High Tone Research Articles

Gambaran Praktik Pengasuhan Anak Kembar di Kabupaten Gayo Lues

The purpose of this study is to know the image of the practice of child care in gayo lues district. This study uses qualitative methods with a descriptive approach. Number of participants in the study are three subjects. The data is analyzed using thematic analysis techniques. The findings suggest that there are 7 themes illustrating the practice of foster care in gayo lues district, of which 7 include the following sub themes. Parenting stress that covers the subtheme of financial demands, the lack of time for yourself. Support system that includes sub themes of extended family help, husband support, local government assistance. Coping strategies that include the subtheme manage time through other work, not managing emotions in a healthy way. Teaching that includes sub themes that enhance understanding, direction and example. The culture that includes the sub theme educating children firmly, the high tone of voice and educating children independently. The vaforitism consists of the sub theme divide and contrast.

Follow-Up of Neonatal Hearing Screening in the Risk Factor Group for Hearing Loss: Results from a Tertiary Medical Center

Introduction: Universal newborn hearing screening has been successfully implemented in many places around the world, and it is recommended that cases with risk factors for hearing loss be followed-up regardless of hearing screening results. However, there is a need for clarity regarding the recommended rate of follow-up and which tests should be performed. The aim of this study was to assess the audiologic follow-up program for the group with risk factors. Method: Our retrospective study involved children of various ages with a risk factor for hearing loss who passed the initial neonatal hearing test but were later diagnosed with hearing loss. Out of 113,708 children born at Hadassah University Medical Center during the years 2013–2021, 6763 were at risk of hearing loss, and their follow-up audiologic test results were studied. Results: Audiologic testing including ABR, OAE, tympanometry and behavioral audiometry was performed in 1534 of 6763 (23%) of the risk factor group that returned to the hospital. In total, 73 children (4.7%) were diagnosed with hearing loss, 54 of whom failed the initial screening and 19 who had passed it. Further examination of the children that passed the initial screening and were later diagnosed with a hearing loss revealed that four cases had been missed in screening (one familial mild hearing loss, one familial progressive loss, one premature infant with a high tone loss, and one NICU graduate with CNS involvement). Another nine cases had late-onset hearing loss (three meningitis, five CMV, and one with a mitochondrial disease). An additional six cases were diagnosed late, and the age of onset of the hearing loss was unknown (two intubated, two with hydrocephalus, one with Cerebral Palsy, and one with general developmental delay). Conclusions: These results reveal the importance of implementing a refined protocol for monitoring hearing in the high-risk group of children that pass neonatal hearing screening with respect to which hearing tests should be conducted, at what age, and the duration of follow-up. Also, barriers to follow-up must be dealt with, and parents should be more involved in the monitoring process.

Retrospective evaluation of the impact of atropine administration on incidence of post-operative colic in healthy, isoflurane-anaesthetised horses.

In anaesthetised horses, bradycardia secondary to high vagal tone can reduce cardiac output and blood pressure. The use of anticholinergics in horses is limited due to concerns about ileus and abdominal discomfort. This retrospective study sought to determine the prevalence of post-operative abdominal discomfort in healthy horses that received atropine under isoflurane anaesthesia. A retrospective evaluation of 222 general anaesthesia events between January 2019 and December 2019 was undertaken. One hundred and eleven horses that received atropine were identified, and 111 case match controls that did not receive atropine were also selected. Information gathered from the medical records included signalment, anaesthetic drugs, surgical procedures, duration of anaesthesia and surgery, dobutamine and atropine administration, and the occurrence of abdominal discomfort for 24 h after anaesthesia. After initial data analysis, a second cohort of records was assessed separately. The horses in this group were castrated under general anaesthesia (with or without atropine; n = 68). Logistic regression models and Fisher's exact tests were used to look for factors contributing to abdominal discomfort post-anaesthesia. The significance level was set to 5% (p < 0.05). Atropine administration was not associated with the development of post-anaesthetic abdominal discomfort (OR = 2.121, 95% CI [0.767, 5.869]; p = 0.2). Overall, 18/222 (8.1%) incidences of abdominal discomfort were identified. All incidents occurred in colts undergoing castration. In a separate analysis of only horses anaesthetised for castration, atropine was associated with developing abdominal discomfort (OR = 3.143, 95% CI [1.082, 9.132]; p = 0.04). Atropine was not associated with post-operative abdominal discomfort except in colts undergoing castration. All episodes of discomfort were mild and resolved with minimal intervention. The potential impact of insufficient analgesia in horses undergoing castration is a confounding factor and requires prospective investigation. Overall, atropine at a dose of 0.006 mg/kg IV appears to be a safe method to treat bradycardia in otherwise healthy horses anaesthetised for orthopaedic and upper airway procedures. Further work is required to determine if atropine is safe for colts undergoing castration.

