High Transmission Coefficient Research Articles

Transmissive type dual band polarization converter integrated microstrip patch antenna in THz regime

This article proposes the generation of both LHCP and RHCP waves simultaneously –at two distinct frequencies by using a single-layered compact polarization converter (PC). The proposed PC has been designed with a gold pattern inscribed on a polyimide substrate. A modified I-shaped structure with semi-circular curved ends provides a quadrature phase shift between the orthogonal components of the incident electric field with a high transmission coefficient and low insertion loss across the two THz frequency bands. Two equivalent circuit models have been proposed for TE and TM modes separately. As a proof of concept of the proper functioning of the proposed PC, one dual-band linearly polarized antenna is designed and integrated with the PC. The linearly polarized radiated waves from the dual-band antenna across 1.55 THz and 4.05 THz have been successfully converted into both the RHCP and LHCP waves simultaneously. The integration of a simple profile PC with a dual-band THz antenna to produce dual CP radiated waves simultaneously are the key achievements of this proposed work. Moreover, the results of equivalent circuit models for both TE and TM modes are justified after proper validation with the full-wave EM simulation results. The proposed dual-band PC, dual-band THz antenna, and the integrated structures are systematically investigated using FEM-based CST Microwave studio.

Shade-Tolerant Soybean Reduces Yield Loss by Regulating Its Canopy Structure and Stem Characteristics in the Maize-Soybean Strip Intercropping System.

The shading of maize is an important factor, which leads to lodging and yield loss of soybean in the maize–soybean strip intercropping system, especially in areas with low solar radiation. This study was designed to explore how shade-tolerant soybean reduces yield loss by regulating its canopy structure and stem characteristics in the maize–soybean strip intercropping system. The soybean cultivars Tianlong No.1 (TL-1, representative of shade-tolerant plants) and Chuandou-16 (CD-16, representative of shade-intolerant plants) were grown in monocropping and intercropping systems from 2020 to 2021 in Chongzhou, Sichuan, China. Regardless of shade-intolerant or shade-tolerant soybean, the canopy and stem of soybean in strip intercropping were weaker than those of the corresponding monoculture. But compared with shade-intolerant soybean, the shade-tolerant soybean slightly changed its spatial structure of canopy and stem morphology and physiology in maize–soybean strip intercropping system, especially in the later growth stages. On the one hand, the canopy of shade-tolerant soybean showed relatively high transmission coefficient (TC) and relatively low leaf area index (LAI) and mean leaf angle (MLA). On the other hand, the stem of shade-tolerant soybean was obviously stronger than that of shade-intolerant soybean in terms of external morphology, internal structure, and physiological characteristics. Additionally, compared with shade-intolerant soybean, shade-tolerant soybean showed higher APnWP (the average net photosynthetic rate of the whole plant) and seed yield in the strip intercropping. The results showed that shade-tolerant soybean increased light energy capture and photosynthesis in the different canopy levels to promote the morphological and physiological development of the stem and ultimately reduce the yield loss of the strip intercropping system. However, the molecular mechanism of low radiation regulating soybean canopy structure (LAI, TC, and MLA) needs further in-depth research to provide theoretical guidance for cultivating plants with ideal canopy shape that can adapt to changing light environment in intercropping system.

Single-Layer Re-Organizable All-Dielectric Meta-Lens Platform for Arbitrary Transmissive Phase Manipulation at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies

As a prominent candidate to cope with both device integration and miniaturization, multifunctional metadevices have attracted increasing interest recently. However, suffering from several demerits, conventional multifunctional devices that could not meet practical demands. In this paper, we elaborate on a single-layer transmissive all-dielectric meta-lens platform that can flexibly manipulate beams by pluggable phase elements over a broad millimeter-wave regime. The pluggable element of the meta-lens platform is able to provide a full 2π transmission phase coverage together with a high transmission coefficient. The elements are encoded into 36 phase modules as a phase library. The designed phase modules can be re-assembled that span 2π uniformly to reconstruct distinct functions, due to their dynamic pluggable feature. To verify its flexible assembly and efficient phase modulation, the meta-lens platform with different arrangements of phase modules is assembled and demonstrated in the experiment, which is in good agreement with theoretical and simulation analyses. Owing to the properties of flexible assembly, broad bandwidth, and high efficiency, the proposed meta-lens platform paves the way for potential applications in millimeter-wave regimes such as beamforming, computer-generated hologram, and other complex demands that involve phase manipulations.

