High Accumulation Of Ca Research Articles

Biomass Production and Nutrient Accumulation by Natural Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Wild. Ex A. Juss.) Müell. Arg. Clones in a Humid Tropical Area in South India

Natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Wild. Ex A. Juss.) Müell. Arg. is an important commodity crop grown in world over for industrial raw material rubber latex for various products, mainly tyre manufacturing. Hevea propagation is through clones evolved by breeding as cultivars with desired characters. This article presented the biomass and nutrient accumulation of four important Hevea clones viz. RRII 105, RRII 118, RRII 203 and GT1 at 30 years age. Biomass and nutrient concentration of tree components viz. trunk, branches, leaf and root were assessed by uprooting the trees in the field and standing trees using allometric equation. Among the different clones, RRII 118 and GT1 recorded higher biomass compared to RRII 105 and RRII 203. Above-ground biomass (88-93 per cent) varied more than below-ground biomass (7-11 per cent). The high yielding clones had higher leaf and root biomass. Drought tolerant and timber clones viz. RRII 118 and RRII 203 recorded higher K and high yielding clone RRII 105 had higher Ca accumulation. Biomass removal of these clones may lead to deficiency of K and Ca in soil and hence needs the external supplements. The relation of high Ca content and leaf disease of fungal origin is promising for further studies. The higher accumulation of iron and manganese indicated the tolerance of Hevea to these elements and possibility of phytoremediation. The per cent contribution of nutrients to total biomass varied less between clones and was below 3 percent at the age of 30 years and this is evidence of adjustments in proportions of nutrients in Hevea irrespective of clonal variations.

Calcium content and its correlated distribution with skin browning spot in bagged Huangguan pear.

Skin browning spot (SBS) is an important physiology disorder that often occurs in bagged fruit at the mature stage in the Huangguan (Pyrus bretschneideri × Pyrus pyrifolia) pear. Using atomic absorption spectrometry, X-ray microanalysis, and the potassium-pyroantimonate precipitation method, the water-soluble and total Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and K(+) contents, their microdistribution, and the Ca(2+) localization were investigated in bagged Huangguan pear fruit in the presence and absence of SBS. Our results show that the water-soluble and total Ca(2+) contents in both the skin and flesh tissue and the total Ca(2+) content only in the skin tissue of the fruits with SBS were significantly lower compared to those of the fruits without SBS. However, a higher K(+) content in the skin tissue was found in the fruits with SBS. There were no significant differences in the water-soluble and total Mg(2+) contents in the skin and flesh tissue between the fruits with and without SBS. In addition, the results of the X-ray microanalysis were consistent with changes in the total Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and K(+) contents in the skin and flesh tissue of the pear fruit that were affected by SBS. Compared to the skin tissue of pear fruit without SBS and the healthy part near the lesion zone of SBS, the lesion zone of SBS exhibited a high accumulation of Ca(2+) grains in the cell membrane of the epidermis cells, while fewer Ca(2+) grains were found in the vacuoles and cell walls. Altogether, these results indicate that Ca(2+) deficiency and the cellular Ca(2+) distribution in skin tissue contributed to the occurrence of SBS in bagged Huangguan pear fruit.

Macro- and microelement distribution in organs of Glyceria maxima and biomonitoring applications

The content of nutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and of trace metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co and Ni) in water, bottom sediments and various organs of Glyceria maxima from 19 study sites selected in the Jeziorka River was determined. In general, the concentrations of nutrients recorded in the plant material decreased in the following order: leaf>root>rhizome>stem, while the concentrations of the trace elements showed the following accumulation scheme: root>rhizome>leaf>stem. The bioaccumulation and transfer factors for nutrients were significantly higher than for trace metals. G. maxima from agricultural fields was characterised by the highest P and K concentrations in leaves, and plants from forested land contained high Zn and Ni amounts. However, the manna grass from small localities showed high accumulation of Ca, Mg and Mn. Positive significant correlations between Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Co and Ni concentrations in water or sediments and their concentrations in plant indicate that G. maxima may be employed as a biomonitor of trace element contamination. Moreover, a high degree of similarity was noted between self-organizing feature map (SOFM)-grouped sites of comparable quantities of elements in the water and sediments and sites where G. maxima had a corresponding content of the same elements in its leaves. Therefore, SOFM could be recommended in analysing ecological conditions of the environment from the perspective of nutrients and trace element content in different plant species and their surroundings.

