Higher Total Body Fat Percentage Research Articles

Body fat distribution and bone mineral density in a multi-ethnic sample of postmenopausal women in The Malaysian Cohort

SummaryIn this study of postmenopausal women in Malaysia, total adiposity was inversely associated with total BMD, while regional associations varied. No differences were detected across Malay, Chinese, and Indian ethnicities. Low BMD contributes substantially to morbidity and mortality, and increasing adiposity levels globally may be contributing to this.PurposeTo investigate associations of total and regional adiposity with bone mineral density (BMD) among a multi-ethnic cohort of postmenopausal women.MethodsDual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) imaging was undertaken for 1990 postmenopausal women without prior chronic diseases (30% Malay, 53% Chinese, and 17% Indian) from The Malaysian Cohort (TMC). The strength of the associations between standardized total and regional body fat percentages with total and regional BMD was examined using linear regression models adjusted for age, height, lean mass, ethnicity, education, and diabetes. Effect modification was assessed for ethnicity.ResultsWomen with a higher total body fat percentage were more likely to be Indian or Malay. Mean (SD) BMD for the whole-body total, lumbar spine, leg, and arm were 1.08 (0.11), 0.96 (0.15), 2.21 (0.22), and 1.36 (0.12) g/cm2, respectively. Total body and visceral fat percentage were inversely associated with total BMD (− 0.02 [95% CI − 0.03, − 0.01] and − 0.01 [− 0.02, − 0.006] g/cm2 per 1 SD, respectively). In contrast, subcutaneous and gynoid fat percentages were positively associated with BMD (0.007 [0.002, 0.01] and 0.01 [0.006, 0.02] g/cm2, respectively). Total body fat percentage showed a weak positive association with lumbar BMD (0.01 [0.004, 0.02]) and inverse associations with leg (− 0.04 [− 0.06, − 0.03]) and arm (− 0.02 [− 0.03, − 0.02]) BMD in the highest four quintiles. There was no effect modification by ethnicity (phetero > 0.05).ConclusionTotal adiposity was inversely associated with total BMD, although regional associations varied. There was no heterogeneity across ethnic groups suggesting adiposity may be a risk factor for low BMD across diverse populations.

Difference in Body Composition Patterns between Age Groups in Italian Individuals with Overweight and Obesity: When BMI Becomes a Misleading Tool in Nutritional Settings.

Little is known about the changes in body composition (BC) in people with overweight or obesity. The aim of this study was to assess the differences in BC patterns in this population based on gender and age. A total of 2844 Italian adults of mixed gender and a body mass index (BMI) of ≥25 kg/m2 underwent a BC assessment by means of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The sample was categorized into three age groups: 'young' (20-39 years), 'middle' (40-59 years), and 'older' (60-80 years) adults, after being matched by body weight and BMI. Males showed higher total body fat percentage (BF%) and a lower total lean mass (LM), progressively from the young to the middle to the older age groups, while females showed similar values for these total compartments between the three age groups. However, in both genders, participants in the middle and older groups were more likely to have a higher trunk fat percentage by +1.23% to +4.21%, and lower appendicular lean mass (ALM) by -0.81 kg to -2.63 kg with respect to the young group, indicating expression of major central adiposity and sarcopenia. While our findings underscore the limitations of BMI to detect these differences between age groups, the identification of new tools suitable for this aim is greatly needed in this population. Moreover, further investigation that clarifies the impact of these differences in BC patterns between gender and age groups on health outcomes is also required.

Abnormal Body Composition Increases the Cardiometabolic Risk in Adolescents and Young Adults With Turner Syndrome

