High Volumetric Power Density Research Articles

Efficient water recovery and power generation system based on air-cooled fuel cell with semi-closed cathode circulation mode

Air-cooled proton exchange membrane hydrogen fuel cell with on-line hydrogen production by hydrolysis has potential for portable applications due to its high volumetric power density and self-humidification. However, plenty of reserve water significantly reduces the power density of fuel cell system. Moreover, water recovery from fuel cell tail gas is difficult, because the tail gas humidity is very low due to excess cathode air as coolant. In this work, the dead-ended anode and semi-closed cathode proton exchange membrane fuel cell is proposed to achieve efficient water recovery and energy conversion via semi-closed cathode circulation mode. In this mode, cathode O2-poor tail gas is recycled as coolant instead of fresh air, which helps to enlarge the tail gas humidity by reducing the stoichiometric ratio of cathode to anode gas. The system lumped model with detailed component description is developed for optimization. >96% water production can be recycled under atmosphere temperature. The demand of fresh air is greatly reduced from 56 to 2 times of the consumption. Besides, the multi-objective optimization between water recovery and electrochemical performance shows high-efficiency water recovery of 94.70% and high energy conversion efficiency of 54.82%.

Aqueous battery fiber with high volumetric and areal power density for flexible electronics

Aqueous battery fiber with high volumetric and areal power density for flexible electronics

Experimental study of high performance mercury-based triboelectric nanogenerator for low-frequency wave energy harvesting

Wave energy is acknowledged as one of the most promising renewable energy sources, effectively developing wave energy conversion technologies might contribute to solving the power shortage dilemma. However, the optimum performance frequency range of current wave energy capture devices does not match the low-frequency ocean kinetic energy. Here, a triboelectric nanogenerator based on liquid mercury (M-TENG) is presented for low-cost and high-power harvesting. The start-up performance of the M-TENG unit is analyzed at low operating frequencies, and discuss the effect of kinematic inputs, structural parameters and materials aspects on output performance. Meanwhile, the sloshing characteristics of mercury in a rectangular unit were calculated by the SST k-ω model, deriving the matching law between mercury volume and electrical output. Furthermore, 18-unit integrated M-TENG produce a peak power output of 4.57 mW, the mercury with its unique physical properties generates higher transferred charge density up to 35.84 mC/m3, sufficient to light 270 commercial LEDs at 1.00 Hz. The relatively high volumetric power density provides a realistic self-supply technological solution for renewable energy harvesting and guarantees the widespread use of milliwatt power equipment in the marine industry.

Demonstration of a single/dual cylinder free-piston engine generator prototype: Milestone achieved on system stability

Free-piston engine generator (FPEG) is a new type of energy conversion system directly coupled with the free piston engines and linear motors, and it is expected to be the next-generation substitution to traditional internal combustion engine because its high efficiency, high volumetric power density and multi-fuel adaptability potential. However, the continuous and stable operation of FPEG is one of the biggest challenges for its large-scale application. In this paper, a complete dual-cylinder type FPEG system test bench was established to experimentally investigate the dynamic and combustion fluctuations. The results of the experiments showed that the dead centre position increased from 16.1 mm to 26.0 mm, and the peak gas pressure increased from 2.4 bar to 7.5 bar when the starting current increased from iq/iqmax = 15% to iq/iqmax = 21%. The low-pressure cold start strategy is feasible, as the experimental results showed that the ignition was achieved at the starting pressure of 4 bar. Compared with the combustion process with linear motor thrust, the operation of the system tends to be more stable, and the coefficient of variation (COV) of the peak in-cylinder gas pressure is 22.78% and 10.12%, respectively. The COV results of the top dead centre (TDC) position, compression ratio, peak in-cylinder pressure and peak in-cylinder pressure position are 0.84%, 3.33%, 2.27% and 0.84%, respectively in the single-cylinder working mode. This means that there is still a large room for the improvement of the stable operation of the FPEG system.