Laboratory-scale Experiment and Model Calculation on the Washout Mechanism of Asian Dust Particles

In this study, an investigation was conducted to assess the washout mechanism of Asian dust particles through both laboratory-scale experiment and model calculation. To artificially simulate Asian dust particle, CaCO₃ particles were generated inside an experimental chamber. They were then scavenged by the artificial rain drops. The abundant CaCO₃ particles scavenged on a rain drop were successively identified by SEM observation. The concentrations of Ca in residual CaCO₃ particles on individual droplet were quantified by PIXE analysis. There was a tendency toward a high accumulation of Ca on a relatively small drop (e.g., .1.0 mm diameter). It is thus suggested that smaller rain drops can effectively scavenge a significant amount of Asian dust particles in ambient atmosphere. The numerical estimation can account for 92.1% and 83.2% of Ca that were measured in small (.1.0 mm diameter) and large (.2.0 mm diameter) size drops, respectively.

Seasonal Uptake and Partitioning of Macronutrients in Mature ‘Concord’ Grape

Understanding how grape (Vitis L.) vines store nutrients in permanent tissues, how much nutrient vines take up from the soil, and how nutrients are partitioned and redistributed throughout the plant is critical to the development of sound nutrient management practices. This study investigated the seasonal patterns of macronutrient uptake and redistribution in whole ‘Concord’ grape (Vitis labruscana Bailey) vines. The study was conducted in a 42-year-old own-rooted ‘Concord’ vineyard. The site was a furrow-irrigated fine sandy loam. In 2006 and 2007, four vines were excavated at winter pruning, budbreak, three- to four-leaf stage, bloom, veraison, harvest, and postharvest. Each vine was separated into different organs, dried, and weighed to determine biomass, and then ground and analyzed for C, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. The results showed that the seasonal dynamics of nutrient contents shared a consistent pattern: translocation of nutrients from woody tissues to actively growing organs at the beginning of the season; nutrient uptake from bloom to veraison (P and Mg in 2006), bloom to harvest (N, P, K, and Ca), or veraison to harvest (P and Mg in 2007); and nutrient movement to woody tissues occurring after veraison until leaf fall with no further nutrient uptake. There was a very high accumulation of Ca in permanent structures of the vine, reflecting the high Ca and CaCO3 found in the soils of the region. As a result, the vines had a higher Ca content than all other nutrients throughout the growing season, which is different from findings in other growing areas.

High Accumulation of Calcium and Phosphorus in the Pineal Bodies with Aging

To elucidate compositional changes of the pineal body with aging, the authors investigated age-related changes of elements in the pineal body. After the ordinary dissection by medical students was finished, the pineal bodies and seven arteries were resected from the subjects ranging in age from 58 to 94 years. The element contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. It was found that a high accumulation of Ca and P occurred in the pineal bodies with aging. Regarding the relationships among the elements, it was found that there were significant direct correlations among the contents of Ca, P, and Mg. With regard to the relationships between the pineal body and the arteries, no significant correlations were found in the Ca content between the pineal body and the arteries, such as the thoracic and abdominal aortas and the coronary, common carotid, pulmonary, splenic, and common iliac arteries.

Earlier Accumulation of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium in the Coronary Artery in Comparison with the Ascending Aorta, Aortic Valve, and Mitral Valve

To explore reasons for a high accumulation of Ca and P occurring in the coronary artery of Thai with aging, the authors investigated age-related changes of elements in the coronary artery, ascending aorta near the heart, and cardiac valves in single individuals, and the relationships in the elements between the coronary artery and either the ascending aorta or cardiac valves. After an ordinary dissection by medical students at Chiang Mai University was finished, the anterior descending arteries of the left coronary artery, ascending aortas, mitral valves, and aortic valves were resected from the subjects. The subjects consisted of 17 men and 9 women, ranging in age from 46 to 76 yr. The element content was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. The average content of Ca and P was the highest in the coronary artery and decreased in the order aortic valve, ascending aorta, and mitral valve. The Ca, P, and Mg content increased in the coronary artery in the fifties and in the ascending aorta, aortic valve, and mitral valve in the sixties. It should be noted that the accumulation of Ca, P, and Mg occurred earlier in the coronary artery than in the ascending aorta, aortic valve, and mitral valve. It was found that with respect to the Ca, P, Mg, and Na contents, the coronary artery correlated well with both the aortic valve and ascending aorta, especially with the aortic valve, but it did not correlate with the mitral valves. This finding suggests that the accumulation of Ca, P, Mg, and Na occurs in the coronary artery together with the aortic valve and ascending aorta, but not together with the mitral valve. Because regarding the accumulation of Ca, P, and Mg, the ascending aorta and aortic valve are preceded by the coronary artery, it is unlikely that the accumulation of Ca, P, and Mg spreads from the ascending aorta or aortic valve to the coronary artery.

