High Work Experience Research Articles

Strategies for Developing Work Experiences for Youth With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

High school work experience is a predictor of postsecondary employment success for youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). Developing integrated work experiences often requires schools to partner with local businesses; yet, secondary special education transition teams may not have prior experience or preparation in this type of transition work. Drawing on supported employment research, this article provides transition specialists and secondary special educators with practical strategies for identifying and engaging with potential local business partners and creating networking opportunities that build effective relationships.

Role of Gram Panchayat members in village development

The study on role of Gram Panchayat members in village development was undertaken in Amravati Panchayat Samiti in the Amravati district of Maharashtra state. In Maharashtra Gram means village. The 80 Gram Panchayat member were selected by simple random sampling method from 9 villages in Amravati Panchayat Samiti. The data were collected by personal interview method with the help of interview schedule. Careful analysis, tabulation and classification of the data were done. Mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentage and correlation of the data were employed for the interpretation of the results. Results obtained after analysis are summariesd as below. In case of personnal, socio-economic, economic and psychological characteristics of the Gram Panchayat members indicated that majority of the respondents (46.25%) were found middle age in between 36 to 50 years, 52.5% were educated upto higher secondary/Graduate level. Majority of the respondents were found living in nuclear family size (65.00%), had medium level of cosmopolitness (75.00%), 57.5 per cent of the respondents had medium level of social participation and (65.00%) of the respondents had medium socio-economic status. Whereas, high work experience (65.00%). Majority of the respondents (60.00%) were having medium role performance. The relationship of the selected variable i.e. age, education, cosmopolitness, social participation and socio-economic status had positive and significant relationship with role performance. Variables size of family and work experience had non significant with role performance. The major constraints faced during the Role performance of Gram Panchayat members were found that non availability of developmental fund in timely (88.75%), lack of cooperation by villagers and grampanchayat members (70.00%), rigid casteism (75.00%), negligence of government agencies (61.25%), lack of training and information technology (40,00%).Most of respondents suggested to increase financial support by the government, increasing taxes on weekly bazaar and active cooperation by extension agencies and villagers.

The Changing Benefits of Early Work Experience

We examine whether the benefits of high school work experience have changed over the last 20 years by comparing effects for the 1979 and 1997 cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Our main specifications suggest that the future annual earnings benefits of working 20 h per week in the senior year of high school have fallen from 17.4% for the earlier cohort, measured in 1987–1989, to 12.1% for the later cohort, in 2008–2010. The gains have diminished by similar amounts for men and women but much more substantially for those who do not later attend college than for those who do. We further show that most of the differential between cohorts can be attributed to the way that high school employment is related to subsequent adult work experience and occupational attainment.

Training Transfer and Self-Awareness: from Experience and Age Point of View

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of employee's age and experience on training transfer and self-awareness. 265 employees at junior and middle level management from organizations related to manufacturing sector in India participated in data collection. To measure training transfer and self-awareness, standardized scales were used. Across the career stages of employees, it was found that training transfer and self-awareness differed significantly. Further, senior employees in terms of age had better self-awareness and help in training transfer. Based on work experience of employees, training transfer and self-awareness also significantly differed. Training transfer and self-awareness was observed higher in the employees with high work experience. The implications of the findings have been discussed.

The Program and Treatment Effect of Summer Jobs on Girls' Post-Schooling Incomes.

Public programs offering summer jobs to smooth the transition from school to work is commonplace. However, the empirical support for summer jobs is limited. This article exploits the availability of registered individual information and random allocation to summer jobs to provide empirical evidence on this issue. To identify the effect of summer job programs on the post-schooling incomes of the intended participants. Also to identify the effect of sophomore girls' high school work experience on their post-schooling incomes. In this article, 1,447 sophomore girls from 1997 to 2003 are followed 5-12 years after graduation. They all applied to Falun municipality's (Sweden) summer job program, and about 25% of them were randomly allotted a job. The random allocation to a summer job is used to identify the causal effect of sophomore girls' high school income on their post-schooling incomes. All the 1,447 sophomore girls who applied to Falun municipality's summer job program during 1997-2003. Annual post-schooling income is used as an outcome measure. The work experience of girls in high school is also measured in terms of total income while in high school. The program led to a substantially larger accumulation of income during high school as well as 19% higher post-schooling incomes. The high school income led to a post-schooling income elasticity of 0.37 which is, however, potentially heterogeneous with regard to academic ability. Both the program effect and the causal effect of high school income on post-schooling incomes were substantial and statistically significant.

