High-throughput Communication Research Articles

Current Scenario of Maintenance 4.0 and Opportunities for Sustainability-Driven Maintenance

Industry 4.0, a shift from Industry 3.0, aims to enhance productivity and efficiency in operations and supply chain management. Maintenance plays a crucial role in this process, and IoT-enabled (Ind. 4.0) condition monitoring is a key component of this technology. However, challenges persist in implementing effective IoT-enabled condition monitoring solutions. The triple bottom line perspective (Economical, Ecological, and Social) is also crucial for realizing Ind. 4.0. This paper investigates the state of IoT-enabled industrial condition monitoring (Maintenance 4.0) and sustainability-driven maintenance (Maintenance 5.0), focusing on the challenges associated with implementing these concepts. The IoT-enabled technologies are divided into three layers: the application layer, the networking layer, and the physical layer. The physical layer, the lowest layer, faces numerous challenges in realizing maintenance 4.0 effectively. A new system configuration for vibration-based condition monitoring in an Ind. 4.0 environment is proposed to address these shortcomings. Wi-Fi technology is found to be the best option for high-throughput communication needs in the current scenario. The literature review reveals that while the economic aspect of maintenance 5.0 has been thoroughly examined, the environmental and social aspects have not been thoroughly assessed. Future research should focus on developing a new sustainable maintenance model that incorporates IoT-enabled technologies and investigates sustainable performance indicators to understand sustainability aspects quantitatively.

Flexible Hyper-Distributed IoT–Edge–Cloud Platform for Real-Time Digital Twin Applications on 6G-Intended Testbeds for Logistics and Industry

This paper presents the design and development of a flexible hyper-distributed IoT–Edge–Cloud computing platform for real-time Digital Twins in real logistics and industrial environments, intended as a novel living lab and testbed for future 6G applications. It expands the limited capabilities of IoT devices with extended Cloud and Edge computing functionalities, creating an IoT–Edge–Cloud continuum platform composed of multiple stakeholder solutions, in which vertical application developers can take full advantage of the computing resources of the infrastructure. The platform is built together with a private 5G network to connect machines and sensors on a large scale. Artificial intelligence and machine learning are used to allocate computing resources for real-time services by an end-to-end intelligent orchestrator, and real-time distributed analytic tools leverage Edge computing platforms to support different types of Digital Twin applications for logistics and industry, such as immersive remote driving, with specific characteristics and features. Performance evaluations demonstrated the platform’s capability to support the high-throughput communications required for Digital Twins, achieving user-experienced rates close to the maximum theoretical values, up to 552 Mb/s for the downlink and 87.3 Mb/s for the uplink in the n78 frequency band. Moreover, the platform’s support for Digital Twins was validated via QoE assessments conducted on an immersive remote driving prototype, which demonstrated high levels of user satisfaction in key dimensions such as presence, engagement, control, sensory integration, and cognitive load.

Optimizing a Formation-of-Arrays (FoA) Satellite Antenna System for Very High-Throughput Communications

Optimizing a Formation-of-Arrays (FoA) Satellite Antenna System for Very High-Throughput Communications

Microwave Antenna Optimization for Low Latency and High Throughput Communication Systems

This paper presents a comprehensive exploration of microwave antenna optimization strategies aimed at achieving low latency and high throughput in modern communication systems. With the escalating demand for real-time applications and data-intensive services, the optimization of microwave antennas has become imperative to meet the stringent requirements of responsiveness and efficiency. The abstract delves into various facets of antenna optimization, including design parameters, signal processing techniques, and deployment considerations, all geared towards minimizing latency and maximizing throughput. Through a thorough review of existing literature and practical insights from real-world deployments, this research aims to provide valuable guidance for engineers and researchers in designing and implementing optimized microwave antennas for next-generation communication networks. By examining the intricate interplay between antenna design, signal processing algorithms, and deployment strategies, this paper elucidates the challenges and opportunities in achieving low latency and high throughput in microwave communication systems. Furthermore, it highlights the significance of factors such as gain, beamwidth, polarization, frequency band selection, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, beamforming, adaptive coding and modulation (ACM), antenna placement, tower height, and line-of-sight considerations in optimizing antenna performance. The findings presented in this paper contribute to advancing the understanding of microwave antenna optimization and offer practical insights into enhancing the responsiveness, efficiency, and reliability of modern communication networks.