Characterization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) F3 populations selected for salt resistance. I. Physiological behaviour during vegetative growth

Plants belonging to a somaclonal family (R3-1-23, obtained from a salt-resistant callus of the salt-sensitive cultivar I Kong Pao (IKP, salt-sensitive)) were crossed with this intital cultivar IKP or with plants of the elite breeding line IR31785 (IR31, extremely salt-sensitive). Two other crosses were also performed: IR31 × IKP and IKP × Aiwu, where Aiwu is a moderatly salt-resistant cultivar. The physiological behaviour of F3 populations was analysed after 21 and 42 days of exposure to 0 or 30 mM NaCl and compared to the behaviour of plants selected within parental populations. A clear improvement in terms of survival percentages was demonstrated for plants issued from IR31 × 1-23 and IR31 × IKP. These F3 populations exhibited lower Na accumulation in shoots, higher Ca accumulation in roots, higher ratios of shoot P/root P than the parents after 42 days of salt exposure. Salt stress induced a decrease of shoot K, an increase of shoot Cl and proline and a decrease of osmotic potential in all populations. Correlation analysis indicated that no physiological parameter recorded in the absence of salt stress may be used as a reliable selection marker to predict the plant behaviour in salt stress conditions. K/Na ratio recorded in the stressed plants was significantly correlated with surviving percentages recorded after 90 days of salt stress, suggesting that this physiological parameter in stress conditions appears to be the most reliable selection criterion for salt resistance in rice.

Calcium modifies Cd effect on runner bean plants

The effect of different Ca concentrations in the growth medium on the toxicity of 25 μM CdSO 4 was studied in runner bean plants (var. Piękny Jaś) at two different growth stages of primary leaves. In young plants growing in a medium with low level of Ca a treatment with Cd for 12 days resulted in Ca accumulation in roots, a strong reduction of the leaf area, a decreased monogalactosyl diacylglycerol/digalactosyl diacylglycerol ratio and efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus. In leaves of older plants growing under the same conditions, and surviving Cd treatment, a high accumulation of Ca but a low one of Cd, chlorosis of leaves, a decrease of the ratio monogalactosyl diacylglycerol/digalactosyl diacylglycerol and photosynthetic activity were shown. At a high level of Ca in the nutrient medium plant roots showed a remarkably high specificity to accumulate Cd but the toxic effect of the metal on plant growth parameters and content of pigments was decreased. No changes were observed in the level of galactolipids, but changes in fluorescence quenching were recorded. Calcium deficit enhanced the effect of Cd toxicity, including primary photochemistry, whereas excess Ca reduced toxic effects, while it is increasing the nonphotochemical quenching of excitation energy.

Occurrence of blossom‐end rot in tomato as a function of calcium dose in the nutrient solution and air relative humidity

The effects of different calcium (Ca) concentrations in the nutrient solution and of air relative humidity (RH) on the Ca levels and on the incidence of blossom‐end rot in tomato fruit cv. Jumbo were studied. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse under hydroponic conditions using a modified Hoagland solution containing different Ca concentrations (0.2, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 mm L‐1) which represented the different treatments. The trial was conducted in a fully randomized design with three replications, with Ca doses representing the plots and environments with high and low RH the subplots. The fruits of the second and third clusters were used, with two fruits per cluster, one maintained at high (90±5%) and the other at low (40±5%) RH. The fruits were picked after full ripening. A greater Ca accumulation was observed in fruits submitted to low RH with this accumulation occurring at all Ca levels in the solution. In the treatment with 100 mg Ca L‐1, the plants died and did not reach fructification. The fruits of plants treated with 100 mg Ca L‐1 and submitted to low RH had blossom‐end rot although their Ca levels were higher than those detected in the fruits of this treatment submitted to high RH. At this Ca dose, the seeds were small, malformed, and black. Our results show that fruit kept at low RH had higher Ca accumulation although the excessive water loss from tissues may lead to blossom‐end rot when low Ca doses are supplied to the plants.

中樞興奮藥並びに麻痺藥の中樞神経系統各部に於けるCa量に及ぼす影響

The author has examined the effects of central stimulants and depressants on the concentration of calcium in the various parts of the central nervous system of guinea-pigs and has found that Ca is conspicuously concentrated in the mesand the diencephalon at the time of excitation or sleep induced by the medicaments. This high accumulation of Ca is proportional to the degree of excitation or sleep and returns gradually to normalcy along with the recession of such states.