Ultra-Thin Chiral Metasurface-Based Superoscillatory Lens

The metasurface-based superoscillatory lens has been demonstrated to be effective in finely tailoring the wavefront of light to generate focal spots beyond the diffraction limit in the far-field that is capable of improving the resolution of the imaging system. In this paper, an ultra-thin (0.055 λ0) metasurface-based superoscillatory lens (SOL) that can generate a sub-diffraction optical needle with a long focal depth is proposed, which is constructed by ultra-thin chiral unit cells containing two metal split-ring resonators (SRR) with a 90° twisted angle difference cladded on both sides of a 1.5 mm-thick dielectric substrate, with a high linear cross-polarized transmission coefficient around 0.9 and full phase control capability at 11 GHz. Full-wave simulation shows that SOL generates a sub-diffraction optical needle within 10.5–11.5 GHz. At the center frequency, the focal depth is 281 mm (10.3 λ0) within 105–386 mm, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) is 18.5 mm (0.68 λ0), about 0.7 times the diffraction limit, generally consistent with the theoretical result. The proposed ultra-thin chiral metasurface-based SOL holds great potential in integrating into practical imaging applications for its simple fabrication, high efficiency, and low-profile advantages.

A review on oxide/metal/oxide thin films on flexible substrates as electrodes for organic and perovskite solar cells

This paper gives an overview on the recent advances on the oxide/metal/oxide (OMO) on flexible plastic substrates and their applications as electrodes for organic and perovskite solar cells. The morphological, optical and electrical characteristics of different type of OMO electrodes such as: IMI (ITO/Metal/ITO), ZAZ (ZnO/Au or Ag/ZnO), NAN (NiO/Ag/NiO), TAT (TiO2/Ag/TiO2), DMD (MoO3/Ag/MoO3, SnO2/Ag/SnO2 etc.) collected from literature are presented and analyzed. This analysis allows to identify the most promising materials and the best choices in term of layers thickness for obtaining high quality electrodes with high transmission coefficients, high electrical conductivity and low roughness. The solar cells performances using these three layer electrodes are compared with those of the same devices in the classical configuration using ITO or FTO on plastic substrates as bottom electrodes or Au and Ag silver as top electrodes. It results a mean variation of about ±15% in efficiency performances in function of materials or technologies. The organic or perovskites solar cells classical configuration is: glass or PET substrate/ITO or FTO bottom electrodes/active layers/Au or Ag top electrodes. In the new configuration the usual bottom or top electrodes are replaced with OMO electrodes. Hence the new configurations are: 1) PET substrate/OMO bottom electrode/active layers/Au or Ag top electrode, or 2) PET substrate/ITO or FTO bottom electrode/active layers/OMO This last configuration lead to the developed of a new class of tandem or semi-transparent flexible solar cells based on organic or perovskite materials, which performances are very competitive with those deposited on classical configurations. The advantage of OMO are their mechanical, electrical and optical stability and their reduced cost by the reduction or suppression of some rare materials such as ITO.

Measurement of the photon detection efficiency of silicon photomultipliers for the new detector cluster of the Cherenkov gamma-ray telescope TAIGA-IACT equipped with UV filters

This study was devoted to measurements of the UV-range photon detection efficiency (PDE) of OnSemi MicroFJ SiPM detectors use together with custom UV filters and of the transmission coefficient of these filters at 277 nm. The final goal of these measurements was to determine feasibility of the filters for the new detector cluster of the TAIGA-IACT telescope. PicoQuant PLS-270 UV source emitting pulses at 277 nm was calibrated. The obtained dependences of the registered radiation power on the distance between the emission source and the reference detector are well approximated by the inverse square function, hence no significant scattering or absorption influenced the PDE measurements. The dependences of the number of detected photons on the distance between the source and the detector were obtained. These dependencies are also well approximated by the inverse square function. The PDE of SiPM MicroFJ-60035 detector was measured at the level of 10.0 ± 0.7%. The transmission coefficients of the considered set of filters at the wavelength of 277 nm were also obtained. The SL 240-300 filter has a sufficiently high transmission coefficient and it is advisable to use it as a bandpass ultraviolet filter in the new detector cluster of the TAIGA-IACT telescope; the SL 290-590 filter absorbs ultraviolet light quite well and is applicable in the visible range.