ObjectiveTo determine the cardiometabolic risk of adolescents and adults with Turner syndrome (TS) and whether and how anthropometry and body composition predict this risk. MethodsWe compared the anthropometric, biochemical, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry–derived body composition parameters of 103 girls and women with TS aged 12 to 30 years and 103 controls of the same age and body mass index: (1) between TS with and without metabolic syndrome (MetS), (2) between the different karyotypes of TS, and (3) between growth hormone recipients and nonrecipients. ResultsIndividuals with TS had higher prevalence rates of truncal obesity (57.2%), MetS (37.9%), prediabetes (20.4%), dyslipidemia (73.8%), hypertension (9.7%), and hepatic steatosis (15.5%) and a greater total body fat percentage (38.43% vs 34.26%) and fat mass index (9.15 vs 6.71 kg/m2) but a lower lean mass index (11.05 vs 12.49 kg/m2) than controls (P <.001). Individuals with TS and MetS (n = 39) had a higher total body fat percentage (41.74% vs 36.42%, P <.0001), truncal fat percentage (44.66% vs 36.09%, P <.0001), and visceral adipose tissue mass (495.57 vs 276 g, P <.0001) than those with TS but without MetS. Those with classic TS (45,X) had a higher prevalence of prediabetes (32.6% vs 10.5%, P =.01). Growth hormone recipients had a lower prevalence of MetS and lesser truncal obesity. Altered body composition was significantly correlated with metabolic risk. The truncal fat percentage independently predicted MetS (odds ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.003-1.24; P =.04). Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio predicted metabolic risk with good sensitivity and specificity. ConclusionAdverse cardiometabolic risk and altered body composition start early in life in TS. Postpubertal women with TS should be routinely assessed for truncal obesity, dysglycemia, dyslipidemia, and liver steatosis, irrespective of body mass index and karyotype.

Gender Disparities in Food Security, Dietary Intake, and Nutritional Health in the United States.

Food insecurity is associated with negative nutritional outcomes and is experienced differently by women vs men. We evaluated the effects of gender on food insecurity and dietary intake in the United States. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2016) were analyzed. Survey-weighted linear and logistic regression models were used to evaluate predictors of food security and the effect of food security on dietary consumption and body anthropometrics. Gender was modeled as a covariable and as an effect modifier. A total of 30,251 respondents were included. Approximately 15.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.1%-16.1%) of participants were food insecure. This increased over time from 11.7% in 2007-2008 to 18.2% in 2015-2016. A higher proportion of women experienced food insecurity compared with men (53.3% vs 46.7%, P = 0.02), although this was not significant after adjusting for poverty and other confounders (adjusted odds ratio 1.01; 95% CI: 0.93-1.09; P = 0.81). Among food insecure women, 32.4% (95% CI: 30.0%-34.9%) received emergency food assistance and 75.0% (95% CI: 71.5%-78.2%) received supplemental nutrition assistance benefits. Relative to men, food insecure women were less likely to meet the recommended dietary allowance of most macronutrients and micronutrients. They were also significantly more likely to be obese, have a wider waist circumference, and have higher total body fat percentage (P interaction all <0.001). Food insecurity represents a substantial public health challenge in the United States that differentially affects women compared with men. Alternative strategies may be required to meet the nutritional requirements for food insecure women.

Soft Drink Consumption in Young Mexican Adults Is Associated with Higher Total Body Fat Percentage in Men but Not in Women.

A high consumption of soft drinks (SDs) has been linked with the development of anthropometric and metabolic alterations. We evaluate the association between SD consumption and some anthropometric and metabolic variables. This study is an observational study, using a sample of 394 university students, of which 158 were men (40.1%) and 238 women (59.9%), between 18 and 30 years. An SD intake questionnaire provided the consumption of different SDs. The participants’ weight, height, and waist and hip circumferences were collected. Metabolic biomarkers were analyzed. The average intake of caloric SDs (CSDs) was 1193.6 ± 1534.8 mL/week and 84.5 ± 115.02 mL/week for non-caloric SDs (NCSDs). Sex differences were found in the amount of SD consumption and these statistical differences were driven by those men subjects with a high total body fat percentage (TBF%). In men, correlations were found between the intake of CSDs and the body mass index, waist and hip circumferences, TBF%, and visceral fat percentage. In woman, a correlation was found with glucose and triglycerides. The prediction model revealed that the intake of CSDs predicts TBF% and low-density lipoprotein only in men. A high amount of CSD consumption in men was associated with a high TBF%, and this may be predictive of future development of metabolic abnormalities.

Using a new socioepidemiological questionnaire to analyse associations between intergenerational upward social mobility and body fat distribution: a pilot study with the Oxford BioBank cohort

BackgroundAs measured through body mass index (BMI), obesity is more prevalent among upwardly mobile adults than among adults born into middle-class families. Although BMI reflects general adiposity, health risks are...