Enhancing the selective catalytic oxidation of lignocellulosic biomass to formic acid using hydrogen peroxide and a reusable MgAl hydrotalcite-derived as a catalyst in a green solvent

Biofuels or liquid fuels derived from natural matter, are one of the most intriguing yet divisive alternatives for petroleum-based fuels. The most common approach to produce biofuels is to transform plant sugars and other carbohydrates into oxygen-deficient chemicals. A growing relevance has been devoted in the direct synthesis of platform molecules from biomass resources, using one-pot or cascade techniques via adequate catalytic system tuning and improvement of the reaction conditions which have merged as a beneficial strategy from an economic and ecological standpoint. In a similar vein, the major objective of this contribution was to investigate and enhance the conditions for a selective oxidation of lignocellulosic biomass-derived cellulose to yield formic acid (FA), the latter is one of the most coveted liquid hydrogen carriers and among the key compounds used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and leather industries. Both oxidizing aqueous hydrogen peroxide and calcined heterogeneous hydrotalcite catalyst have been employed at an atmospheric pressure for this purpose. The effect of reaction time, temperature, amount of catalyst and oxidant on the product's yield and selectivity have been investigated. The oxidation of a plant-derived cellulosic fiber at 70 °C using an H2O2 excess (7 mmol) provided an impressive result with a high yield and TON of 61.0 %, 12.30 respectively, the latter was confirmed to be relatively close to the one from the oxidation of pure cellulose. Furthermore, the reusability of the catalyst has also been studied which was demonstrated to result in the same yields for one reuse and 3 recycles.

Impact of background input on memory consolidation

Memory consolidation involves repeated replay of new information by the hippocampus, which transfers memories to the neocortex for long-term storage. This occurs mainly during slow wave sleep, a phase characterized in the cortex by low cholinergic tone and low afferent input. High cholinergic tone has been shown to hamper memory consolidation, probably mediated by reduced network excitability (the ease of activity propagation in a network). We used cortical neuronal networks on multi electrode arrays to investigate whether low background input contributes to memory consolidation. Networks received focal electrical stimuli to memorize, with or without background afferent input (global optogenetic stimulation). Background stimulation hampered memory formation and consolidation, confirming the importance of low background input. Moreover, it lowered network excitability, similar to high cholinergic tone. These findings suggest that high network excitability is a critical feature of slow wave sleep that facilitates memory consolidation.

Design and Synthesis of Sulfur-Containing Tetradentate Ligands for Ir-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ketones.

Developing highly active and enantioselective ligands for the asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones has consistently attracted significant attention from scientists. A series of novel tetradentate sulfur-containing ligands, termed as f-thiophamidol, were successfully designed and synthesized which exhibited excellent performance in the asymmetric hydrogenation of simple ketones (up to 99% yield, 99% ee) and α-substituted β-keto sulfonamides (up to 99% yield, 99% ee, 99:1 dr). The subsequent successful gram-scale experiments with high TON demonstrated the immense potential application value of this system in synthesizing drug molecules.

