High Amounts Of Lipids Research Articles

Abstract 5133: Lipids and suppressive functions of MDSC in cancer

Abstract Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) play an important role in the regulation of anti-tumor responses and their presence in cancer patients correlates with a poor prognosis. MDSC contribute to the failure of cancer therapies and favor tumor progression and metastasis. However, despite the recent advances in understanding the biology of MDSC, the mechanisms driving their expansion and suppressive function are not yet well defined. Polymorphonuclear, PMN-MDSC is by far the largest population of MDSC. Here, we found that PMN-MDSC from tumor bearing mice and from cancer patients have higher amount of lipids than their counterpart (neutrophils) in tumor free mice and healthy donors, respectively. The content of lipids in PMN-MDSC was much higher in MDSC infiltrating the tumor, and the accumulation of lipids in PMN-MDSC was caused by the uptake of extracellular lipids. Lipid profile of PMN-MDSC demonstrated accumulation of oxidized fatty acids as part of triglycerides and phospholipids. We demonstrated that fatty acids accumulated by PMN-MDSC are oxidized by myeloperoxidase (MPO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by Nox2. Genetic ablation of MPO or ROS in MDSC results in a drastic reduction of lipid oxidation and in an impaired ability of MDSC to suppress CD8 T cell responses. In line with these findings, unsaturated fatty acids, highly susceptible to oxidation, favor the expansion of highly suppressive MDSC from hematopoietic progenitors in vitro, contrary to non-oxidizable saturated fatty acids. Together, our data suggest that MDSC have increased ability to pick up lipids from the microenvironment and to oxidize them via their potent oxidative machinery. In turn oxygenated lipids contribute to the suppressive activity of MDSC. In conclusion, the regulation of the oxidation of lipids in MDSC could be an attractive therapeutic strategy in cancer. Citation Format: Filippo Veglia, Vladimir A. Tyurin, Valerian E. Kagan, Dmitry Gabrilovich. Lipids and suppressive functions of MDSC in cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5133.

Synergistic effect of co-culture of microalga and actinomycete in diluted chicken manure digestate for lipid production

Microalgae have high potential as organisms that can be used for biodiesel production because they can accumulate high amounts of lipids in a similar manner to oleaginous plants. However, the economic feasibility of their lipid production is still in question. Possible methods of improving that feasibility involve a reduction in cultivation costs using effluents along with an increase in lipid production by co-cultivation with plant growth-supporting microorganisms. Previous studies have found that actinomycetes possess a potential as plant growth-promoters. Thus, this research study is aimed at investigating the effects of the co-cultivation of actinomycetes with microalgae on growth and lipid production in diluted chicken manure digestate. In this study, over 190 actinomycetes were screened for their ability to grow in the digestate, as well as for their plant growth promoting abilities. The actinomycete, Nocardia bhagyanarayanae I-27, could promote chlorophyll a, biomass and lipid contents in a co-culture with green microalga Tetradesmus obliquus AARL G022 in 25% diluted digestate. Microalgal major fatty acid methyl esters are a suitable substrate for biodiesel production. In addition, the essential Ω3 fatty acids, including α-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, also increased in volume. Thus, the co-cultivation of plant growth promoting actinomycetes with microalgae in wastewater could be an alternative strategy used to increase biomass and lipid production.

Sugarcane bagasse as a novel carbon source for heterotrophic cultivation of oleaginous microalga Schizochytrium sp.

Oleaginous microalgae are known as promising oil producers, which accumulate high amount of lipids from various carbon substrates. This study first investigated sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate as a cheap carbon source for the production of biomass and lipid by Schizochytrium sp. The sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with alkali followed by phosphoric acid to remove lignin and enhance xylose production, respectively. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated sugarcane bagasse by cellulase was subsequently optimized. A maximum glucose yield of 95.77% was obtained at an enzyme loading of 0.3 mL/g with a hydrolysis reaction time of 48 h. The sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate containing glucose and xylose was subsequently used as a substrate for cultivating Schizochytrium sp. Results showed that sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate performed better than refined glucose for cell growth and lipid accumulation. The maximum biomass (10.45 g/L) and lipid content (45.15%) were achieved by growing Schizochytrium sp. in a medium containing 40 g/L glucose in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate for 72 h. Sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate also resulted in higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid and docosahexaenoic acid than did refined glucose. This study suggests that sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate is a low-cost and effective carbon source for microalgal biomass and lipid production.