Development of a Probability Model for the Transmission Coefficient of Low Crested Breakwaters (LCB)

Park, S.-H.; Choi, J.-G., and Cho, Y.-J., 2021. Development of a probability model for the transmission coefficient of Low Crested Breakwaters (LCB). In: Lee, J.L.; Suh, K.-S.; Lee, B.; Shin, S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Crisis and Integrated Management for Coastal and Marine Safety. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 114, pp. 484–488. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Low Crested Breakwaters (LCB) have been the most preferred structural type among many countermeasures against beach erosion. The extent of shore protection by LCB depends on transmittance coefficients, which are random due to the variability inherent in the marine environment. However, a probability model for transmittance coefficients is hard to find in the literature, indispensable for the reliability-based optimal design of LCB. In this rationale, first, a probability model of transmission coefficients is empirically developed. In doing so, transmittance characteristics of LCB were examined using the situ-wave data at the up-wave and down-wave sides of LCB at Bong-Po and Sok-Cho from 2019.8.6 to 2019.8.21 in order to identify the pertinent random variables affecting LCB transmittance. It turns out that sea wave conditions significantly affect the transmittance coefficients, and the roughness of sea wave conditions can be quantified in terms of wave height and its associated wave slope. Wave height and its associated wave slope are highly correlated in the mild sea, but they behave independently as wave heights get more enhanced. These complicated interrelations between wave height and wave slope can be described using the joint distribution of wave amplitude and its associated period by Longuet-Higgins (1983). In this rationale, we analytically derived a probability model for transmittance coefficients of LCB from the joint distribution of wave amplitude and its associated period by Longuet-Higgins (1983) and d'Angremond, van der Meer, and de Jong (1996) model using the standard technique of transformation of random variables (Papoulis, 1984). Numerical simulation shows that as sea wave conditions are getting harsh, a non-negligible probability mass shifts toward the low transmittance coefficients due to long waves appearing in the random wave field by sub-harmonic resonance wave-wave interaction, which is well-known after the studies of Hasselmann(1967) and Phillips(1980) on the development of wind waves. It was also shown that the probability mass shift toward the low transmission coefficients is accompanied by the probability mass shift toward higher transmission coefficients, which also comply with the studies of Hasselmann (1967) and Phillips (1980).

A high gain and compact transmitarray antenna for Ku-band satellite communications

ABSTRACT This work focuses on designing a low-profile frequency selective surface transmitarray antenna at 12 GHz using a four-layer Split Ring Resonator structure. The parametric analysis shows a high transmission coefficient magnitude of −2.38 dB and 349-degrees phase range. X-band horn antenna is used as a feed source to illuminate the Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) transmitarray layers. Each FSS layer is comprised of 121 elements. The measured results show a wide impedance bandwidth of 35%, a high gain value of 21.9 dBi and 11.6% 1-dB bandwidth. The proposed design can be used in high gain array antenna applications, particularly Ku band Satellite communication systems.

THz wave propagation in the stagnation region of reentry plasma sheath

By using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, we demonstrate a terahertz (THz) wave propagating in the stagnation region of a reentry plasma sheath. When a THz wave propagates in the plasma sheath, the frequency blue shift is initiated as the wavelength is compressed. Attenuation is observed due to energy transfer from the THz wave to the plasma internal energy. Electrons are first accelerated mostly via oscillating in the electric field and partially via the wake field and then deliver their energies to the other particles via collisions. Detailed discussions show that increasing the intensity and frequency of the THz wave results in a higher transmission coefficient, which indicates that high power and high frequency methods are useful for communication blackout mitigation. This investigation of THz wave transmission in plasma will facilitate the mitigation of radio frequency blackout in spacecraft reentry in earth’s atmosphere communication.