Green synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4NPs): Characterization and green light-driven photocatalytic aerobic oxidation of alkyl and aryl sulfides to the corresponding sulfoxides

In recent years, cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4NPs) have garnered significant attention due to their unique properties and wide range of applications, particularly in catalysis and environmental remediation. This study focuses on the green synthesis of Co3O4NPs using garlic extract as a bio-reducing and stabilizing agent, marking the first instance of employing this eco-friendly and cost-effective method. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques including SEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD, UV–Vis DRS, and BET analysis, revealing their spherical morphology, elemental composition, surface area, and optical properties. The primary application investigated was the photocatalytic aerobic oxidation of alkyl and aryl sulfides to sulfoxides under visible green light irradiation. The study meticulously optimized the reaction conditions, evaluating the effects of different solvents, light sources, and catalyst dosages. The optimal conditions were found to be a MeCN:H2O (5:1) solvent system, green LED light (535 nm), and 10 mg of Co3O4NPs catalyst with the highest TON of 12.5. Under these conditions, the catalyst demonstrated high efficiency, achieving up to 95% yield of sulfoxides with various substrates. Furthermore, the reusability of the Co3O4NPs was assessed through multiple catalytic cycles, showing excellent stability and consistent performance. Mechanistic studies indicated that the photocatalytic activity involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion radicals (O2.-) and singlet oxygen (1O2), with both holes and electrons playing crucial roles in the oxidation process. This research highlights the potential of green synthesized Co3O4NPs as effective and sustainable photocatalysts for selective oxidation reactions, offering a promising approach for environmentally benign chemical processes. The findings pave the way for further exploration of bio-derived catalysts in various industrial applications, promoting greener and more sustainable practices in chemical synthesis.

High dynamic range image tone mapping based on variational image decomposition and color correction

Tone mapping aims to reproduce high dynamic range (HDR) images on low dynamic range (LDR) display devices. The layer-decomposition-based tone mapping algorithms usually decompose HDR images into base and detail layers and process them accordingly. Since the detail layer is not refined again, these algorithms may suffer from halo artifacts, relatively dull color, and over-enhancement problems. To solve these problems, we introduce the variational image decomposition model and color correction into the field of tone mapping, and propose a tone mapping algorithm that combines the three-part variational image decomposition model with a color correction scheme based on minimum color loss. In contrast to traditional layer-decomposition-based tone mapping algorithms, we employ the three-part decomposition model that decomposes the HDR image into three components: a cartoon component, a texture component, and a high-frequency detail component. The cartoon component is compressed using a gamma function, while the texture and high-frequency detail components are each enhanced using the nonlinear stretching functions. This approach allows for better detail enhancement while preserving the smoothness of the image. In addition, we further use the color correction scheme based on minimum color loss to solve the color problem caused by the layer-decomposition-based tone mapping algorithms. Experimental results show that our proposed tone mapping algorithm can reduce the halo artifacts and preserve the edge details while outperforming some state-of-the-art tone mapping algorithms.

Influence of body fat on heart rate variability in healthy females.

To evaluate the effect of central obesity indices in healthy females on cardiac autonomic activity, using heart rate variability as an index reflecting the cardiac autonomic balance. The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, from September 2020 to April 2021, and comprised adult healthy women having a regular menstrual cycle who were not consumers of tobacco, alcohol or any medication. Waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, waist-height ratio and lipid accumulation product measurements were noted for each subject. Repeated blood pressure and heart rate measurements were taken on the brachial artery of the right arm until stable values were achieved. Heart rate variability was based on electrocardiogram data related to R-R interval. Data was analysed using GraphPad InStat version 3.06. There were 53 women with mean age 37.4±10.5 years. Low-frequency power normalised units at the highest two quintiles of waist circumference was significantly higher than the lowest two quintiles (p<0.03), and significantly and positively correlated with waist-hip ratio (p<0.02) and waist-height ratio (p<0.05). At the highest two quintiles of lipid accumulation product, low-frequency power normalised units value was significantly higher than at the lowest two quintiles (p<0.02). Increased waist circumference, waist-height ratio, waist-hip ratio and lipid accumulation product values were significantly associated with high sympathetic tone.