Beyond the protein corona – lipids matter for biological response of nanocarriers

The interaction of nanocarriers with blood plasma components influences the biological response, and therefore, it needs to be controlled. Whereas protein adsorption to nanocarriers has been investigated to a large extent, the role of lipid interaction for drug delivery and its biological effect is not yet clear. However, lipids represent an important constituent of blood plasma and are usually bound in the form of lipoproteins. Because already for many nanocarrier systems an enrichment of apolipoproteins in their protein corona was reported, we examine the interaction of lipoproteins with nanocarriers. If interaction occurs in terms of lipoprotein adsorption, two scenarios are possible: adsorption of intact lipoprotein complexes or disintegration of the complexes with adsorption of the single components. To investigate the interaction and clarify which scenario occurs, polymeric model nanoparticles and different lipoprotein types have been studied by isothermal titration calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy, and other methods. Our data indicate that upon contact with polymeric nanoparticles, disintegration of lipoproteins and adsorption of lipids occurs. Further, the effect of lipoprotein adsorption on cell uptake has been examined, and a major effect of the lipoproteins has been found. Statement of SignificanceIt is now well accepted that nanomaterials developed as diagnostic or therapeutic carrier systems need to be well characterized in terms of biological responses inside an organism. Many studies have already shown that proteins adsorb to the surface of a nanomaterial and create a new interface that define the identity of the material. However, the presence of other surface-active components of the blood plasma and how they interact with nanomaterials has been much less investigated. Thus, this study aims at providing a significant contribution to understanding the interaction mechanism between lipoproteins and nanomaterials. Since lipoproteins transport a high amount of lipids, which are surface-active molecules, the demonstrated interactions can go as far as complete lipoprotein disintegration.

High quality diet improves lipid metabolic profile and breeding performance in the blue-footed booby, a long-lived seabird.

Understanding the role of diet in the physiological condition of adults during reproduction and hence its effect on reproductive performance is fundamental to understand reproductive strategies in long-lived animals. In birds, little is known about the influence of the quality of food consumed at the beginning of the reproductive period and its short-term effects on reproductive performance. To assess the role of diet in the physiological condition of female blue-footed booby, Sula nebouxii (BFBO), during reproduction we evaluated whether individual differences in diet (assessed by using δ13C and δ15N values of whole blood from female birds and muscle tissue of the principal prey species) prior to egg laying and during incubation influenced their lipid metabolic profile (measured as triglyceride levels and C:N ratio) and their reproductive performance (defined by laying date, clutch size and hatching success). Females with higher δ15N values in their blood during the courtship and incubation periods had a higher lipid metabolic profile, earlier laying date, greater clutch size (2–3 eggs) and higher hatching success. Females that laid earlier and more eggs (2–3 eggs) consumed more Pacific anchoveta (Cetengraulis mysticetus) and Pacific thread herring (Opisthonema libertate) than did other females. These two prey species also had high amounts of lipids (C:N ratio) and caloric content (Kcal/g fresh weight). The quality of food consumed by females at the beginning of reproduction affected their physiological condition, as well as their short-term reproductive performance. Our work emphasizes the importance of determining the influence of food quality during reproduction to understand the reproductive decisions and consequences in long-lived animals.

Recent Trends in Biodiesel and Biogas Production.

Biodiesel and biogas are two very important sources of renewable energy worldwide, and particularly in the EU countries. While biodiesel is almost exclusively used as transportation fuel, biogas is mostly used for production of electricity and heat. The application of more sophisticated purification techniques in production of pure biomethane from biogas allows its delivery to natural gas grid and its subsequent use as transportation fuel. While biogas is produced mostly from waste materials (landfills, manure, sludge from wastewater treatment, agricultural waste), biodiesel in the EU is mostly produced from rapeseed or other oil crops that are used as food, which raises the 'food or fuel' concerns. To mitigate this problem, considerable efforts have been made to use non-food feedstock for biodiesel production. These include all kinds of waste oils and fats, but recently more attention has been devoted to production of microbial oils by cultivation of microorganisms that are able to accumulate high amounts of lipids in their biomass. Promising candidates for microbial lipid production can be found among different strains of filamentous fungi, yeast, bacteria and microalgae. Feedstocks of interest are agricultural waste rich in carbohydrates as well as different lignocellulosic raw materials where some technical issues have to be resolved. In this work, recovery and purification of biodiesel and biogas are also considered.