A dynamically tunable discrete-element transmission line pulse generator

The Frozen Wave Generator (FWG) is a megawatt-class radio frequency pulse forming network that converts DC input up to ones-of-GHz center frequency (fc) by superposing an ensemble of alternately charged reactive storage elements. In this work, we demonstrate an all-solid-state, dynamically tunable, and chirp-capable FWG using the lumped-element transmission line (LETL) topology. A 12-segment LETL-FWG switched using a MOSFET is demonstrated and directly compared with a literature standard coaxial-based system. Comparison metrics for pulse width (tpulse) are studied as a function of the transmission line length and respective LC parameters. The chirp- and dynamic-tuning-capability as well as the high volumetric power density of the system are demonstrated by comparing the predicted and measured bandwidth, rise-time, pulse width, and delay-time from a 7.5 × 30 × 3 cm3 printed circuit board. The experiment resulted in dynamically tunable pulse trains with 15–24 ns pulse widths (40–80 MHz) and >35% conversion efficiency and an ∼80% reduction in volume compared to vacuum-relativistic pulsers in the same peak power class.

Durability enhancement of novel monolithic metal supported Solid oxide fuel cells through processing optimizations

In the last decades, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) have received a lot of attention due to their ability to efficiently convert hydrogen and other fuels to electricity and heat. Cells with different designs (planar, tubular, anode-, electrolyte-, metal-supported) have been intensively studied in terms of performance, costs and lifetime. Still, technical challenges such as limited thermal cycling stability and cost-efficient paths to up-scaling need to be solved to make the SOFC technology more commercially attractive. This study presents the design, fabrication and testing of a novel monolithic metal-supported SOFC with the aim to achieve thermal cycling robustness and a high volumetric power density using cost-competitive and scalable manufacturing methods. The study presents preliminary electrochemical performances of the cells and key parameters of the manufacturing process that were optimized to increase the stability/durability of the monolith by a factor of 100.

Scalable Pore Engineering Strategy for Promoting Ion Transport and Rate Capability in Thick Li-Ion Battery Electrodes

Since the first commercialization of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in the early 1990s, previous research has been extensive on electrode material development. Due to its high volumetric energy and power densities and its low cost, the LIBs have aided in the widespread adoption of advanced mobile electronic devices, slowly spurred the market penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) globally and been incorporated in household energy storage systems to promote efficient use of renewable energy1,2. Unfortunately, after rapid improvements in LIB technology, the present progress in increasing energy density and reducing the costs of LIBs has been slow. To overcome the performance limitations on the material side, increasing the nickel (Ni) content of layered lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) and lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM) cathode materials and blending silicon with graphite anode materials have shown promise3,4,5. On the manufacturing side, there is a push to use thicker and denser electrodes and increase areal capacity loadings from 3-4 mAh/cm2 to 5-7 mAh/cm2 to reduce the mass and volume fraction of inactive materials and thus reduce costs and improve the energy density and specific energy of LIB cells beyond about 700 Wh/L and 250 Wh/kg, respectively6.-8 . Unfortunately, the characteristic Li+ ion diffusion time is proportional to the square of the average diffusion path through the electrode, which depends on both the electrode thickness and the tortuosity. As a result, the charging time and power performance characteristics in high-loading, dense electrodes may become undesirably poor. Herein, we report on several manufacturing pathways to create straight channel pores within electrodes to accelerate electrolyte wetting and facilitate rapid ion transport to overcome these rate limitations.

(Digital Presentation) Impact of the Sulfur Loading Method on the Morphological and Electrochemical Properties of Additive-Free Cathodes for Li-S Batteries Prepared By Composite Electroforming

