High Temperature Water Vapor Research Articles

Treatment of turbine blades in electric power stations by adding nano oxides to the matrix material (Al80-Ni20)

Abstract A base material of Al80-Ni20 was used and mixed with variable proportions of Nano chromium oxide (Cr2O3) at percentages of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%, as well as with Nano magnesium oxide (MgO) at percentages of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%. These mixtures were then applied using the thermal spraying method with a flame. This particular method is commonly used for repairing cracks and protecting turbine blades in electric power stations from external corrosion. However, it is important to note that this method may face challenges when exposed to high-temperature water vapour, salts and other working conditions experienced by turbine blades. Samples were prepared by thermally sintering the coating at 1000 °C for two hours. Various measurements were performed to assess the structural properties using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), as well as other physical tests such as porosity, hardness, adhesion strength and frictional wear. The SEM analysis revealed that the presence of 10% Cr2O3 resulted in a surface that was uniformly free from external defects, whereas the addition of MgO led to a less homogeneous surface. The physical data obtained indicated a preference for Cr2O3, as evidenced by the porosity results (4.5%) observed after thermal sintering at 10%, as well as the hardness (193 HV), adhesion strength (40 MPa) and wear (2.90 × 10−5 g cm−1) measurements. Moreover, the analyses of the properties of MgO under the same conditions included porosity (10%), hardness (155 HV), adhesion strength (35 MPa) and wear (5.50 × 10−5 g cm−1).

Fabrication of flexible multifunctional graphene-based composite membrane with improved hydrophobicity and thermal conductivity characters for thermal management

The lifetime of electronic devices in complex environments is affected by the impact of high temperature water vapor on their performance. Equipping electronic devices with superhydrophobic properties and improved thermal conductivity will be the strategy of the future. In this paper, a surface material with high thermal conductivity and superhydrophobic properties is explored to address the problem of electronic device failure caused by heat and water vapor. To solve this problem, anti-temperature superhydrophobicity can be obtained by spraying alumina/nano-silicon carbide/thermoplastic elastomer composite powder (Al2O3/nano-SiC/SEBS) modified with 1 H,1 H,2 H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (POTS) on graphene membranes. A spherical Al2O3/nano-SiC composite superhydrophobic coating (ASS-GM) was formed on the surface of graphene-based composite membranes by spraying method. The results showed that the optimal ratio was m(Al2O3): m(SiC) = 8:1, and the static water contact angle of the coating was 162 ± 2.5°, and the surface energy was reduced. The ASS-GM significantly improves the thermal conductivity and superhydrophobicity of graphene-based composite membranes, achieving a double improvement in performance. The coating also offers excellent self-cleaning and antifouling properties compared to other materials. The ASS-GM is able to maintain a certain hydrophobicity angle (156 ± 1.5°) in harsh environments. This work provides practical applications for electronic coatings, which are important for improving the overall reliability and durability of electronic products.

CT imaging to study meso-structure evolution of fractured oil shale during in-situ pyrolysis by high-temperature water vapor injection

Preceding the in-situ pyrolysis of oil shale, it is imperative to undertake reservoir fracturing and modification. The intricate evolution of meso-structures in both the fractured fissures and the surrounding rock matrix, constrained by in-situ stress during the pyrolysis process, plays a significant role in influencing the efficiency of heat transfer and the extraction effectiveness of produced materials.This article is based on the Micro-CT scanning technology to study the microscopic structural evolution patterns of high-temperature water vapor in-situ pyrolysis in oil shale with fractured fissures.The main research findings are as follows: Firstly, pre-existing fracturing fissures facilitate the formation and development of vertical bedding fractures.The vertical bedding fractures first appear at 300 °C, with a relative frequency of 1.35%, occurring earlier than the temperature at which such fractures emerge in intact oil shale.Secondly, at 450 °C,there is a pivotal transition point in the evolution of pore-fracture systems, shifting from a predominant increase in length to a predominant increase in aperture.Below 450 °C, changes in pore-fractures are primarily manifested in terms of quantity and length. However, after 450 °C, there is a noticeable increase in the aperture of pore-fracture systems.Thirdly,at temperatures within the range of 300 °C–350 °C, a closure phenomenon occurs in fractures, predominantly involving micro and medium fractures. This closure predominantly affects smaller fractures, providing only a moderate retardation effect on the development of larger fractures. Moreover, in the temperature range of 500 °C–550 °C, there is interconnection observed between large and medium fractures. Pre-existing multiple large fractures are consolidated into a singular interconnected large fracture.Finally, at 450 °C, there is a significant increase in the connectivity of pore-fracture networks. Below 450 °C, the primary connected flow pathways consist of pre-existing fracturing fissures and newly formed parallel bedding fractures. Beyond 450 °C, a complex network of pores takes over as the main interconnected flow channel.