Fatty acid profile and fuel-derived physico-chemical properties of biodiesel obtained from an indigenous green microalga, Desmodesmus sp. (I-AU1), as potential source of renewable lipid and high quality biodiesel

Organic sources of biodiesel such as microalgae are considered as potential renewable energy resources. These organisms are considered as sunlight-driven cellular factories that convert carbon dioxide to high amounts of lipids that can be used for biofuel production. This paper describes the possibility of using Desmodesmus sp. (I-AU1) for biodiesel production by evaluating its fatty acid profile distribution pattern and estimating the fuel-derived physical and chemical properties from fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) obtained from the trans-esterified microalgal oil. Growth rate, oil content, biomass, and lipid productivity of the algal strain have been investigated under nitrogen-starved (0.375 g L−1 NaNO3 in BG 11 medium) autotrophic condition for 22 days. Maximum average biomass yield of Desmodesmus sp. (I-AU1) is 0.745 g L−1 having 36.14% lipid content per dry weight of biomass, with a specific growth rate of 0.20 day−1. Fatty acid profiling of the biodiesel obtained from Desmodesmus sp. (I-AU1) contained total saturated fatty acid (SAFA) methyl esters of 31.02%, while the total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (C18:1) is 25.64%. Percentage composition of SAFA and MUFA for the microalga was 56.66%, which is high compared to that of most of related studies. Fuel properties were determined by empirical equations and were found to be within the limits of biodiesel standards ASTM D6751 (American) and EN 14214 (European). The quality properties of the biodiesel were low density (0.88 g cm−3), low kinematic viscosity (2.81 mm2 s−1), cetane number (43.47), oxidation stability (5.96 h), and cold filter plugging point (−7.41 °C). Hence, Desmodesmus sp. (I-AU1) has potential as a feedstock for the production of quality biodiesel.

Insights into the Enhanced Lipid Production Characteristics of a Fresh Water Microalga under High Salinity Conditions

Bioprospecting of microalgae capable of growing and accumulating high amounts of lipids in high salinity conditions such as seawater can substantially improve the economic vaibaility of algal biodiesel production. In view of this, a fresh water microalga, Scenedesmus sp. IITRIND2, was cultivated under saline conditions to assess its halotolerant behavior and potential as biodiesel feedstock. The microalga efficiently adapted to 100% seawater salinity, enhanced its lipid content by 52%, thus yielded ∼3.2 fold higher lipid productivity as compared to the Bold’s basal media (BBM). The increase in the lipid content was balanced by a sharp decrease in its protein and carbohydrate content. Biochemical analysis evidenced that salinity induced oxidative stress resulted in reduced levels of photosynthetic pigments, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (H2O2, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), osmolytes (proline, glycine betaine), and activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase). Th...