The Changing Benefits of Early Work Experience

We examine whether the benefits of high school work experience have changed over the last 20 years by comparing effects for the 1979 and 1997 cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Our main specifications suggest that the future wage benefits of working 20 hours per week in the senior year of high school have fallen from 8.3 percent for the earlier cohort, measured in 1987-1989, to 4.4 percent for the later one, in 2008-2010. Moreover, the gains of work are largely restricted to women and have diminished over time for them. We are able to explain about five-eighths of the differential between cohorts, with most of this being attributed to the way that high school employment is related to subsequent adult work experience and occupational attainment.

USE OF TEACHING METHODS OF BIOLOGY TEACHERS AND OPINIONS ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF THESE METHODS ON STUDENT SUCCESS

USE OF TEACHING METHODS OF BIOLOGY TEACHERS AND OPINIONS ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF THESE METHODS ON STUDENT SUCCESS

The Relationship Between Overeducation and Job Satisfaction Among Young Spanish Workers: The Role of Salary, Contract of Employment, and Work Experience

The increase of education in younger generations and the relative scarcity of qualified jobs available for them makes overeducation of young employees a social issue. We explored the relationships between overeducation and job satisfaction (extrinsic, intrinsic, social facet), as well as the direct and moderating role of salary, contract of employment, and work experience in these relationships using hierarchical regression analyses. Data were collected from a sample of 643 young Spanish employees. As expected, there were negative relationships between overeducation and all 3 satisfaction facets. Moreover, high work experience emerged as a moderating factor that buffered the negative effect of overeducation on extrinsic satisfaction. Contract of employment and salary did not moderate these relationships.

A Contingent Model of Network Utilization in Early Financing of Technology Ventures

Most of the entrepreneurship literature has addressed the benefits and necessity of using social network ties as opposed to market methods in early venture finance, but it has largely understated the potential limitations and costs of doing so. Specifically, very sparse research has examined the factors that influence entrepreneurs’ choice between using networks versus market methods. In this study, we propose a contingent model of network utilization when approaching initial investors, based on the dimensions of human capital of the entrepreneurs. We test this model with primary field survey data from 226 new high–tech ventures in Singapore and Beijing. The results show that high occupational status and relevant industrial work experience are positively associated with the entrepreneurs’ propensity to utilize existing networks by enhancing the resourcefulness of their network ties (social capital); however, such influences are alleviated by entrepreneurs’ marketing or managerial experience, which increases the entrepreneurs’ ability to interact with strangers (an aspect of social competence).

Assessment of Admission Criteria

With the growth in the number of Hospitality and Tourism programs, admission committees have become increasingly attentive to the most efficient means of selecting students with the best potential for academic and professional success. Many higher education institutions in Asia employ a standard entrance exam system to select potential students. This study used the National Kao-Hsiung Hospitality College as a case study to examine whether entrance exams, when used as the sole admission criterion, were able to predict students' academic, professional, and overall performance. The results indicated that entrance exams were limited in predicting student performance. An admission portfolio approach including entrance exams, high school ranking, leadership abilities, work experience, and references was recommended instead of exams alone.

Staff hand hygiene monitors: How do you get them done?