Effects of dietary fishmeal substitution with corn gluten meal and poultry meal on growth rate and flesh characteristics of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

There is considerable interest in developing diets that maintain growth performance and market appeal for salmon aquaculture while relying less on fishmeal as a major ingredient. Here, we compared growth rate, survival, fat content, tissue colouration and carotenoid levels (astaxanthin) in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fed two diets. The first diet was a typical commercial salmon diet with 59% fishmeal content, while the second diet reduced the fishmeal content to 15% (75% reduction) and substituted 28% corn gluten meal and 16% poultry meal. Over an approximately 14-month growth period, we found no significant difference between fish fed the high fishmeal or low fishmeal diet in either growth rate or survival. Individuals fed the low fishmeal diet did have 25% higher total body fat percentage than those fed the high fishmeal diet. Individuals fed the low fishmeal diet also had flesh that was significantly less red than fish fed the high fishmeal diet. Carotenoid analysis confirmed that the change in tissue colour was the result of reduced astaxanthin levels in salmon fed the low fishmeal diet. Due to the importance of red tissue colour for the market appeal of salmon, the corn gluten and poultry meal diet is not viable for salmon aquaculture in its present formulation, but our results suggest further modifications to the diet that could mitigate this effect.

Effect of gender and adiposity on in vivo vascular function in young African Americans

The relationship between obesity and high blood pressure is not as strong among African Americans (AA) as compared to Caucasians. We designed the current study to determine the effect of adiposity on vascular endothelial function (a harbinger of hypertension) among young healthy AA without additional cardiovascular disease risk factors. A total of 108 AA subjects (46 women) between the ages of 18 and 45 years were recruited. All the subjects were normotensive, nonsmokers, and normoglycemic. Anthropometric and cardiovascular disease risk factor measurements (lipid, insulin resistance, and inflammatory markers) were obtained. Vascular endothelial function was measured by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Adiposity distribution was measured by using magnetic resonance imaging scan. There were no gender differences in age and levels of blood pressure, lipids, insulin resistance, and inflammatory markers. Women had higher total body fat percentage and higher peripheral adiposity compared to men. We observed that total and central adiposity did not correlate significantly with brachial artery FMD in women (r = −0.12 and r = 0.23, respectively; P = NS). However, in men, waist circumference was positively associated with FMD (r = 0.3, P ≤ .05). Hyperemic flow was negatively correlated significantly with total and central adiposity in men (r = −0.34 and r = −0.48, respectively; P < .05), but not in women (r = −0.26 and r = 0.03, respectively; P = NS). Our study suggests that increased adiposity may pose greater risk to AA men compared to AA women by adversely affecting resistance vessel function (as measured by hyperemic flow). Larger studies are necessary to validate these findings.

Body fat and menstrual resumption in adult females with anorexia nervosa: a 1-year longitudinal study.

The variables predicting the resumption of menses in anorexia nervosa (AN) after weight restoration have not yet been fully established. We therefore aimed to investigate the association between several clinical parameters at inpatient discharge and the resumption of menses at 1-year follow-up in weight-restored adults with AN. Demographic, anthropometric, body composition and eating disorder features were assessed in 54 adult females with AN who had restored normal body weight [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 18.5 kg m(-) ²] at the end of specialist inpatient treatment. These variables were compared between participants who had resumed menses and those who were still amenorrheic 1 year after inpatient discharge. At 1-year follow-up, 35.2% of patients had resumed menstruation. No significant association was found between the resumption of menses and either age, duration of illness or BMI at inpatient admission, nor for BMI, global Eating Disorder Examination score or trunk fat percentage at inpatient discharge. Only total body fat percentage at inpatient discharge was significantly higher in patients who resumed menstruation, as confirmed by combined logistic regression analysis (odds ratio = 1.14, 95% confidence interval = 1.001-1.303, P = 0.049). A higher total body fat percentage at inpatient discharge is associated with the resumption of menses at 1-year follow-up in weight-restored adult females with AN.