BIOACCUMULATION AND METABOLIC EFFECTS OF ZINC ON MARINE ROCK OYSTER, CRASSOSTREA CATTUCKENSIS

The Indian rock oysters, Crassostrea cattuckensis (80-90 mm shell length) were exposed to sub lethal levels of zinc for 15 days and 30 days for metal accumulation and next 15 days for metal depuration. The oysters, which served as experimental control after 15 days showed high amount of lipid (mg/100 mg) in hepatopancreas ( 3.32) followed by gills (3.20), mantle (3.08), gonad (2.90), adductor muscle (2.78) and siphon (2.11). During 15 days metal exposed oysters to (0.65) and (0.94) ppm concentrations there was changes observed in different body parts when compared to experimental control. The decreased rate upon 15 days in (0.65 ppm) concentrations was in mantle (2.96), than gill (2.22), hepatopancreas (1.72), gonad (1.59), siphon (1.51) and adductor muscle (1.50). While in (0.94 ppm) the protein was decreased in adductor muscle (2.51), gonad (1.61), siphon (1.44), gill (1.42) and it increased in mantle (3.90) and hepatopancreas (3.34) when it was compared to experimental control. Whereas upon 30 days exposure the lipid content increased among body parts in both concentration except the gills (1.35), gonads (1.97) and hepatopancreas (1.66) in higher concentration when compared with experimental control. The lipid increased in (0.65 ppm) from gonad (2.29), hepatopancreas (2.25), adductor muscle (2.22), gills (2.20), mantle (2.14) and siphon (1.44). While in (0.94 ppm) lipid increase trend was from mantle (4.27), adductor muscle (2.46) and siphon (1.42) and decreased from gonad (1.97), hepatopancreas (1.66) and gills (1.35) when compared with 30 days experimental control. During detoxification process the lipid content was increased in both concentrations except gill (2.11) in low and adductor muscle (0.99), siphon (0.74) in high concentrations when compared with respective concentrations of 15 days exposed oysters. The increase rate in low concentration was from mantle (4.32) than from adductor muscles (4.12), gonad (3.60), hepatopancreas (2.46) and siphon (1.05). In high concentration it was more in hepatopancreas (4.93) than gonad (4.42), gills (4.08) and mantle (4.01).

Biochemical composition of some Egyptian seaweeds with potent nutritive and antioxidant properties

The present study investigated the biochemical composition of three seaweeds; Ulva fasciata (Chlorophyta), Sargassum linifolium (Phaeophyta) and Corallina officinalis (Rhodophyta). Total chlorophyll content was maximum in U. fasciata (34.06mg/g dry wt.) while carotenoid content was the highest in C. officinalis (3.8 mg/g dry wt.). The uppermost level of carbohydrates was (27.98% of dry wt.) in C. officinalis and proteins were maximum (14.89%) in S. linifolium. Aspartic, glutamic, alanine, leucine and proline were common amino acids in the three tested species. The polyunsaturated ω6 and ω3 essential fatty acids were recorded in S. linifolium (3.28%) and in U. fasciata (3.18%). The results showed that U. fasciata contained the highest amounts of lipids (2.96%), phenols (11.95mgGA/g dry wt.), flavonoid (7.04 mgCA/g dry wt.) and ascorbic acid (4.11mg/100g), respectively. β-Carotene was maximum (3940.12 IU/100 g) in C. officinalis. DPPH antioxidant activities were the highest in U. fasciata (81.3%) followed by S. linifolium (79.8%) then C. officinalis (72.6%). Among the 12 analyzed minerals, most of them were high in S. linifolium in which ion quotient ratio was the smallest (0.343). Since these algal species are common in the Egyptian coastal waters, their biochemical composition and antioxidant activities made them promising candidates for nutritional, pharmaceutical and medicinal applications.

Systematic development of a two-stage fed-batch process for lipid accumulation in Rhodotorula glutinis

The application of oleaginous yeast cells as feed supplement, for instance in aqua culture, can be a meaningful alternative for fish meal and oil additives. Therefore, a two-stage fed-batch process split into growth and lipogenesis phase was systematically developed to enrich the oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula glutinis Rh-00301 with high amounts of lipids at industrial relevant biomasses. Thereby, the different carbon sources glucose, sucrose and glycerol were investigated concerning their abilities to serve as a suited raw material for growth and/or lipid accumulation. With the background of economic efficiency C/N ratios of 40, 50 and 70 were investigated as well. It became apparent that glycerol is an improper carbon source most likely because of the passive diffusion of this compound caused by absence of active transporters. The opposite was observed for sucrose, which is the main carbon source in molasses. Finally, an industrially applicable process was successfully established that ensures biomasses of 106±2gL−1 combined with an attractive lipid content of 63±6% and a high lipid-substrate yield (YL/S) of 0.18±0.02gg−1 in a short period of time (84h). Furthermore, during these studies a non-negligible formation of the by-product glycerol was detected. This characteristic of R. glutinis is discussed related to other oleaginous yeasts, where glycerol formation is absent. Nevertheless, due to modifications in the feeding procedure, the formation of glycerol could have been reduced but not avoided.