Deep photonic network platform enabling arbitrary and broadband optical functionality

Expanding applications in optical communications, computing, and sensing continue to drive the need for high-performance integrated photonic components. Designing these on-chip systems with arbitrary functionality requires beyond what is possible with physical intuition, for which machine learning-based methods have recently become popular. However, computational demands for physically accurate device simulations present critical challenges, significantly limiting scalability and design flexibility of these methods. Here, we present a highly-scalable, physics-informed design platform for on-chip optical systems with arbitrary functionality, based on deep photonic networks of custom-designed Mach-Zehnder interferometers. Leveraging this platform, we demonstrate ultra-broadband power splitters and a spectral duplexer, each designed within two minutes. The devices exhibit state-of-the-art experimental performance with insertion losses below 0.66 dB, and 1-dB bandwidths exceeding 120 nm. This platform provides a tractable path towards systematic, large-scale photonic system design, enabling custom power, phase, and dispersion profiles for high-throughput communications, quantum information processing, and medical/biological sensing applications.

Enhancing 6G network security: GANs for pilot contamination attack detection in massive MIMO systems

Accurate channel estimation at the base station (BS) is crucial for reliable, high-throughput communication in massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems. However, the process of estimating channel matrices in massive MIMO systems is prone to pilot contamination attacks. These attacks not only degrade the efficiency of channel estimation but also increase the probability of information leakage. In this paper, a method is being proposed for detecting pilot contamination signals using a deep learning model, namely a generative adversarial network (GAN), at the BS of a massive MIMO system. GAN comprises two interconnected models, the first model is the generator, which creates synthetic samples, and the second model is the discriminator, which distinguishes between real and generator-generated samples. Residual block-based convolutional neural networks (CNNs) like ResNet and reverse ResNet are implemented as discriminator model of GAN for improving the detection of pilot-contaminated signals. The generator, structured as an autoencoder, generates artificial data resembling real data from noisy signals. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model effectively identifies the pilot-contaminated attacks; this effectiveness is evaluated through performance matrices called accuracy and loss function. Furthermore, the performance of the model is observed by varying the number of BS antennas and pilot lengths.

UWB and MB-OFDM for Lunar Rover Navigation and Communication

This paper presents a comprehensive study of ultra-wideband (UWB) and multi-band orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) technologies for lunar rover navigation and communication in challenging terrains. Lunar missions pose unique challenges, such as signal propagation in the lunar environment, terrain elevation, and rover movement constraints. To address these challenges, we propose a hybrid communication and navigation system that leverages UWB technology for high-precision positioning and MB-OFDM for robust and high-throughput communication. We develop a realistic simulation framework that incorporates terrain elevation, obstacles, and rover movement constraints, along with a simple fading model for communication. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system in navigating lunar rovers to their target locations while maintaining reliable communication links with a lunar lander. A novel approach based on game theory for rover navigation is also presented. The study provides valuable insights into the design and optimization of communication and navigation systems for future lunar missions, paving the way for seamless integration of advanced terrestrial technologies in extraterrestrial environments.

Compact beamforming network for producing multiple orthogonal beams in a limited field of view phased array antenna

AbstractDue to the advent of high-throughput communication satellites in a geostationary orbit, the development of multiple beam phased array antenna (MBPAA) technology has become a necessity. This paper presents the design and implementation of the constituent unit of a beamforming network (BFN), which feeds an MBPAA with interleaved sub-arrays. The proposed BFN generates multiple orthogonal sub-beams with a very tiny angular distance between adjacent sub-beams in a limited field of view. The BFN consists of sub-array beamforming networks (SABFNs) with unequal number of beam ports and antenna ports, which can feed both the arrays lateral elements and the interleaved core sub-arrays for pattern shaping and side-lobe level reduction. A microwave circuit for this SABFN has been designed and fabricated in C-band. The microstrip lines have been printed on the two sides of a suspended substrate. This technique leads to size reduction of the circuit by twice a value compared to a conventional microstrip circuit. Measurements have been compared to simulations, and good conformity has been observed. The insertion loss in the path of beam ports to the antenna ports is 3.5 dB for a relative bandwidth of 10%.

Boosting Charge Utilization in Self-Powered Photodetector for Real-Time High-Throughput Ultraviolet Communication.

Ultraviolet (UV) communication is a cutting-edge technology in communication battlefields, and self-powered photodetectors as their optical receivers hold great potential. However, suboptimal charge utilization has largely limited the further performance enhancement of self-powered photodetectors for high-throughput communication application. Herein, a self-powered Ti3 C2 Tx -hybrid poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene):poly-styrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)/ZnO (TPZ) photodetector is designed, which aims to boost charge utilization for desirable applications. The device takes advantage of photothermal effect to intensify pyro-photoelectric effect as well as the increased conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS, which significantly facilitated charge separation, accelerated charge transport, and suppressed interface charge recombination. Consequently, the self-powered TPZ photodetector exhibits superior comprehensive performance with high responsivity of 12.3mA W-1 and fast response time of 62.2 µs, together with outstanding reversible and stable cyclic operation. Furthermore, the TPZ photodetector has been successfully applied in an integrated UV communication system as the self-powered optical receiver capable of real-time high-throughput information transmission with ASCII code under 9600 baud rate. This work provides the design insight of highly performing self-powered photodetectors to achieve high-efficiency optical communication in the future.