In order to produce conductive agent and binder free electrodes for batteries with a synergistic optimization of the mechanical and electrical bonding of the active material, „composite electroforming“ synthesis method has been developed in Aalen University as a novel approach for additives-free battery electrodes production [1-6]. The aim throughout this method is to achieve high-performance accumulators with a focus on a high gravimetric and volumetric power and energy density. The aspects of energy efficiency, cycleability and safety are also considered, especially that the composite electroforming process allows environmentally friendly and resource-saving production of electrodes.The novel electrodes for Li-S batteries proposed in the present work are composed of Ni matrix which also acts as current collector, and sulfur loaded on etched Al alloy carrier particles AlSi10Mg.The sulfur loading which is a key step of our cathodes manufacturing was conducted using two different ways; by spin coating in melted sulfur at 160°C or by electrochemical loading using potasium sulfide based aqueous electrolyte (K2S)aq and applying a current density of 0,5 A/dm² at room temperature.SEM and elemental mapping measurements of the sulfur spin coated cathode and that with electrochemically loaded sulfur showed a big difference in terms of the sulfur distribution and the surface morphology between the two cathodes.Electrochemical characterization of the sulfur cathodes was then conducted, mainly galvanostatic cycling (GC), by imposing a fixed current to the cell between the two potential limits 1.7 and 2.8 V vs. Li+/Li. The rate, namely the current density applied to the electrode during cycling, was calculated based on the loaded sulfur mass in the tested electrode and the theoretical capacity of sulfur (1673 mAh g-1). By calculating the ratio of the active to the total loaded sulfur, the sulfur accessibilty for the electrochemically loaded cathode was five times higher than the spin coated cathode regardless of holding almost the same sulfur loading (3.9 mg/cm² and 3.96 mg/cm² respectivelly). GC at C/10 rate proved that the two cathodes delivered different values of specific capacity, capacity retention with cycling and coulombic efficiency that are significantly improved for the electrochemically loaded cathode than the spin coated one. Finally, In order to characterize the response of the sulfur electrochemically loaded cathode to different C rates, rate capability test was carried out and illustrated that the tested cathode was able to regain almost its entire initial capacity when back to the initial C rate after applying high C rates.[1]. C. Erhardt, Ş. Sörgel, S. Meinhard, T. Sörgel, J. Power Sources, 296 (2015) 70–77;[2]. T. Sörgel, S. Meinhard, Ş. Sörgel, Film Composite Material, EP 3114721, 2019;[3]. C. Erhardt, S. Meinhard, Ş. Sörgel, T. Sörgel, Galvanotechnik (2015) 7;[4]. V.C. Erhardt, S. Sörgel, S. Meinhard, T. Sörgel, H. Aalen, Jahrb. Oberflächentechnik, 71 (2015) 12;[5]. Ş. Sörgel, O. Kesten, A. Wengel, T. Sörgel, Energy Storage Mater., 10 (2018) 223–232;[6]. T. Sörgel, J. Meyer, WOMag, 9 (2013) 24–33.

Nano/micro dual-scale ordered carbon units via template heredity toward compact capacitive energy storage

High-density carbon with high volumetric energy and power densities is desired for compact supercapacitors. However, most of the traditional solutions for boosting density are based on pore regulation, resulting in an unreasonable sacrifice of rate performance. Herein, from an opposite perspective of carbon units’ orderly stacking, a new strategy for compressing surplus pores between dual-scale carbon units at nanometer and micrometer scales (i.e., two-stage ordering of the first-level carbon nanocages and the second-level micro disc-like carbon nanocage assemblies) has been developed by regulating the template. The optimized carbon packed with ordered nano- and micro-carbon units achieves a high density of 1.08 g cm−3 (two times that of the commercial activated carbon) and yields a record-high volumetric energy density (79 Wh L−1), good power capability (31 kW L−1) in ionic liquid, superb stability (>30,000 cycles), and ideal Coulombic efficiency (∼100%). Even at the commercial-level electrode thickness, the available maximal stack power density is still as high as 12 kW L−1, which is dramatically higher than most of the reported dense carbon. This excellent volumetric performance highlights its practical potential in areas that require high volume energy and power density simultaneously.

Design considerations for diode-based nonlinear transmission lines

Diode-based nonlinear transmission lines (D-NLTL) are a class of pulse shaping networks capable of increasing the discrete spectral content of a pulse at high volumetric power density. However, a systematic design procedure for D-NLTLs is lacking, limiting their prototyping, evaluation, production, and adoption. To produce a D-NLTL design approach, parameters for UHF band (0.3–1 GHz) frequency generation are presented as a function of the input excitation pulse, network topology, and sub-components’ reactive value. Excitation pulse amplitude is found to have a strong effect on center frequency (fc), max frequency (fBragg), peak power (Ppeak), and RF power conversion efficiency (ηRF). In general, when cell inductance is decreased, both fc and signal propagation velocity are increased. The results are then presented as an example to design, build, test, and compare a 40-cell D-NLTL whose measured fc and fBragg are 256 and 446 MHz, respectively. Finally, we used the parameter space study results and empirical validation to present controllable waveform design rules-of-thumb.