Development of solid SEDDS, VI: Effect of precoating of Neusilin® US2 with PVP on drug release from adsorbed self-emulsifying lipid-based formulations

Adsorption of lipid-based formulations, which are usually liquid, onto silicas has been extensively investigated in the past decade to convert them into solid dosage forms. There are conflicting reports on the ability of commercially available porous silicas, like Neusilin® US2, to release lipid formulations completely, especially after long-term storage. In this study, the release of a model drug, probucol, from different formulations of medium chain lipids and a surfactant, Kolliphor EL (Cremophor EL) or polysorbate 80, were studied after adsorbing them onto Neusilin® US2. Complete drug release (>80%) was obtained from all formulations on Day 1; however, the extent of drug release decreased progressively with time. The decrease was dependent on the relative hydrophilicity of the formulations. The maximum decrease (<10% drug released on day 60) was seen from formulations containing the highest amount of lipid (70% in the SEDDS preconcentrate) and lowest decrease was seen in formulations containing the drug dissolved in the neat surfactant only (ca. 65% drug released on day 60). Precoating Neusilin® US2 with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), by treating the silicate with an alcoholic solution of PVP and then drying, eliminated or minimized the decrease in drug release upon storage, possibly by blocking the mesoporous region of the silicate and improving hydration and allowing emulsification of the formulations within the larger pores. Formulations containing PVP K-90 precoated on Neusilin® US2 exhibited complete drug release (>80%) even after 6months of storage.

Comparison of the biochemical composition of different Arthrospira platensis strains from Algeria, Chad and the USA

Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) is a widely known microalga with nutritional and therapeutic applications due to its richness in nutrients and bioactive elements. The aim of this research was to characterize the phytochemical and nutritional compounds of five different Spirulina strains from the USA, Chad and Algeria. Concentrations of carbohydrates and fats, fatty acid profile, and the total proteins were determined through biochemical and chromatographic methods. The concentration of phytochemical compounds was determined by using UV–Vis spectrophotometry. The Spirulina from the USA had the highest amounts of lipids, proteins, phycocyanin and chlorophyll a content compared to the others strains tested. The strains from Algeria had the highest amount of carotenoids (5.50 mg/g) among the strains investigated. In all the strains, the main fatty acid compound was the palmitic acid (16:0) with the highest concentration of 71.15% in the Spirulina from Chad. All the Spirulina strains tested contained high quantities of ω-6-fatty acids (avg. 24%) except in the Spirulina strain from Chad, which had only 10.59%. All the Spirulina strains investigated were rich in polyphenols with the highest value of 67.52 mg GAE/g in the strains from Algeria. The Spirulina from the USA has more potential to be used in the nutraceutical and a functional food area since it is very rich in bioactive compounds.

Influence of dietary protein/lipid ratio on growth performance and body composition of Aspikutum, a new hybrid of Leuciscus aspius ♀ × Rutilus frisii ♂ (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

A 3×2 factorial experiment with six trial diets containing three protein levels (30, 35 and 40%) and two lipid levels (10 and 15%) was conducted to investigate the optimum dietary protein to lipid ratio of Aspikutum, Leuciscus aspius ♀ × Rutilus frisii ♂. In this experiment, 252 fish (31.22±0.38g; mean±SE) were stocked in 18 tanks with the volume of 400L and were fed 3 times daily for 60 days. The results indicated that growth performance and feed conversion ratio was significantly affected by protein content of the diet, so that these parameters increased significantly with increasing protein level from 30% to 35%, and then decreased in 40%. Protein efficiency ratio and hepatosomatic index decreased with increasing dietary protein level. Lipid efficiency ratio decreased with increasing dietary lipid level. Lipid content of carcass was decreased with increasing the dietary protein, so that the highest amount of lipid was observed in fish fed by 30% protein and 15% lipid. Also, body moisture of fish fed by 40% protein and 15% lipid was higher than those of other treatments. In general, the results indicated that diet containing 35% protein and 15% lipid is suitable for the optimum growth and feed utilization of Aspikutum in juvenile stage.