RF Glass Technology Is Going Mainstream: Review and Future Applications

Driven by the increasing demand for high-throughput communication links and high-resolution radar sensors, the development of future wireless systems pushes at ever greater operating frequencies. By analogy, high-performance computing (HPC) systems with high-bandwidth I/Os have become a mainstream solution to address multi Gbit/s data rates. Heterogeneous integration technologies play a vital role here in enhancing the performance and functional density, along with reducing the size and costs of such RF systems. In line with this trend, many passive components, which have once been monolithically integrated, are now implemented on ceramic or polymer-based packages. Besides these long-established material and process technologies, considerable efforts have also recently been devoted to the development of RF components on glass and glass-ceramics. Spurred by their low dielectric losses, extremely smooth surfaces, and excellent dimensional stability, glass technologies are emerging as a promising alternative for high-volume and high-performance RF applications. In this article, relevant glass materials and key enabling technologies are reviewed and put into context with well-established RF substrate technologies. Another focus is set on the latest glass-based packaging and interposer solutions ranging from MHz-to-THz frequencies. To showcase the development activities and practical accomplishments of the RF glass technology, also a large variety of key components is presented. Finally, the paper concludes by discussing future research and development directions of RF glass devices.

Construction of a 5G-based, three-dimensional, and efficiently connected emergency medical management system

BackgroundShenzhen is unique in its need for ad hoc responses to emergencies. The need for emergency medicine also demonstrates a trend of sustained growth. ObjectiveA three-dimensional and efficiently connected emergency medical management model using fifth generation mobile communication technology (5G) was established to improve the efficiency and level of management in emergency medicine. MethodA mixed-frequency band private network collaborative emergency treatment mode was built under daily emergency scenarios using 5G. The efficiency of a three-dimensional telemedicine treatment mode was tested using prehospital emergency medicine. Also, the feasibility of quickly establishing a temporary network information system using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and/or high-throughput communication satellites under disaster-caused power outages and network interruptions was examined. A monitoring system was constructed for suspected cases using 5G amid public health emergencies, which raised the Emergency Department’s efficiency and security in responding to the pandemic. ResultsThe three-dimensional rescue system supported by 5G showed that the radius of the emergency medical rescue services expanded from 5 to 60 km, and the cross-district emergency reaction time reduced from 1 h to <20 min. Thus, it was feasible to construct a communication network expeditiously with devices carried by UAV under disastrous scenarios. The system developed based on 5G could be used in managing suspected cases of public emergencies. Among the 134 suspected cases in the early stage of the pandemic, no nosocomial infection was detected. ConclusionA three-dimensional, efficiently connected emergency medical management system based on 5G was constructed, following which the emergency rescue radius quickly expanded and the emergency response time reduced. Thus, with the aid of new technology, an emergency information network system was built expeditiously under specific scenarios, such as a natural disaster, and the level of management under public health emergencies advances. The confidentiality of patient information is a critical issue regarding the application of new technology.

Cascaded all-optical quantization employing step-size MMI and shape-optimized power splitter

As a key unit of future high-throughput communications, optical analog to digital converter (OADC) with all-optical quantizer element that simultaneously possesses high resolution, large bandwidth and compact size is highly promising. A pending issue of conventional OADC methods is that a higher resolution is always accompanied with dramatically increased system size and complexity, consequently magnified impact of system error on the performance index such as bandwidth, which fails the inherent superiority of OADC. In this paper, we propose and numerically investigate a cascaded optical quantization (COQ) solution aiming to address the wavelength sensitivity issue of integrable optical phase-shifted quantizers at high resolution (>= 5-bit). Harnessing a step-size multimode interference coupler and a shape-optimized power splitter, we predict the operation bandwidth for 1-bit degradation can be up to 20 nm, 15.8 nm and 11.9 nm for the quantization resolution of 5-, 6- and 7-bit respectively, indicating a bandwidth improvement of >1 THz compared to those without COQ. Meanwhile, the total insertion loss can be maintained below −1 dB. This proposed quantizer is CMOS-compatible, which can be monolithically integrated on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform and fabricated through a commercial Multi-Project Wafer (MPW) run. It paves the path to achieve high-resolution and large bandwidth OADC chips in a cost-effective way.