Compound database for gaseous metal hydroxides and oxyhydroxides

In this study computational methods are used to derive thermochemical data for Sc, Fe, Co, Ni, and Hf hydroxides and oxyhydroxides. As done previously, molecular geometries and vibrational modes were derived with DFT methods; for the enthalpies of formation more computationally intensive coupled cluster methods were necessary. For each species ΔfHo(298), So(298), and Cp in the form A + BT + CT2 + D/T + E/T2 with A, B, C, D, and E fitted constants are presented. These are combined with previously reported calculations for Al, Cr, Si, Ta, Al, Zr, Y, Yb, Gd, and Mn to build a compound database for metal hydroxides and oxyhydroxides. Sample calculations for applications where high temperature water vapor is encountered are shown. The majority of the database was generated from ab initio calculations; however, experiments were critical benchmarks for many of the species.

Single-beam velocimetry with dual frequency comb absorption spectroscopy

Laser absorption Doppler velocimeters use a crossed-beam configuration to cancel errors due to laser frequency drift and absorption model uncertainty. This configuration complicates the spatial interpretation of the measurement since the two beams sample different volumes of gas. Here, we achieve single-beam velocimetry with a portable dual comb spectrometer (DCS) with high frequency accuracy and stability enabled by GPS-referencing, and a new high-temperature water vapor absorption database. We measure the inlet flow in a supersonic ramjet engine and demonstrate single-beam measurements that are on average within 19 m/s of concurrent crossed-beam measurements. We estimate that the DCS and the new database contribute 1.6 and 13 m/s to this difference respectively.

High-temperature water vapor sensors based on rare-earth-doped barium cerate

In this novel study, BaCe0.9Y0.1O3–δ, BaCe0.9Eu0.1O3–δ, BaCe0.9Nd0.1O3–δ, and BaCe0.9Dy0.1O3–δ powders were synthesized by the self-combustion method and processed into thick porous films (60–70 % porosity) to investigate the water vapor sensing properties in the 400–700 °C temperature range. All samples showed a stable response value to water vapor in the whole temperature range, expressed as impedance ratio in dry and wet argon (ZdryAr/ZwetAr), and were able to detect 0.03 vol% of water vapor at 550 °C within the impedance range of 103 Ω at 100 Hz. The response values increased with the partial pressure of water and decreased with the temperature, whereas the maximal value of 3.41 reached the BaCe0.9Eu0.1O3–δ sample at 550 °C and p(H2O) = 4.28 kPa. The average response time was several seconds and only slightly changed with the material type and experimental conditions. The recovery time depended on temperature and the ZdryAr/ZwetAr ratio, whereas the increase in the gas flow rate from 100 cm3/min to 200 cm3/min significantly reduced the recovery time for the BaCe0.9Eu0.1O3–δ sample from 230 s to 55 s at 550 °C and p(H2O) = 2.14 kPa. All the samples exhibited stability and a high degree of reversibility after multiple exchanges of wet and dry atmospheres at different temperatures. Yet, their tendency to deteriorate in the presence of CO2 might challenge a potential application in aggressive environments.