Vitamin D and body composition in the elderly

To investigate the association between vitamin D status and body composition in the elderly. This study was embedded in the Rotterdam Study, a population-based prospective study in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, including subjects aged 55 years and older. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was measured between 1997 and 1999. Total body fat, android fat, gynoid fat and lean mass were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) during a follow-up visit after a median time of 5 years (2002-2004). We calculated body fat percentage, lean mass percentage, and android/gynoid fat ratio. We had 2158 participants included in our analysis. We used multivariable linear regression models. Serum 25(OH)D was analyzed continuously and after categorization according to cut-offs. Mean (±SD) serum 25(OH)D concentration of the study population was 52.6±25.4nmol/L. Compared to subjects with an adequate vitamin D status (25(OH)D≥75nmol/L), vitamin D deficient participants (25(OH)D<50nmol/L) had a higher body fat percentage (β=1.29, 95% CI: 0.55, 2.04) whereas no association was found with lean mass (β=0.01, 95%CI:-0.33, 0.35). Lower 25(OH)D was associated with higher total body fat percentage specifically in participants without cardio-metabolic disease. Each 10 unit increase in serum 25(OH)D was associated with 0.03 unit decrease in android fat (β=-0.03, 95%CI:-0.06,-0.01); after adjustment for BMI the association was no longer significant. Serum 25(OH)D was also associated with the android/gynoid fat ratio but this was also mainly explained by BMI. Lower serum 25(OH)D concentrations were associated with a higher fat mass percentage. The association between serum 25(OH)D and differential fat distribution in the elderly was mainly explained by BMI and deserves further study.

Central adiposity is significantly higher in female compared to male in Pakistani type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

Background:Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) rates are increasing rapidly in South Asians. Cardiovascular complications are more frequent and occur earlier in our patients than patients in many other ethnic groups. Reasons for this are not fully understood.Aims:The aim of this study is to evaluate the body total and central fat percentage in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients and to check correlation with BMI, waist circumference and metabolic profile.Settings and Design:A cross-sectional study conducted at endocrine clinic, Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi, Pakistan, from May to December 2012.Materials and Methods:Patients of either gender with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomly selected. A separate proforma for each patient was recorded for demographics, risk factors, bioelectrical impedance measurement for body fat and investigations.Statistical Analysis:Correlation between body fat and other covariate were compared by Pearson correlation coefficient test. A P < 0.05 was considered significant. SPSS19.0 was used to analyze the data.Results:One hundred and seventy five patients (95 male and 80 female) with mean age of 54.1 ± 12 years were evaluated. Mean duration of diabetes was 8.1 years, mean HbA1c was 8.1% and 53.7% were on oral agents and rest were on insulin with or without oral agents. Hypertension was present in 65.7%, 13.7% had known coronary artery disease and 2.3% had cerebrovascular disease. Mean BMI in males was 29.1 ± 4.74 kg/m2 and females 31.7 ± 5.3 kg/m2. Mean waist circumference in males was 107.3 ± 16.6 cm and 103 ± 12 cm in females. Total body fat percentage (%BF) in males was 30.9 ± 7.1% and females 40 ± 8.2% with 89% of the total cohort having total body fat percentage above the normal, less than 25% central fat percentage was 13.3 ± 5.2% in males and 14.6 ± 5.5% in females with 79.4% of cohort having increased central fat (normal <9%). Total and central body fat correlated with BMI (r = 0.68, P < 0.001) and waist circumference (r = 0.66, P < 0.001) but not with HbA1c, triglyceride level or with fasting or random blood glucose levels. Women had significantly higher total body fat percentage compared to men (P < 0.001) although central fat percentage was similar in both sexes.Conclusions:High body fat percentage, waist circumference are seen especially in woman and central body fat percentage in both sexes among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Pakistan. Body fat percentage should be measured and followed as this may be an important contributing factor to the high macrovascular complication rate in this part of world.

Body Fat Distribution After Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010

The prevalence of cardiovascular disease in women increases sharply after menopause. The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between menopause and body fat distribution and to investigate their association with cardiovascular disease risk factors. We analyzed 2035 women 20-79 years of age using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010 database. Body fat was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The percentage of total body fat and the body fat distribution (BFD) index (the ratio of the trunk fat mass to leg fat mass) are significantly higher in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women (all p<0.001). When adjusted for age, menopause was associated with higher total body fat percentage (adjusted β=1.082, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.074-2.090, p=0.035). In women with a body mass index<25 kg/m(2), the higher BFD index was also independently associated with menopause (adjusted β=14.408, 95% CI 1.672-27.145, p=0.027). After adjusting for age and body fat percentage, the BFD index showed significant and independent associations with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (adjusted β=0.060 and 0.042, all p<0.001, respectively), fasting glucose (adjusted β=0.007, p<0.001), total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (adjusted β=0.001 and -0.002, p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively), and triglyceride levels (adjusted β=0.007, p<0.001- except for low density lipoprotein cholesterol. After menopause, women have not only higher total body fat percentage but also its different distribution, which independently correlates with cardiovascular disease risk factors. Therefore, this change in body fat may cause the sharp increase in cardiovascular disease incidence in middle-aged women, especially after menopause.