Chiral Polymeric Diamine Ligands for Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation.

A series of polymeric chiral diamine ligands are developed by diboron-templated asymmetric reductive couplings, and their iridium complexes Ir-polydiamines are efficient and recyclable catalysts for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of functionalized ketones, affording a series of optically active secondary alcohols in excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee) and unprecedentedly high total TONs (12,000, six cycles). Ir-polydiamine catalysts with longer chains offered higher reactivities, providing a plausible deactivation mechanism and practical solutions of ATH for vitamin B5 and phenylephrine.

ADHD-pain: Characteristics of chronic pain and association with muscular dysregulation in adults with ADHD.

A high incidence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been reported in chronic pain (ChP) patients. Furthermore, an association between ChP and muscular dysregulation has been reported in adults with ADHD. The present study investigated whether ADHD was more prevalent among psychiatric outpatients with ChP than those without ChP, and if there was an association between ChP, muscular dysregulation and characteristics of pain in patients with ADHD. One-hundred and twenty-one individuals remitted to an outpatient psychiatry unit took part in this naturalistic epidemiological cross-sectional study. They were assessed with a pain self-report form (localization, intensity, and onset) and a test of muscle dysregulation (the Motor Function Neurological Assessment). Prevalence of ADHD among patients with ChP, as well as the qualitative characteristics of ChP within the ADHDgroup are reported. Both ChP and pain intensity correlated with muscular dysregulation through Spearman's rho analysis. Additionally, the relationship between various diagnostic categories (ADHD, affective disorders, anxiety, or personality disorders) and incidence of axial pain was evaluated in logistic regression. ADHD was significantly more prevalent in patients with ChP, than in patients without ChP. In the ADHD group, ChP and pain intensity was associated with muscular dysregulation, particularly with high muscle tone. ChP was more axial and widespread, than for the patients without ADHD, and started at an early age. ADHD diagnosis predicted axial pain, whereas affective-, anxiety-, or personality disorders did not. The study suggests that ChP in ADHD is associated with muscular dysregulation and is qualitatively different from ChP in psychiatric patients without ADHD. These findings may lead to further understanding of potential mechanisms involved in ADHD and ChP, and in turn to new treatment strategies for both disorders.

Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system in gastro-esophageal reflux disease: Consequences for the cardiovascular system

ObjectiveThe pathophysiology of gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD) implicates autonomic dysregulation of the lower esophageal sphincter tone. Our goal is to investigate whether this dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) function observed in isolated GERD cases can affect other systems, such as cardiovascular regulation.Methods: Twenty-five participants were included in the study, 11 patients with isolated GERD and 14 controls. All patients and 7 controls responded to a COMposite Autonomic Symptoms Score 31 (COMPASS 31) questionnaire and underwent functional explorations including EMLA test, sympathetic skin response (SSR), 24-hour heart rate recording and ambulatory blood pressure measurement (ABPM). Seven additional controls underwent a 24-hour heart rate recording only. ResultsGERD patients (Age: mean 36.81±7.82; SR= 0.22) showed high clinically dysautonomic scores (COMPASS 31) (p = 0.015), increased Heart rate variability (HRV) parameters (daytime, nighttime, 24-hour SDNN (standard deviation of the RR interval (NN)), respectively p = 0.003, p < 0.001, p = 0.001; daytime and nighttime very low frequencies (VLF) respectively p = 0.03 and p = 0.007), impaired nocturnal dipping of blood pressure (3/11 patients) and high positivity of EMLA test (7/11, p = 0.037). These outcomes were strongly correlated with clinical dysautonomic assessment. No difference was observed between patients and controls regarding SSR. ConclusionOur data suggests a high parasympathetic tone amongst patients with GERD and a dysregulation of parasympathetic and sympathetic balance in the cardiovascular system with an impairment of the peripheral sympathetic fibers of cutaneous microcirculation, assessed by the EMLA test. GERD may be an inaugural symptom of autonomic neuropathy. Further functional exploration of peripheral small fibers seems to be necessary.

