical oxidative stress inducible gene. Potassium cyanide (KCN) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced a rapid increase of the Aox1a and GstI transcripts, which was persisted in prolonged treatment at high H2O2 concentration only for Aox1a. High concentration of salicylic acid (SA) and salicyl hydroxamic acid (SHAM) induced Aox1a mRNA only after prolonged exposure, while GstI displayed an early strong induction, which declined thereafter. Nitric oxide (NO) induced a high increase of Aox1a after prolonged exposure at high concentration, while GstI displayed a weak response. Our results show that multiple signaling pathways, involved in stress responses, also participate and differentially regulate Aox1a and GstI in maize. A ROS-depended signaling event may be involved, suggesting an essential role of Aox1a under oxidative stress in maize.

Growth, metabolic profiling and enzymes activities of Catharanthus roseus seedlings treated with plant growth regulators

The effect of different growth regulators on growth and the production of terpenoid indole alkaloids as well as some enzymes involved in the biosynthesis were studied in Catharanthus roseus seedlings. The seedlings were grown on MS solid medium containing different concentrations of each growth regulator for a period of one month. Extracted alkaloids were analyzed by HPLC for determination of terpenoid indole alkaloid quantities. Continuous availability of growth regulators induced different alkaloids with variable effects among the regulators. Gibberellic acid at concentration of either 5.8 μM or 11.6 μM resulted in elongation of shoots with lowering the number of leaves. Abscisic acid has a retardant effect on growth. Ethylene did not effect the growth pattern at concentration of 100 μM but seedlings were not tolerant to higher concentrations. Methyljasmonate reduced the growth of the root system. Methyljasmonate was a general inducer for all alkaloids and increased the activity of strictosidine glucosidase. Ethylene applications promoted the pathways towards ajmalicine, serpentine, tabersonine and vindoline. Similar effect as for ethylene was observed for abscisic acid. Salicylic acid treatment increased the production of serpentine, tabersonine and higher concentration of salicylic acid induced vindoline accumulation. Peroxidase activity was also induced by salicylic acid. Gibberellic acid has little effect on alkaloid levels.