Design and implementation of a 3D printed RF power transceiver clamp to measure the water level in PVC water pipes

There is very few ways to detect the amount of water inside polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes without physical intervention. In this study, using additive manufacturing technology, it has been tried to determine the filling rate of water in PVC water pipes with a 3D printed clamp. The fact that the dielectric of distilled water is approximately 80 times that of air has been decisive in the transmission of power from the inner medium of the PVC pipe. In this way, when the amount of water increases in the PVC pipe, the RF power transmission will be decrease depending on level of water inner side of the pipe. The clamp was designed in the f0 = 2.45 GHz ISM band. LC impedance matching was applied to the two ports of the clamp. Thus, higher transmission coefficient was obtained. Used as a near field probe, the clamp was designed to be used horizontally anywhere on the pipe, pluggable. Input power from first port of the clamp is sent to the spectrum analyzer through its second port. The measurement and simulation results show that the transmission coefficient between the ports varies between −9 dB and −15 dB according to the selected fill percentages of the pipe.

Compact shorted C‐shaped patch antenna for ultrahigh frequency radio frequency identification tags mounted on a metallic plate

This paper describes an ultrahigh frequency (UHF) tag antenna mounted on a metallic plate for radio frequency identification (RFID). The impedance of the proposed antenna can be tuned using various methods. The compact patch antenna consists of a C-shaped resonator and a ground plane connected to a small shorting wall and is connected to a feeding loop in the middle of the C-shaped resonator. Etching a couple of slits close to the shorting wall and a slot in the center of the C-shaped resonator provided a flexible method for adjustment to match the conjugate impedance with the UCODE 8/8 m chip (13 − j191 Ω at 915 MHz). The optimal design with an overall size of 30 × 30 × 3 mm3 (0.092 λ0 × 0.092 λ0 × 0.0092 λ0) yielded a high power transmission coefficient of 91% and reading range of 6.4 m for the effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 4.0 W when the tag antenna was mounted on a 220 × 220 mm2 metal plate. The proposed antenna was designed at standard frequency bands of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC, 902-928 MHz) for North America and Taiwan. Antenna fabrication and testing were performed, which revealed that the measured data were in good agreement with the simulation results.

Shorted Patch Antenna With Multi Slots for a UHF RFID Tag Attached to a Metallic Object

This study developed a miniature tag antenna attached to a backing metal for ultrahigh-frequency radio frequency identification (RFID) applications. The impedance of this antenna can be easily controlled at the desired fixed frequency by using different mechanisms and was not considerably affected by backing metal size. This antenna comprises a radiating patch with double I-shaped slots and a ground layer shorted to a narrow inductive plate. Loading a closed slot in the center of the patch and the open slits enabled flexible frequency tuning to match the complex impedance of the microchip used. This tag antenna has a low profile of $28.02\times 25.02\times2.61$ mm3 ( $0.086\times 0.076\times 0.0079\,\,\lambda _{0}^{3}$ ), and it provides a high power transmission coefficient of 99.74%, realized gain of −2.3 dB, and a reading distance of 8.1 m when it is located at the center of a metallic plate of size $250\times250$ mm2. The operational frequency of the proposed antenna was designed to reside the frequency bands for North and South America (860–960 and 902–928 MHz, respectively). Measurements of the antenna prototype proved that the experimental results agreed with the simulated data.

Circularly Polarized Transmitarray Antenna Design Using Meander Line Polarizer for Ku-Band Applications

In this paper, a circularly polarized Transmitarray antenna design for the Ku-band frequency range is presented. The transmitarray antenna with 121 elements is designed using a four-layer double square ring with a center patch unit cell. The Unit cell parametric analysis shows a high transmission coefficient magnitude of −1.26 dBi and a wide phase range of 256 degrees. A meander line polarizer is designed at 12GHz to convert the polarization from linear to circular. This meander line polarizer is placed in front of the horn antenna as a superstrate layer. The final measurement results show a high gain circular polarized TA antenna with a maximum gain of 20.17dBic and a value of 1.89 for the axial ratio is achieved at 11.2 GHz. The 1dB antenna gain and 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth are calculated as 0.65GHz and 1.07GHz, respectively. The proposed design offers a low profile and less complex structure, making it suitable for long-range communication systems, especially in Ku band applications.