Catalytic Appel Reaction Accessing the Mesoporous Substructure of a Robust and Heterogeneous Polyphosphamide

AbstractPolyphosphamides are normally good flame retardants. Herein a mesoporous polyphosphamide (p‐PPA) with an accessible average pore diameter of &lt;10 nm and a surface area of 1.773 m2/g has been synthesized via condensation of 1,3‐diamino benzene (DAB) and phenyl phosphinic dichloride (PPDC). 31P, 13C CP‐MAS solid‐state NMR, Raman, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) characterizations confirm the presence of ‐{PV(O)‐NH}‐ in the repeating unit of the p‐PPA that is further used as a catalytic mediator to perform the Appel reaction i. e., conversion of alcohols to halides with a broad substrate scope and high TON (561). The heterogeneity of p‐PPA allows easy recovery of organic halides and recycling of the catalyst many times. Mesoporous p‐PPA has further given a scope to perform shape‐selective conversion of primary alcohols with linear alkyl chain (1‐dodecanol) while a low conversion for the bulky secondary (cyclo‐hexanol) and tertiary alcohol (tert‐butanol) is observed. Perhaps, the phosphamide units present inside the porous channel are non‐preferable sites for bulkier alcohols, as evident from the competitive experiments. A comparatively less catalytic conversion obtained with an analogous non‐porous n‐PPA, made of tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine (TREN) linker, highlights the role of porosity in p‐PPA to enhance the accessibility of numerous ‐{PV(O)‐NH}‐ reactive units to increase the TON.

Nociceptive Pain in Patients with Neuromuscular Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Clinical Study.

Muscle pain is a common symptom in patients with neuromuscular disorders (NMD) and accounts for severely reduced quality of life. OBJECTIVE: This clinical study aimed to observe possible differences in pain prevalence among distinct NMDs and to determine whether the patients' nociceptive pain is influenced by gender, muscle strength and psychological factors and to examine potential pain-associated alterations in muscle properties. The cross-sectional study on nociceptive pain in various NMDs involved patient-reported outcomes, muscle strength evaluations (dynamometry and quick motor function test (QMFT)), nociceptive pain evaluations (muscular pressure pain threshold (PPT)), and non-invasive measurement of muscle stiffness, frequency, decrement, relaxation, and creep (myotonometry). Involving 81 NMD patients and a control group, the study found high variability in pain prevalence among the subgroups. Patients with DM2 and FSHD had significantly higher levels of pain prevalence compared to other examined NMD subgroups and the control group. Female gender, high fatigue levels (representing factors such as depression, anxiety, stress, and impairment of quality of life), and low QMFT scores (representing reduced muscle strength) showed an association with increased sensitivity to pressure pain in the arm and leg region. As assessed by myotonometry, less pain is experienced in neck muscles with a high muscle tone, high stiffness, and a short relaxation time highlighting the importance of intrinsic muscular tone for their pressure pain sensitivity. Individualized therapeutic concepts including psychological and physical approaches in the pain management of patients with NMDs, especially in women, should be considered. Further research in this field is necessary to gain a more detailed insight into the perception of muscle pain.

Beyond S and Se: Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production by Tellurolate-Bridged Co(III)-Mn(I) Heterodinuclear Complexes.