ISSUE: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health Care Settings recommends monitoring adherence to hand hygiene and providing feedback to staff. We wanted to do this and determine accurate baseline compliance rates for all direct patient care areas but lacked infection control (IC) staffing to accomplish this goal. We also feared that results would be positively skewed if IC staff did the monitors. PROJECT: We utilized a high school student seeking healthcare-related work experience to conduct hand hygiene monitors in all direct patient care areas. We provided the student comprehensive education on hand hygiene requirements and developed a standardized hand hygiene data collection tool. The student spent 2 hours in each direct patient care area observing and documenting hand hygiene practices of staff. IC staff reviewed all data collected and provided feedback on compliance rate and additional education on areas for improvement to the manager of each area monitored. We sent cumulative results by discipline to nursing and physician executive leadership. RESULTS: Over a 6-week period, our student spent approximately 90 hours observing hand hygiene practices of 67 physicians and 201 nurses in 23 different direct patient care settings. All direct patient care areas were monitored at least twice. The overall compliance rate of physicians and nurses in meeting hand hygiene requirements was 54% and 70%, respectively. The greatest learning opportunity identified for improvement for all staff is to use hand hygiene before touching patients and after touching patient equipment. LESSONS LEARNED: Utilizing a student to conduct initial labor-intensive baseline hand hygiene monitors permitted our program to achieve its goal of determining a baseline compliance rate for all direct patient care areas. Furthermore, we judge that compliance was more realistically assessed by the student, who was relatively unknown to staff, than by IC staff. Finally, utilizing this strategy allowed more effective use of IC staffing resources to analyze the data and provide direct feedback and education to the patient care areas on their hand hygiene practices. ISSUE: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health Care Settings recommends monitoring adherence to hand hygiene and providing feedback to staff. We wanted to do this and determine accurate baseline compliance rates for all direct patient care areas but lacked infection control (IC) staffing to accomplish this goal. We also feared that results would be positively skewed if IC staff did the monitors. PROJECT: We utilized a high school student seeking healthcare-related work experience to conduct hand hygiene monitors in all direct patient care areas. We provided the student comprehensive education on hand hygiene requirements and developed a standardized hand hygiene data collection tool. The student spent 2 hours in each direct patient care area observing and documenting hand hygiene practices of staff. IC staff reviewed all data collected and provided feedback on compliance rate and additional education on areas for improvement to the manager of each area monitored. We sent cumulative results by discipline to nursing and physician executive leadership. RESULTS: Over a 6-week period, our student spent approximately 90 hours observing hand hygiene practices of 67 physicians and 201 nurses in 23 different direct patient care settings. All direct patient care areas were monitored at least twice. The overall compliance rate of physicians and nurses in meeting hand hygiene requirements was 54% and 70%, respectively. The greatest learning opportunity identified for improvement for all staff is to use hand hygiene before touching patients and after touching patient equipment. LESSONS LEARNED: Utilizing a student to conduct initial labor-intensive baseline hand hygiene monitors permitted our program to achieve its goal of determining a baseline compliance rate for all direct patient care areas. Furthermore, we judge that compliance was more realistically assessed by the student, who was relatively unknown to staff, than by IC staff. Finally, utilizing this strategy allowed more effective use of IC staffing resources to analyze the data and provide direct feedback and education to the patient care areas on their hand hygiene practices.

Welfare, Work and Well-Being Among Inner-City Mothers

SUMMARY Family life cycle influences maternal labor force participation and well-being. We model the employment status and well-being of minority, low-income women, recruited during late pregnancy, when their children are 12, 24 and 36 months old. Non-time-varying predictors include mother's ethnicity, age, parity, education, recent household employment experience, birth cohort and initial welfare participation. Time and later fertility are nested within individuals. Welfare participation declined from 80% to46%by 36months; employment increased from 12% to 44%, and full-time employment from 6% to 29%. Likelihood of working was enhanced by high school education and household work experience, but hindered by repeat pregnancy. Among women initially on welfare, working increased over time; among non-welfare recipients, African Americans were more likely to work. When causally prior predictors were controlled, working full-time decreased difficult life circumstances but employment did not affect depression. Evaluations of welfare policy should consider life-cycle events, focusing on small increments of time around the birth of a child.

The Quality of Work and Youth Mental Health

According to one prominent perspective, part-time work places adolescents at risk because it confronts them with stressors for which they are unprepared and limits participation in more developmentally beneficial activities. However, if working signifies progress in moving toward adulthood, it could promote psychological well-being. Although the controversy surrounding teenage work is focused on employment status and intensity, research on adults indicates that it is the quality of work experience that matters for psychological functioning. This research examines key features of work experience and adolescents' depressive affect and well-being, including both selection and socialization processes. Based on data from the St. Paul Youth Development Study, the analysis indicates that the quality of high school work experience does have significant contemporaneous consequences for the mental states of young people but has little effect on their long-term mental health.

Beryllium sensitization and disease among long-term and short-term workers in a beryllium ceramics plant.