Compact Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton Waveguides and Notch Filters Based on Meander-Strip Units

We demonstrate a new variety of spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP) waveguides and notch filters with periodic arrays of ultra-thin metallic meander-strip units for high-efficiency and strong confinement microwave SSPPs transmission and notch rejection. Firstly, the dispersion characteristics of the proposed SSPPs waveguide based on meander-strip units are investigated. The dispersion curve of the proposed waveguide presents a unique negative group velocity characteristic, and the asymptotic frequency greatly reduces to near half as that of SSPP waveguide based on traditional rectangular-grooved units with the same transverse size. To validate the proposed design, an SSPP waveguide prototype is fabricated and tested, showing good lowpass filtering performances with a high transmission coefficient ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text {S}21 &gt; {-}1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB) and a low reflection coefficient ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text {S}11 &lt; {-}15$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB) below the asymptotic frequency of 5.2 GHz. Based on this waveguide structure, a notch filter is designed by loading a split ring resonator (SRR). The transmission coefficient (S21) of this filter is −18 dB at the notch frequency of 2.52 GHz. Furthermore, a PIN diode is integrated into the SRR of the notch filter to make the notch frequency switchable. As the PIN diode turns from the ON state to the OFF state, the notch frequency switches from 2.5 GHz to 3.5 GHz. The proposed waveguides and notch filters with electronically adjustable functionalities may have great potential applications in microwave integrated plasmon circuits and programmable systems.

X‐band, mechanically‐beam‐steerable lens antenna exploiting the Risley prism concept

This study presents a beam-steerable antenna system that uses two mechanically-rotatable, phase-shifting surfaces (PSSs) functioning like a pair of Risley prisms for beam scanning operation at X-band. One of the PSSs also acts as a lens, performing beam collimation in addition to providing a phase shift gradient. Unit cells constituting the two PSSs were co-designed to determine the distance between the two surfaces that results in high transmission coefficients and small phase errors under different beam-scanning conditions. Both simulation and measurement results have verified that the distance of 2 mm provides the best performance regarding to peak gain. Prototypes of the PSSs having circular apertures with diameters of 11.5 λ 0 at 10 GHz were fabricated and illuminated by a feed antenna to characterise the beam scanning performance. The measurement results of the proposed antenna system demonstrate the capability to steer the main beam within a ± 60 ° scanning range with a maximum gain variation of less than 3.6 dB by rotating the two PSSs with respect to each other. The fabricated prototype provides side lobe levels less than − 13.1 dB , polarisation purity higher than 20 dB, and small beam pointing errors of no more than 1 ° in all examined beam scan scenarios.

Ultrasonic tunable focusing by a stretchable phase-reversal Fresnel zone plate

This paper reports a stretchable silicone phase-reversal (PR) Fresnel zone plate (FZP) that can focus ultrasonic energy at different focal lengths with a high transmission coefficient in water. Unlike a traditional FZP that creates focused by constructive interference of waves diffracted through open annular zones in an opaque screen, the silicone PR-FZP takes advantage of all the zones of the FZP contribute to the focal area by adding phase compensation regions instead of opaque regions. More interestingly, the silicone PR-FZP can be stretched, and the focal length increases gradually with the unchanged full width at half maximum as the PR-FZP is stretched. The aforementioned performance aspects are verified in both experiments and simulations. The proposed stretchable PR-FZP with a tunable focal length has potential applications in the broad field of ultrasonics, such as ultrasonic imaging and ultrasound neuromodulation.