Superior Volumetric Capability Dual‐Ion Batteries Enabled by A Microsize Niobium Tungsten Oxide Anode

AbstractDual‐ion batteries (DIBs) have gained great attention due to their advantages of high operating voltage and low cost. However, the overall performance of the reported DIBs falls far below expectation. In particular, electrode materials with rapid‐charging kinetics and high volumetric packing densities are still in short supply. Herein, a holistic design of the DIB is proposed by using a Wadsley–Roth phase niobium tungsten oxide as the anode, which possesses facile ion transport tunnels and ultrahigh electrode density to deliver superior volumetric performance (521.5 Ah L−1 at 0.2 C and 154.3 Ah L−1 at 60 C), and choosing graphite as the cathode. Benefiting from the respective advantages of this novel anode and the graphite cathode, the as‐built DIB full cell exhibits high volumetric and excellent rate performance (137.7 Ah L−1 at 1 C and 79.2 Ah L−1 at 5 C), and long‐term cyclic stability (1000 cycles at 5 C with negligible capacity attenuation). More impressively, such cells can deliver a high volumetric energy density (422.7 Wh L−1) and power density (8.3 kW L−1) . Furthermore, the comprehensive charge storage chemistry of this DIB is elaborated by operando electrochemical characterizations, and this assembly of flexible pouch cells shows its practical prospects.

The coordination of displacement and conduction currents to boost the instantaneous power output of a water-tube triboelectric nanogenerator

Liquid-solid based triboelectric nanogenerator (L-S TENG) has aroused great attention in blue energy harvesting. Although these classical L-S TENG can achieve good performance by using the gradually changed displacement current, the further improvement of instantaneous power is limited. People can improve the output with external management circuits and transistor-like architecture, but the complex structure and fabrication process of devices make the practicality of TENG very difficult. Here, by developing the structure of charge collector needle to introduce conduction current into the traditional architecture of TENG, we designed a new water tube TENG (DcCc-TENG) with high instantaneous power. By establishing a detailed physical process model, we revealed that the physical nature of DcCc-TENG with high instantaneous power output is based on the synergistic enhancement mechanism of displacement and conduction currents. We also used the different device structures to further clarify the contribution of these two currents. Finally, a single device shows high instantaneous volumetric power density of 16.6 W/m3, which is capable to power more than 120 LEDs. A ship attitude sensor based on DcCc-TENG further proves its potential application in sensing.

Iron oxide supercapacitor of high volumetric energy and power density using binder-free supersonic spraying and self-healing rGO

Iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets were supersonically sprayed onto a nickel substrate to fabricate flexible supercapacitors. The supersonic impact velocity was adjusted by varying the air chamber pressure from 2 to 6 bar, which facilitated the self-healing of Stone-Wall defects in rGO sheets. Supersonic spraying caused exfoliation of the rGO sheets, which in turn increased the surface area and adherence of the Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The optimal case exhibited a specific capacitance of 1.44 F⋅cm-2 at a current rate of 1.5 mA⋅cm-2 and the energy density was 14.23 mWh⋅cm-3 at 250 mW⋅cm-3. The width of the potential window increased to 1.4 V, implying a significant increase in the energy storage capability. The energy density of the supersonically sprayed Fe2O3/rGO electrode also showed no signs of deterioration even when the increased current density interfered with the electrode performance.

Flexible all solid-state niobium nitride//activated carbon lithium-ion hybrid capacitor with high volumetric power and energy densities

Flexible electrochemical energy storage devices are gaining considerable interest for use in smart portable flexible electronic devices. Herein, a (Niobium nitride) NbN// Activated carbon (AC) flexible (bendable and twistable) solid-state lithium-ion hybrid capacitor (LIHC) enabled by a thin graphite-layer-coated adhesive tape-based flexible current collector is reported. NbN is synthesized by a solvothermal treatment of the niobium pentachloride (NbCl5) precursor and a subsequent nitridation treatment of the intermediate solvothermal product. Microscopic, spectroscopic, and X-ray studies signify the formation of porous 2D nanoflake units with a cubic crystalline phase, which aggregate to form microspheres. The NbN displays a high specific capacity of 347.73 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 with excellent cyclic stability (98.1% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles). The outstanding cyclic stability is clarified by the analysis of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The designed highly flexible LIHC with a high electrode mass loading of 280 mg cm−3 possesses a high capacitance of 2597 mF cm−3 at a current density of 60 mA cm−3. The device displays a high-energy density of 3.25 mWh cm−3, high power density of 254.2 mW cm−3, and excellent cyclic stability at 133 mA cm−3 (97.7% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles). Therefore, the designed flexible LIHC can be utilized for the development of smart flexible electronic devices.