Workers at a beryllium ceramics plant were tested for beryllium sensitization and disease in 1998 to determine whether the plant-wide prevalence of sensitization and disease had declined since the last screening in 1992; an elevated prevalence was associated with specific processes or with high exposures; exposure-response relationships differed for long-term workers hired before the last plant-wide screening and short-term workers hired since then. Current workers were asked to complete a questionnaire and to provide blood for the beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT). Those with an abnormal BeLPT were classified as sensitized, and were offered clinical evaluation for beryllium disease. Task- and time-specific measurements of airborne beryllium were combined with individual work histories to compute mean, cumulative, and peak beryllium exposures for each worker. The 151 participants represented 90% of 167 eligible workers. Fifteen (9.9% of 151) had an abnormal BeLPT and were split between long-term workers (8/77 = 10.4%) and short-term workers (7/74 = 9.5%). Beryllium disease was detected in 9.1% (7/77) of long-term workers but in only 1.4% (1/74) of short-term workers (P = 0.06), for an overall prevalence of 5.3% (8/151). These prevalences were similar to those observed in the earlier survey. The prevalence of sensitization was elevated in 1992 among machinists, and was still elevated in 1998 among long-term workers (7/40 = 18%) but not among short-term workers (2/36 = 6%) with machining experience. The prevalence of sensitization was also elevated in both groups of workers for the processes of lapping, forming, firing, and packaging. The data suggested a positive relationship between peak beryllium exposure and sensitization for long-term workers and between mean, cumulative, and peak exposure and sensitization for short-term workers, although these findings were not statistically significant. Long-term workers with either a high peak exposure or work experience in forming were more likely to have an abnormal BeLPT (8/51 = 16%) than the other long-term workers (0/26, P = 0.05). All seven sensitized short-term workers either had high mean beryllium exposure or had worked longest in forming or machining (7/55 = 13% versus 0/19, P = 0.18). A plant-wide decline in beryllium exposures between the 1992 and 1998 surveys was not matched by a decline in the prevalence of sensitization and disease. Similar to findings from other studies, beryllium sensitization/disease was associated with specific processes and elevated exposures. The contrast in disease prevalence between long-term and short-term workers suggests that beryllium sensitization can occur after a short period of exposure, but beryllium disease usually requires a longer latency and/or period of exposure. The findings from this study motivated interventions to more aggressively protect and test workers, and new research into skin exposure as a route of sensitization and the contribution of individual susceptibility.

Influences on the Selection of Dietetics as a Career

Objective To gather information on the factors that influence students’ decisions to choose dietetics as a career. Design Self-administered questionnaires regarding the point at which career decisions were made were completed by 1,695 students in Plan IV/V dietetics programs throughout the United States. Subjects All Plan IV/V dietetics programs that reported greater than five graduates in the academic year 1989 to 1990 were selected from the 1990-1991 Directory of Dietetic Programs for the sample population. Of the 156 schools that were mailed questionnaires, responses were received from 84 schools (54%). Almost 90% of the students were women, 10.6% were men. Statistical analyses Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. A χ 2 analysis was used to examine the relationship between point of decision and factors that influenced career choice, including people who influence career choice. Results The majority of students (55%) questioned reported making their career decision in college. Students rated interest in nutrition (96.3%) and job enjoyment (93.8%) as factors that were important in their decision to pursue a career in dietetics. College catalogs were rated by 48.3% of the students as being either useful or very useful in helping them make their career selection. With respect to gender differences, women rated a diverse work environment as being very important to their career decision more frequently than men (χ 2=15.44, P<.01). Women were more likely than men to rate part-time work opportunities as being very important (χ 2=26.75, P<.001); and selected working with people as being very important to their career decision (χ 2=17.59, P<.01). Conclusions Findings identified that recruitment strategies need to be audience specific. Because career decision making appears to occur during one of three time frames (high school, college, or work experience), recruitment activities should be developed to specifically target students at these times. One way to increase the exposure of students to the profession of dietetics is for registered dietitians to give guest lectures in introductory college courses and high school upper-class courses in health, home economics, and biology. The use of university/college catalogs as effective marketing tools should also not be underestimated. Data suggest that gender differences exist in factors that influence persons to choose dietetics as a career. To increase the number of men who pursue careers in dietetics, future research should be designed to more fully explore gender differences, so that strategies to recruit more men into the profession can be developed. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997: 97;254–257.

The Rehabilitation Counselor in an Educational Setting

The role of the rehabilitation counselor in a high school Work Experience and Study Program for the Educationally Mentally Handicapped is delineated. The most common problems in placement, and the manifest vocational needs that these students exhibit are examined.

A longitudinal study in a national sample of young farmers in the United States

This study is based on Project TALENT data collected in the last year of high school and five years beyond high school. Young men were classified as persisters in, dropouts from, and recruits to farming as a career. Those groups were compared with each other and with students in general. The most outstanding characteristic of young farmers in the United States is their relatively extensive background in agriculture, including father's occupation, high school curriculum, extracurricular activities in high school, work experience, and college major. Five years after high school, young fanners are more likely than students in general to have embarked on their life work and to have established their family. Differences in college attendance are consistent with this pattern. Despite incomes that are often relatively low, young farmers are not more dissatisfied with their work. The characteristics tapped by psychological tests appear to have few strong relationships to choice, satisfaction, and success in farming as a career.

The Dull Child and the Junior High School Curriculum

To gain evidence regarding the adjustment of the dull child within the junior high school, academic achievement, nonacademic achieve ment, and social and civic participation within the school were studied. To discover how dull children adjust after they leave the junior high school, data were gathered with respect to schooling beyond the junior high school, work experience, marriage, and delinquency. To establish criteria for the adjustment of dull children, the same types of materials were collected for average children and these formed the basis on which the judgment of the adjustments of the dull children was made.