Variation of Solar Radiation in Akwanga, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

One of the major environmental problem is the long-term changes in the Earth’s climate. In this study, the variation of solar radiation for Akwanga zone, Nasarawa State, Nigeria were determined. Twelve locations were carefully selected where there is no sunshine and wind obstruction. Three 12V, 5W Solar panels (poly) were used and a three-hour daily measurement interval (12.00 pm to 3.00 pm) was made using the Secondary Standard Pyranometer placed on the top of the panels. Angstrom-Prescott Regression Equation was used to estimate the output. The continuity in the assembled system was measured using an Avometer. The result revealed that the highest monthly average daily global solar radiation was observed in the month of April (25.2 MJ/m2) followed by June (22.94 MJ/m2), and march (22.42 MJ/m2), while the lowest was observed in the month of August (12.04 MJ/m2) followed by July (13.57 MJ/m2), and September (14.26 MJ/m2) in the locations selected. The solar radiation intensity was found to range from 156.44 W/m2 to 293.84 W/m2 with the mean value of 220.04 W/m2. The highest total global solar radiation value of 25.2MJ/m2 was observed in April while the lowest value of 12.04 MJ/m2 was observed in October. The extraterrestrial solar radiation were found to range from 16.72 MJ/m2 in March to 29.90 MJ/m2 in April with average value of 22.89MJ/m2. The atmospheric transmission coefficient over the year is found to range from 0.5 in July and October to 1.3 in June and October. The investigation reveal that there is bright sun shine in the study area which confirms high atmospheric transmission coefficient or clearness index throughout the year in this study.

On the Design of a Planetary Protection Shell for EMC Testing on Space Equipment

This letter addresses on the design of a planetary protection shell for performing the Electro-Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) tests of the Anisotropic Magneto-Resistance (AMR) sensor of the ExoMars mission. This mission has strict bio-burden requirements. The ElectroMagnetic (EM) properties of several materials have been investigated for measuring their transmission coefficients and the novelty of this letter is the use of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology as the production method. Additive manufacturing is presented as a promising technology in the field of radiofrequency since it can use a wide range of materials (including thermoplastics) with high and low transmission coefficient. The investigation comprises the analysis of the electromagnetic properties of several 3D printer materials in order to study their transmission coefficients. Seeing the EM characterization results, it was decided to produce a shell using FDM technology because it provides control over the grounding of the instrument and makes easier the integration, cleaning and protection against impacts during the operation, with great versatility and low cost. To finish, the shell has been proved during the acceptance EMC tests of the flight model and flight spare AMR instrument.

Energy spectrum and current-phase relation of a nanowire Josephson junction close to the topological transition

A semiconducting nanowire proximitized by an $s$-wave superconductor can be tuned into a topological state by an applied magnetic field. This quantum phase transition is marked by the emergence of Majorana zero modes at the ends of the wire. The fusion of Majorana modes at a junction between two nanowires results in a $4\pi$-periodic Josephson effect. We elucidate how the $4\pi$-periodicity arises across the topological phase transition in a highly-transparent short nanowire junction. Owing to a high transmission coefficient, Majorana zero modes coming from different wires are strongly coupled, with an energy scale set by the proximity-induced, field-independent pairing potential. At the same time, the topological spectral gap---defined by competition between superconducting correlations and Zeeman splitting---becomes narrow in the vicinity of the transition point. The resulting hybridization of the fused Majorana states with the spectral continuum strongly affects the electron density of states at the junction and its Josephson energy. We study the manifestations of this hybridization in the energy spectrum and phase dependence of the Josephson current. We pinpoint the experimentally observable signatures of the topological phase transition, focusing on junctions with weak backscattering.

Design of a High-Quality Optical Filter Based on 2D Photonic Crystal Ring Resonator for WDM Systems

AbstractIn this article, a 2D photonic crystal (PC)-based optical filter has been designed using a PC ring resonator. The resonator used is of square type with a square lattice constant, which has been designed by increasing the radius of the inner rods of the resonator. The filter designed can separate the light of the wavelength of 1545.3 nm with a transmission coefficient of 98 %. The bandwidth of the above wavelength is equal to 0.5 nm and hence the quality factor of the device at this wavelength is equal to 3091. The effects of the structural parameters, such as the refractive index, the lattice constant, the radius of the dielectric rods, the radius of the inner rods of the resonator on the behavior of the proposed device, are fully investigated. To obtain the photonic band gap, the plane wave expansion method is used. In addition, the finite difference time domain method is used to examine, simulate, and to obtain the output spectrum of the structure. The designed structure has both high transmission coefficient and quality factor. Comparatively speaking, it is also simple to design which justifies its use in other photonic crystal-based optical devices.