Isolation of Mature Adipocytes from White Adipose Tissue and Gene Expression Studies by Real-Time Quantitative RT-PCR.

The study of adipose tissue and more specifically of adipocytes is considered pivotal for dissecting molecular mechanisms responsible for alterations in several organs and systems, including adipose tissue, not only in obesity but also in other diseases (hypertension, heart failure). Adipose tissue is a complex tissue composed of adipocytes and the stromal vascular fraction which includes a heterogeneous population of preadipocytes, blood cells, endothelial cells, and macrophages. In the present chapter, methods are detailed to generate purified mature adipocytes from white adipose tissue by using enzymatic digestion. Such methods should help laboratories to study the specific roles of adipocytes in different pathologies and are easily adaptable to different animal models. Moreover, as gene activity is controlled at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, it is very important to determine the levels of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) of genes of interest. This process involves the isolation of total RNA and subsequent analysis of the mRNA of interest by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Given the unique nature of adipose tissue and adipocytes (i.e., containing high amounts of lipid), we have set up a special RNA isolation technique in both white adipose tissue and isolated mature adipocytes from mice. In summary, isolation and culture of adipocytes in vivo and gene expression studies will help to understand the mechanisms that control adipocyte function in physiological and pathological states and may lead to design interventions that might affect the adipocyte birth-death balance or phenotype.

Using Odd-Alkanes as a Carbon Source to Increase the Content of Nutritionally Important Fatty Acids in Candida krusei, Trichosporon cutaneum, and Yarrowia lipolytica.

We investigated the possibility of utilizing unusual carbon sources by three yeast strains: Candida krusei DBM 2136, Trichosporon cutaneum CCY 30-5-10, and Yarrowia lipolytica CCY 30-26-36. These strains are characterized by high biomass yield, ability to accumulate high amounts of lipids, and their potential as producers of dietetically important fatty acids. The aim of this work was the production of nutritionally important fatty acids by utilization of n-alkanes with an odd number of carbon atoms, alone and in combination with glucose and subsequent analysis of microbial lipids accumulation and fatty acid profile. All three yeast strains were able to grow and produce high amounts of the fatty acids of interest. Yarrowia lipolytica was found as the most suitable strain for the growth on n-alkanes (n-pentadecane and n-heptadecane) as the only source of carbon. The addition of biosurfactants rhamnolipids into the cultivation increased the ratio of heptadecenoic acid (up to 17.9% of total FAs in Y. lipolytica CCY 30-26-36, 14.9% in T. cutaneum CCY 30-5-10, and 17.5% in C. krusei DBM 2136) and the total biomass yield. The results show that, by manipulation of the initial cultivation conditions, the ratio of important fatty acids may be increased.

Assessing the effect of traditional hulled wheat processing on bioactive compounds retention

Glume removal is the preliminary operation to make hulled wheats suitable to human consumption. Traditionally glumes are separated from kernels by means of stone mills, simultaneously causing kernel crushing, a loss of kernel parts and associated phytochemicals. The aim of this study was to compare bioactive compound retention of hulled wheat products obtained by traditional processing still used in Turkey and Armenia, with a more update plant located in Italy.On-plant samplings were carried out in two einkorn wheat bulgur processing plants in Turkey, and one emmer wheat processing plant, in Armenia and Italy. Whole and crushed kernels sampled at different processing stages were analysed for their phytochemical compound content. For the Italian plant, also the pearling process was considered.Whole kernels showed higher contents of lipid and phytochemical compounds than the correspondent processed fractions, with special respect for tocopherols and phytosterols. Carotenoid content was mainly affected by genotype.Pearling had a lower effect on the content of phytochemicals; however the correspondent waste fraction showed very high amounts of lipids and other compounds.All the plants showed similar retention of phytochemicals upon processing, with higher losses occurring in smaller kernel crushed fractions, mainly because of the loss of the germ.

Sub-toxic Ethanol Exposure Modulates Gene Expression and Enzyme Activity of Antioxidant Systems to Provide Neuroprotection in Hippocampal HT22 Cells.