Association Between Body Size and Composition and Erectile Dysfunction in Older Men: Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study

To examine the association between body size and composition and erectile dysfunction (ED) in older men. Cross-sectional analysis of the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men study. Six U.S. clinical sites. Community-dwelling men aged 65 and older. Body composition measures using anthropometry (body weight, body mass index (BMI)) and dual X-ray absorptiometry (total body fat percentage, trunk fat percentage, ratio of trunk and total body fat). ED was assessed using the single-item Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS) scale and the five-item International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire (IIEF-5). In men completing the MMAS scale (n = 4,108), prevalence of complete ED was 42%. In sexually active men completing the IIEF-5 questionnaire (n = 1,659), prevalence of moderate to severe ED was 56%. In multivariate-adjusted analyses reporting prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), the prevalence of MMAS-defined complete ED was significantly greater in men in the highest quartile of body weight (PR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.16-1.34), total body fat percentage (PR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.13-1.40), and trunk fat percentage (PR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.15-1.38), and was greater in men with a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m(2) than in those with BMI of 22.0 to 24.9 kg/m(2) (PR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.05-1.31). Associations appeared similar for IIEF-5-defined moderate to severe ED in analyses adjusted for age and study site. In a cohort of older men, high body weight, BMI, and total body fat percentage were independently associated with greater prevalence of moderate to severe and complete ED. Future studies should investigate whether interventions to promote weight loss and fat loss will improve erectile function in older men.

Comparison in maternal body composition between Caucasian Irish and Indian women

The use of body mass index (BMI) for the diagnosis of obesity has limitations, especially when comparing ethnic groups with different body proportions. The aim of this prospective study was to compare maternal body composition in early pregnancy between Caucasian Irish and Indian women. A total of 81 Indian women and 81 Irish Caucasian women were matched for age, parity and BMI. Maternal weight and height were measured, and body composition analysed using bioelectrical impedance. The Irish women were taller and weighed more than the Indian women (p < 0.001). At any given BMI, the Indian women had a higher total body fat percentage, visceral fat level and high fat percentage than the Irish women (p = 0.024, 0.001 and 0.001, respectively). Our findings suggest that lower BMI cut-offs should be used for screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in Indian women attending our antenatal services.

Quality-of-life and mortality in hemodialysis patients: roles of race and nutritional status.

Maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients often have protein-energy wasting, poor health-related quality of life (QoL), and high premature death rates, whereas African-American MHD patients have greater survival than non-African-American patients. We hypothesized that poor QoL scores and their nutritional correlates have a bearing on racial survival disparities of MHD patients. We examined associations between baseline self-administered SF36 questionnaire-derived QoL scores with nutritional markers by multivariate linear regression and with survival by Cox models and cubic splines in the 6-year cohort of 705 MHD patients, including 223 African Americans. Worse SF36 mental and physical health scores were associated with lower serum albumin and creatinine levels but higher total body fat percentage. Spline analyses confirmed mortality predictability of worse QoL, with an almost strictly linear association for mental health score in African Americans, although the race-QoL interaction was not statistically significant. In fully adjusted analyses, the mental health score showed a more robust and linear association with mortality than the physical health score in all MHD patients and both races: death hazard ratios for (95% confidence interval) each 10 unit lower mental health score were 1.12 (1.05-1.19) and 1.10 (1.03-1.18) for all and African American patients, respectively. MHD patients with higher percentage body fat or lower serum albumin or creatinine concentration perceive a poorer QoL. Poor mental health in all and poor physical health in non-African American patients correlate with mortality. Improving QoL by interventions that can improve the nutritional status without increasing body fat warrants clinical trials.