Special Issue: Advanced Semiconductor Materials and Films: Properties and Applications

Advanced semiconductor materials and films are building blocks for multifunctional devices and circuits, integrated optoelectronic chips, and high-throughput communications, which have proved basic material platforms for nanoscience and technologies [...]

Visual Teaching System Design of University Political Video Course Based on Network Node Algorithm.

With the continuous development of wireless sensor networks in the fields of industrial measurement and control, medical monitoring, and intelligent buildings, the demand for network performance is also increasing. Conventional MAC protocols used in wireless sensor networks can no longer meet the low power consumption, interference suppression, high reliability, and high throughput communication requirements of these applications. With the changes in related visual media in education, from wood boards and cards in the age of visual media to slides and projections in the age of audio-visual media, as well as the extensive development of various visual tools, visual teaching systems are all in terms of technology, environment, mode, and meaning. Visual education research in the development of video courses first needs to understand the educational function of the smart classroom, including the related concepts, research progress, and key functions of the smart classroom. At the same time, it is also necessary to clarify the theoretical principles and expression methods of video course development and their effectiveness in professional training. Finally, we can combine the advantages of the two educational institutions to design applied research and apply it to visual education in smart classrooms. This is exactly where the educational philosophy of the university political curriculum of visualized higher education policy plays an important role in running the university political curriculum of higher education policy. In the context of multiculturalism, how to deal with the new problems and new situations of the current ideals and concepts of college students, how to grasp the main problems, and how to solve the problems are a topic worthy of continuous discussion and summary.

Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network Development and Applications in High-Speed Railways: A Survey

In order to realize the reliable and safe operation of the smart railways, and provide high quality information transmission service for passengers, the railway system needs to develop innovative communication network and advanced communication technology to meet the gradually increasing service demand of multi-dimensional comprehensive information resources. The Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SAGIN</i> ) can provide seamless information services for land, sea, air and space users, and is an effective solution to the challenge posed by the future smart railways to the all-time, all-domain, all-air, high-reliability and high-throughput communication. This paper aims to comprehensively discuss the technical development and application examples of High-Speed Railways ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">HSRs</i> ) based on <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SAGIN</i> . Firstly, we analysis the development of the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SAGIN</i> and the mobile communication network of the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">HSRs</i> , and comprehensively discuss the single network architecture of the space-based, air-based and ground-based networks, as well as the integrated network, and discuss the application scenario and network structure of the combination of the integrated networks. At the same time, the communication services, existing problems and key technologies of the space-based, air-based and ground-based networks are discussed, and the application trend of the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SAGIN</i> in <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">HSRs</i> is presented. Furthermore, the application scenarios of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies in solving the efficient resource utilization of smart railways communication and the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SAGIN</i> are studied. Based on these technologies, we point out the research direction for the future development of AI technologies in <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SAGIN</i> in <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">HSRs</i> communications.

Performance evaluation of MIMO DFT-Spread WR-OFDM system for spectrum efficiency and power efficiency

ABSTRACT It is important to design a spectrum-efficient and power-efficient wireless communication system, which is the main design target in cellular and wireless communication engineering. Basically, to make it, the desired system must have a low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), low-level of out-of-band (OOB) power emission and can provide a high throughput. In this paper, we propose a high-throughput cellular communication system, namely Discrete Fourier Transform-Spread Windowing and Restructuring Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (DFT-Spread WR-OFDM), which has considerably low PAPR and low OOB power emission for upcoming next-generation beyond 5G (B5G) and 6G cellular communication systems. High PAPR is still one of the challenging issues for the MIMO-OFDM system. The proposed system is an effective arrangement of DFT-Spreading and windowing techniques to reduce PAPR and OOB power emission, respectively. Multiuser diversity is obtained using localized subcarrier mapping. We take advantages of spatial multiplexing to enhance the data throughput significantly. Additionally, frequency-domain equalization (FDE)-minimum mean squared error (MMSE) is used to combat the inter-symbol interference (ISI) effect. Simulation results verify that the suggested system considerably lowers PAPR and OOB power emission compared to the conventional systems. Furthermore, the proposed scheme shows better bit error rate (BER) performance over the MIMO Rayleigh fading channel environment. Simulation results also confirmed that the channel capacity of our suggested system is better than the conventional multi-carrier systems.