In the pursuit of efficient electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), a series of manganese and cobalt heterodinuclear complexes have been synthesized and characterized that have a stark resemblance with the [NiFe]-hydrogenase active site structure. Irradiation of [Mn2(CO)10] in the presence of 1.5 eq of [NaEPh] [E = S, Se, Te] followed by reaction with [Cp*CoCl]2 led to the formation of half-sandwiched trichalcogenate-bridged heterodinuclear complexes [{Mn(CO)3}(μ-EPh)3(CoCp*)] [E = S (C1); Se (C2) and Te (C3)]. The reaction of these heterodinuclear trichalcogenate-bridged complexes with [LiBH4·THF] yielded the corresponding dichalcogenate hydride-bridged heterobimetallic complexes [(CO)3Mn(μ-EPh)2(μ-H)(CoCp*)] [E = S (C5); Se (C6) and Te (C7)], which closely imitate the Ni-R intermediate of [NiFe]-hydrogenase. The resultant complexes (C5-C7) displayed impressive H2 production in DMF in the presence of HBF4, whereas the Te-based complex (C7) showcased the highest TON (184 h-1) with an impressive Faradaic efficiency of >98%. The DFT investigations revealed a unique role of bridging chalcogens in catalysis, wherein, depending on the identity of the chalcogen (S, Se, or Te), protonation could occur via two distinct routes. This study represents a rare example of the full trio of S/Se/Te-based heterodinuclear complexes whose electrocatalytic HER activity has been probed under analogous conditions.

Alterations in Vagal Tone Are Associated with Changes in the Gut Microbiota of Adults with Anxiety and Depression Symptoms: Analysis of Fecal Metabolite Profiles.

Accumulating evidence suggests that interactions between the brain and gut microbiota significantly impact brain function and mental health. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether young, healthy adults without psychiatric diagnoses exhibit differences in metabolic stool and microbiota profiles based on depression/anxiety scores and heart rate variability (HRV) parameters. Untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics was used to identify fecal metabolic profiles. Results were subjected to multivariate analysis through principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and the metabolites were identified through VIP score. Metabolites separating asymptomatic and symptomatic groups were acetate, valine, and glutamate, followed by sugar regions, glutamine, acetone, valerate, and acetoacetate. The main metabolites identified in high vagal tone (HVT) and low vagal tone (LVT) groups were acetate, valerate, and glutamate, followed by propionate and butyrate. In addition to the metabolites identified by the PLS-DA test, significant differences in aspartate, sarcosine, malate, and methionine were observed between the groups. Levels of acetoacetate were higher in both symptomatic and LVT groups. Valerate levels were significantly increased in the symptomatic group, while isovalerate, propionate, glutamate, and acetone levels were significantly increased in the LVT group. Furthermore, distinct abundance between groups was only confirmed for the Firmicutes phylum. Differences between participants with high and low vagal tone suggest that certain metabolites are involved in communication between the vagus nerve and the brain.

Preoperative vagal activity predicts clinical outcomes after total knee replacement.

Total knee replacement (TKR) surgery carries with it significant surgical trauma and activates complex inflammatory pathways, which initially assist healing. However, impaired regulation of inflammatory pathways can cause tissue damage and postoperative complications. The vagus nerve regulates inflammation, the activity of which is indexed by heart-rate variability (HRV), which predicts postoperative pain, longer hospitalization and improved recovery during the postoperative period. The present study examined the relationship between presurgical HRV, inflammation and complications after TKR. The present study assessed data from 41 patients undergoing TKR. A retrospective design was used, where preoperative electrocardiograms were scanned to determine HRV. Outcome measures included inflammation [C-reactive protein (CRP) levels] over four postoperative days, length of stay (LOS), and complications. Preoperative HRV predicted the trajectory of postoperative CRP levels. The low HRV group demonstrated higher overall postoperative CRP and a longer time to recover than patients with high HRV. Furthermore, the magnitude of inflammatory decline between postoperative days two and four was associated with LOS. However, HRV did not predict postoperative complications. In conclusion, patients with lower presurgical vagal activity had a worse postoperative inflammatory profile than those with high vagal tone. In the age of personalized medicine, such findings may have implications for identifying and preparing patients before surgery.