Ethanol is known to cause severe systemic damage often explained as secondary to oxidative stress. Brain is particularly vulnerable to ethanol-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) because the high amounts of lipids, and because nerve cell membranes contain high amounts of peroxidable fatty acids. Usually these effects of ethanol are associated to high and/or chronic exposure to ethanol. However, as we show in this manuscript, a low and acute dose of ethanol trigger a completely different response in hippocampal cells. Thus, we have observed that 0.1% ethanol exposure to HT22 cells, a murine hippocampal-derived cell line, increases the transcriptional expression of different genes belonging to the classical, glutathione/glutaredoxin and thioredoxin/peroxiredoxin antioxidant systems, these including Sod1, Sod2, Gpx1, Gclc, and Txnrd1. Paralleling these changes, enzyme activities of total superoxide dismutase (tSOD), catalase, total glutathione peroxidase (tGPx), glutathione-S-reductase (GSR), and total thioredoxin reductase (tTXNRD), were all increased, while the generation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as indicators of lipid peroxidation, and glutathione levels remained unaltered. Ethanol exposure did not affect cell viability or cell growing as assessed by real-time cell culture monitoring, indicating that low ethanol doses are not deleterious for hippocampal cells, but rather prevented glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. In summary, we conclude that sub-toxic exposure to ethanol may well be neuroprotective against oxidative insults in hippocampal cells.

발광다이오드를 이용한 광파장에 따른 Chlorella vulgaris의 생장과 지방산 생산에 미치는 효과

Microalgae are considered as superior biodiesel producers, because they could effectively produce high amount of lipid with fast growth rate. In this study, Chlorella vulgaris was exposed to various light wavelengths (<TEX>${\lambda}_{max}$</TEX> 470 nm, <TEX>${\lambda}_{max}$</TEX> 525 nm, and <TEX>${\lambda}_{max}$</TEX> 660 nm) using light emitting diodes (LEDs) to examine effect of light quality on their growth and fatty acid production in 0.4-L bubble column photobioreactors. Fluorescent lamps were also used as polychromatic light sources (control). From the results, biomass productivity was varied by light wavelength from 0.05 g/L/day to 0.30 g/L/day. Maximum biomass productivity was obtained from red LED among tested ones. We also observed that contents of oleic acid and linolenic acid, which affect biodiesel properties, were significantly changed depending on supplied wavelength. These results indicated that production of algal biomass, and fatty acid content and productivity could be improved or controlled by supplying specific light wavelength.

Effect of Different Saw Dust Substrates on the Nutritional Composition of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus florida) and its Applications in Human Health

This study evaluated the effects of various sawdust substrates, namely Ficus carica (Fig tree, T2), Albizia saman (Rain Tree, T3), Swietenia mahagoni (Mahogany tree, T4), Leucaena leucocephala (Ipil ipil tree, T5), Eucalyptus oblique (Indian gum tree, T6) and mixture of mentioned five trees sawdust (T1) supplemented with 30% wheat bran and 1% lime on the mineral content and nutritional composition analyses of Plurotus florida mushroom. The highest amount of carbohydrate (43.68mg/100g), dry matter (9.87%), nitrogen (4.43%), potassium (1.39%), magnesium (19.96mg/100g) and iron (44.69mg/100g) were obtained from T4 sawdust substrate. The highest amount of phosphorous (0.89%) was obtained from T1 substrate. The highest amount of lipid (4.21%), protein (27.68%), ash (13.67%), moisture (90.27%) and molybdenum (9.76mg/100g) were obtained from T2 sawdust substrate. The lowest amount of lipid (3.42%) was found for T6 substrate. The highest amount of crude fiber (19.78%), calcium (33.35mg/100g) and selenium (9.10 mg/100g) were obtained from T5 substrate. The highest amount of cobalt (21.07mg/100g) and zinc (30.26mg/100g) were obtained from T3 sawdust substrate. Thus, they could be an excellent source of many different nutraceuticals and might be used directly in human diet to promote health for the synergistic effects of all the bioactive compounds present. The study proved beneficial for effective management of agricultural wastes as well as production of nutraceutical effective fruiting bodies for balanced diet.Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 14(2): 215-223, 2015 (December)