Performance assessment of stacked air-cathode microbial fuel cells under series and parallel electrical connections

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are playing an important role in the context of sustainable energy development. They represent a sustainable approach to harvest electricity from biodegradable materials. However, harvesting energy from MFCs represents a critical issue because of the low output voltage and power produced. Realizing stacked configurations may involve an increase in MFCs performances in terms of output voltage, current and electric power. In this paper, two stacked configurations under different electrical connection modes have been designed, developed, modeled and tested. The stacked MFCs consist of 4 reactors (28 mL x4) that are connected in series, and parallel-series modes. Three different tests have been carried out, which involves: 1) performing the polarization and power curves by applying decreasing resistances; 2) assessment of the electric behavior of each reactor over time at a fixed resistance, 3) performing the polarization and power curves by applying increasing resistances. Moreover, a numerical model for predicting the transient behavior of the electrical quantities for one reactor, has been developed and validated by using the experimental data. As expected, the results highlighted that the parallel-series configuration assures the highest volumetric power density compared to the series configuration, reaching the maximum value of 1248.5 mW/m3 (139.8 µW) at 0.291 mA. Eventually, by comparing the numerical and the experimental data, it has been demonstrated that the developed model is able to predict the reactor’s electrical trend with a good accuracy.

Highly Reliable Yarn-Type Supercapacitor Using Conductive Silk Yarns with Multilayered Active Materials

ABSTRACT The fibrous supercapacitor is a promising candidate for wearable energy-storage systems due to excellent mechanical reliability under deformation. In this study, a mechanically reliable fibrous supercapacitor with high volumetric power density and energy density was developed using fiber electrodes composed of multilayered active materials coated on silk yarns. The conductive silk yarn electrodes are fabricated via a sequential dip-coating process of silver nanowires, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT, three to seven walls), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). The composite-coated silk yarn electrodes were stable under cyclic bending as well as under washing in water. Due to the synergetic effect of the three conducting materials, an excellent electrochemical performance was obtained resulting in high volumetric energy and power densities of 8–13 mWh cm−3 and 8–19 W cm−3, respectively. A yarn-type supercapacitor was demonstrated by integrating composite-coated silk yarn electrodes with a hydrogel electrolyte, showing a promising stability as evidenced by the retention of over 94% and 93% of the specific capacitance after 90-degree bending and stretching.

Effect of gas pressure and clamping pressure on interfacial contact resistance of a cylindrical polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

ABSTRACT Cylindrical polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are promising energy conversion devices for next generation transportation applications because of their high volumetric and gravimetric power densities. The present study is focused to evaluate the effect of a design parameter (clamping pressure) and an operational parameter (gas pressure) on the contact resistance of the cell. The cell is modelled to visualise contact pressure at the interface of the gas diffusion layer and the current collector. It is observed that the contact pressure at the interface is dependent on both clamping as well as gas pressure. The ohmic resistance of the cell is found to decrease with increase in current, reaches a minimum and then increases owing to membrane hydration and dehydration over gradual increase in the cell temperature. The threshold contact resistance is then calculated to be 33.21 mΩ cm2 based on the minimum ohmic resistance of 100 mΩ. The study highlights the optimum zone where the combination of both clamping and gas pressures can be used to minimise the contact resistance.

Reduced Order Design Optimization of Liquid Cooled Heat Sinks

Abstract The recent growth in electronics power density has created a significant need for effective thermal management solutions. Liquid-cooled heat sinks or cold plates are typically used to achieve high volumetric power density cooling. A natural tradeoff exists between the thermal and hydraulic performance of a cold plate, creating an opportunity for design optimization. Current design optimization methods rely on computationally expensive and time consuming computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Here, we develop a rapid design optimization tool for liquid cooled heat sinks based on reduced-order models for the thermal-hydraulic behavior. Flow layout is expressed as a combination of simple building blocks on a divided coarse grid. The flow layout and geometrical parameters are incorporated to optimize designs that can effectively address heterogeneous cooling requirements within electronics packages. We demonstrate that the use of population-based searches for optimal layout selection, while not ensuring a global optimum solution, can provide optimal or near-optimal results for most of the test cases studied. The approach is shown to generate optimal designs within a timescale of 60–120 s. A case study based on cooling of a commercial silicon carbide (SiC) electronics power module is used to demonstrate the application of the developed tool and is shown to improve the performance as compared to an aggressive state-of-the-art single-phase liquid cooling solution by reducing the SiC junction-to-coolant thermal resistance by 25% for the same pressure drop.