A novel wide dual band circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna for milli meter wave 5G applications

A novel singly fed Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) is proposed here for milli meter wave 5G (Fifth Generation) frequency band applications. The DRA has achieved wide dual bandwidth with circular polarization at the defined 5G frequency bands. The resonances of this dual band antenna occur at 22.06 GHz, 24.5 GHz and 29.84 GHz. The percentage bandwidth |S11| < −10 dB of 26.3% is achieved at the first band (19.52–26.36 GHz) and 7.69% at the second band |S11| < −10 dB (28.26–30.26 GHz). Both the achieved bands here are covered under the Band 30 GHz category of 5G frequency spectrum. Compared to the conventional rectangular DRA, a novel trapezoidal shaped DRA is designed here which is fed by a microstrip line with characteristics impedance of 50 Ohm. The defined electrical dimensions of the DRA are 0.25λ0 × 0.29λ0 × 0.22λ0 considering 26 GHz as its resonating frequency. The DRA is placed over a Rogers substrate with dimensions 0.5λ0 × 0.5λ0 × 0.1λ0 and permittivity of 2.2. The DRA is circularly polarized and has a 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 5.23%. The DRA has achieved a gain value of 3.28 dB. Milli meter wave communications require wideband antennas with circular polarization features to support high throughput communication channels. This singly fed DRA has achieved wide dual bandwidth with circular polarization and is more suitable for indoor 5G small cell applications.

High Throughput Wireless Links for Time-Sensitive WSNs With Reliable Data Requirements

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and internet of things (IoT) are expected to add a massive number of wireless devices to support various emerging applications. Consequently, adopting high throughput communications protocols is indispensable to serve such a massive number of devices. Therefore, this work presents a new framework, denoted as non-orthogonal multiplexing (NOM), that can substantially improve the throughput of wireless communications links for WSNs applications. The proposed framework utilizes power domain (PD) multiplexing to improve the throughput by recognizing that the hybrid-ARQ (HARQ) protocol and Chase combining (CC) create nonuniform power requirements for the transmitted packets. Consequently, multiple data packets can be combined and transmitted simultaneously using PD multiplexing. More specifically, the proposed framework allows combining multiple new packets, or new and retransmitted packets to increase the system throughput and reduce the delay. Moreover, to overcome channel state information (CSI) feedback limitations, a simple protocol is proposed where the number of transmitted packets is fixed for all transmission sessions. Therefore, the sensing nodes do not need to identify the number of transmitted packets for each transmission slot. The obtained results show that the proposed NOM protocol can eventually improve the link throughput by 100% at high signal to noise ratios (SNRs), and hence, reduce the delay by 50%. The system complexity and overhead are generally comparable to conventional HARQ systems, which confirms the efficiency of the proposed framework.

Empirical Low-Altitude Air-to-Ground Spatial Channel Characterization for Cellular Networks Connectivity

Cellular-connected unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have recently attracted a surge of interest in both academia and industry. Understanding the air-to-ground (A2G) propagation channels is essential to enable reliable and/or high-throughput communications for UAVs and protect the ground user equipments (UEs). In this contribution, a recently conducted measurement campaign for the A2G channels is introduced. A uniform circular array (UCA) with 16 antenna elements was employed to collect the downlink signals of two different Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks, at the heights of 0-40m in three different, namely rural, urban and industrial scenarios. The channel impulse responses (CIRs) have been extracted from the received data, and the spatial/angular parameters of the multipath components in individual channels were estimated according to a high-resolution-parameter estimation (HRPE) principle. Based on the HRPE results, clusters of multipath components were further identified. Finally, comprehensive spatial channel characteristics were investigated in the composite and cluster levels at different heights in the three scenarios.

Extremely Low-Loss Planar Transition From Hollow Dielectric Waveguide to Printed Circuit Board for Millimeter-Wave Interconnect

An extremely low-loss and high-speed millimeter-wave (mm-wave) interconnect based on hollow dielectric waveguide (HDW) is demonstrated. Though HDW is renowned for its distinguishably low-loss transmission among all dielectric-based competitors, it is criticized for the difficulty of smooth power transition from HDW to planar backplane systems. This article presents a novel approach for planar transition from tubular HDW to printed circuit board (PCB). The proposed transition circuit is composed of a dipole-antenna-like power coupler, a matching metal adapter, and a tapered horn. The experimental result shows only 0.68-dB transition loss at 58 GHz, which is the best value compared to other approaches in the literature. In addition, thorough analysis and modeling for the proposed technique are obtained. It implies the opportunity to apply this approach for applications in higher frequency by scaling. The 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM) communication over the proposed 1-m interconnect is demonstrated with a maximum data rate of 34 Gb/s. This technique provides an extremely low-loss and structurally stable solution for HDW-based interconnect and transition, which is expected to be applied for 5G/6G high-throughput communication in the near future.