C−H Bond Activation Facilitated by Nickel(II) Complexes Having Mighty Claws

AbstractStreamline synthesis of cyclic alcohols has been an enduring goal in synthetic chemistry. In this regard, a series of aminoquinoline‐based pincer ligands (L1(H)=2‐(dimethylamino)‐N‐(quinolin‐8‐yl)acetamide, L2(H)=2‐(diethylamino)‐N‐(quinoline‐8‐yl)acetamide, L3(H)=2‐(dipropylamino)‐N‐(quinoline‐8‐yl)acetamide and L4(H)=2‐(dibutylamino)‐N‐(quinolin‐8‐yl)acetamide)) and corresponding nickel(II) complexes of the type [Ni(L)Cl] (1–4) were synthesized and characterized using modern analytical techniques. Further, the catalytic activity of 1–4 was investigated for the oxidation of cyclohexane in the presence of different oxidants. All the catalysts showed substantial activity in the presence of m‐CPBA as the oxidant in DCM‐CH3CN (v/v, 3 : 1) solvent mixture at 60 ° C to yield cyclohexanol as the major product and cyclohexanone and caprolactone as the minor products. Under the optimised reaction conditions, catalytic activity was in the order 1 (936)&gt;2 (892)&gt;3 (835)&gt;4 (785), which can be rationalized by the steric‐electronic properties of the respective ligands. Notably, with catalyst 1, we could achieve the highest TON (936) reported so far for cyclohexane oxidation using nickel(II) complexes having square planar geometry. The best catalyst, 1 was further used for the oxidation of other cycloalkanes and showed appreciable activity. The formation of chlorinated products in the reaction and product distribution pattern revealed that the oxidation is mediated majorly by 3‐chlorobenzoyloxy radical.

Prosodic focus marking in Seoul Korean-speaking children: the use of prosodic phrasing.

Prosodic focus marking in Seoul Korean is known to be achieved primarily through prosodic phrasing, different from the use of prosody for this purpose in many other languages. This study investigates how children use prosodic phrasing for focus-marking purposes in Seoul Korean, compared to adults. Using a picture-matching game, we elicited semi-spontaneous production of SOV sentences in various focus conditions from monolingual Seoul Korean-speaking children aged 4 to 11 years. We found that the children varied prosodic boundaries to distinguish narrow focus from pre-focus and broad focus in a largely adult-like manner at the age of 4 to 5; at this age, they did not distinguish narrow focus from post-focus or contrastive focus using prosodic boundaries, similar to the adults. Their use of the prosodic boundaries in distinguishing the focus conditions was not fully adult-like in terms of frequency until the age of 10 to 11. In conjunction with the findings of previous studies on the acquisition of focus marking in Germanic languages, performed using a similar experimental method, our findings suggest that Seoul Korean-speaking children acquire the use of prosodic phrasing earlier than Dutch-speaking children acquiring the use of pitch accent but slightly later than Stockholm Swedish-speaking children acquiring the use of a prominence-marking high tone. These findings imply that the rate of focus-marking acquisition depends on the transparency of the form-meaning mapping between the phonological cue and focus.

Lhowa Phonology: A Typological Perspective

Lhowa exhibits a large inventory of forty-one consonant phonemes. In terms of points of articulation, it contains seven types of consonants, viz., labial, dental, alveolar, retroflex, palatal, velar and glottal. In terms of manner of articulation, it presents seven types of consonants, viz., stops, nasals, affricates, fricatives, trills, laterals and approximants. In terms of voicing, there are two types of consonant phonemes, viz., voiceless and voiced. Lhowa has voiceless unaspirated, voiceless aspirated, voiced murmured and voiceless murmured sounds. It exhibits a distinct consonant distribution. Lhowa has eight basic and two fronted vowels. There are four diphthongs. Lhowa displays a moderately complex syllable structure. It presents a canonical structure of the syllable in which V is obligatory and other constituents, (Ci, initial consonant), (X, voiced palatal approximant), and (Cf, final consonant) are optional. Lhowa permits only five types of syllable patterns. Each syllable is intrinsically high or low. It exhibits simple tone system. The high vs. low tone is distinguished only on the first syllable of a word. In Lhowa, like in Lhasa Tibetan, compound words demonstrate four types of tone melodies, viz., HH, LH, LL and HL.