Investigating Air-Cathode Microbial Fuel Cells Performance under Different Serially and Parallelly Connected Configurations

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have recently attracted more attention in the context of sustainable energy production. They can be considered as a future solution for the treatment of organic wastes and the production of bioelectricity. However, the low output voltage and the low produced electricity limit their applications as energy supply systems. The scaling up of MFCs both by developing bigger reactors with multiple electrodes and by connecting several cells in stacked configurations is a valid solution for improving these performances. In this paper, the scaling up of a single air-cathode microbial fuel cell with an internal volume of 28 mL, has been studied to estimate how its performance can be improved (1523 mW/m3, at 0.139 mA). Four stacked configurations and a multi-electrode unit have been designed, developed, and tested. The stacked MFCs consist of 4 reactors (28 mL × 4) that are connected in series, parallel, series/parallel, and parallel/series modes. The multi-electrode unit consists of a bigger reactor (253 mL) with 4 anodes and 4 cathodes. The performance analysis has point ed out that the multi-electrode configuration shows the lowest performances in terms of volumetric power density equal to 471 mW/m3 at 0.345 mA and volumetric energy density of 624.2 Wh/m3. The stacked parallel/series configuration assures both the highest volumetric power density, equal to 2451 mW/m3 (274.6 µW) at 0.524 mA and the highest volumetric energy density, equal to 2742.0 Wh/m3. These results allow affirming that to increase the electric power output of MFCs, the stacked configuration is the optimal strategy from designing point of view.

1MW-Class Solid Oxide Electrolyser System Prototype for Low-Cost Green Hydrogen

Ceres has developed a novel and highly differentiated SteelCell™ solid oxide fuel cell technology based upon the use of thick-film ceramics deposited upon a ferritic stainless-steel substrate, using doped ceria as the predominant oxygen-ion conducting ceramic within the cell. The use of ceria allows operation of the SteelCell at lower temperatures (500 - 620 °C) than conventional SOFCs, and the use of a metal support allows much greater mechanical robustness and lower production cost than is typically the case with a planar ceramic SOFC, whilst maintaining the high volumetric power density typical of planar SOFCs.Ceres Power are now qualifying their SteelCell™ technology for use in steam electrolysis operation with encouraging results. Tests suggest that functional electrochemical and physical processes of the SteelCell are equally efficient in SOFC and SOEC mode meaning there is no major difference in the area specific resistance and degradation within the nominal operating space.As a next step, the development of a 1MW-class Solid Oxide Electrolysis (SOEL) system is proposed that offers a path to green hydrogen production costs of <$2/kgH2 with equally compelling capital equipment costs enabled by the SteelCell technology. One of the clear advantages of solid oxide electrolysis systems is the ability to thermally integrate with industrial processes such as steel, ammonia and e-fuels production. Integration with existing low pressure “waste” steam feeds available at industrial plants combined with available high grade heat streams may enable system efficiencies of greater than 90% to be achieved. A study of predicted system efficiencies and associated techno-economics of green hydrogen production under various industrial use cases is presented.The first-of-a-kind 1MW-class Solid Oxide Electrolysis system under consideration will be packaged within a 40ft ISO shipping container and is expected to produce approximately 600 to 800kg of green hydrogen per day. The system will be made up of a number of Electrolysis Cell Modules (ECM). Each ECM will contain an array of Ceres’ standard Gen1B stacks along with hot balance of plant components such as heat exchangers and heaters. This modular approach allows each module to be constructed and tested prior to installation at the demonstration site. It also allows for a high degree of fault tolerance and redundancy that is particularly valuable for prototype systems. Furthermore, it also enables a distributed supply chain to be developed for various elements up and down the system structure.Finally, a roadmap to the first commercial SOEL systems is presented setting out predicted system CapEx costs, hydrogen production costs and possible arrangements for systems in the 100+ MW range.