Microstructure, thermal/mechanical properties and corrosion behaviors of ternary and quaternary equimolar rare-earth monosilicates

The properties of rare-earth (RE) monosilicates can be regulated by solid solution engineering based on the mixture rule. The combination and number of RE principals are critical factors for better performances. In the present study, four single-phase equimolar multicomponent RE-monosilicate solid solutions including (Dy1/3Er1/3Yb1/3)2SiO5, (Ho1/3Er1/3Yb1/3)2SiO5, (Y1/4Er1/4Tm1/4Lu1/4)2SiO5 and (Dy1/4Er1/4Tm1/4Yb1/4)2SiO5 were synthesized by solid-state reaction and hot-pressing method. The microstructures, thermal and mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance to high-temperature water vapor were systematically investigated. Compared to the single-principal and ternary RE-monosilicates, the quaternary RE-monosilicates exhibited lower thermal conductivity of 1.32 Wm−1K−1 at 400 °C, matched thermal expansion coefficients (3.3 × 10−6/oC ∼ 5.8 × 10−6/oC from 200 °C to 1000 °C) with SiC, and much lower weight loss during water vapor corrosion. The results indicate that the increase of the RE element number can promote the grain growth, lower the thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient, and enhance corrosion resistance.

Experimental Investigation on Oxy-Hydrogen Gas Flame Injecting Coal Powder Gasification and Combustion

Hydrogen energy is an important carrier for energy terminals to achieve green and low-carbon transformation. Hydrogen, as a carbon-free fuel, has great research and development value in the field of thermal power generation. This article proposes a solution for the stable combustion of coal powder using Oxy-hydrogen Gas ignition technology. An Oxy-hydrogen Gas flame injection coal powder combustion testing device was constructed to experimentally study the temperature distribution in the combustion chamber under Oxy-hydrogen Gas ignition technology, with primary air coal powder concentrations of 0.27, 0.32, and 0.36 (kg coal powder/kg air), as well as the concentration changes of volatile CO emissions during the ignition of coal powder using both Oxy-hydrogen Gas and CH4 flames. The sensitivity of the NO generation during coal gasification combustion under the Oxy-hydrogen Gas ignition was simulated and analyzed. The results show that at a coal powder concentration of 0.32 (kg coal/kg air) and an Oxy-hydrogen Gas flow rate of 2.1 L/min, the combustion effect of coal powder is the best, and the highest combustion chamber temperature can reach 1156 K; when the concentration of coal powder varies within a range from 0.32 to 0.27, the combustion chamber temperature can be maintained at around 850K, achieving stable combustion conditions for coal powder. The only product generated by the Oxy-hydrogen Gas combustion is high-temperature water vapor, which helps the rapid gasification of coal powder and releases a large amount of volatile CO, which is beneficial for the ignition and stable combustion of coal powder.

Effect of Sc and Gd co-doping on the oxidation behavior of FeCrAl alloys in water vapor environment at 1000°C

Rare earth Sc, Gd double doped alloys FeCrAl-xScxGd with different compositions (x=0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0) were prepared by vacuum hot press sintering, and their microstructures were investigated. The double-doped alloy FeCrAl-xScxGd was also oxidized with the single-doped alloys FeCrAl-xSc and FeCrAl-xGd (as a control variable) at high temperature water vapor oxidation at 1000 ℃ for 100 h, and the oxidation kinetic curves were investigated. It is concluded that they have positive effects on the enhancement of the oxidation resistance of FeCrAl alloys in different aspects, while there is no "synergistic effect" of Sc and Gd rare earth elements on the oxidation kinetics of FeCrAl alloys. In FeCrAl alloys, the element Gd not only exists as Gd monomer, but also forms two intermetallic compounds of Gd and Fe, Fe5Gd and Fe9Gd, and the oxide Gd3Fe2Al3O12, which hinders the outward diffusion of Al and reduces its oxidation rate. The element Sc, on the other hand, undergoes longitudinal segregation at the oxide grain boundaries and produces a pinning effect on the alumina scale, which enhances the bonding at the oxide scale/alloy interface, thus preventing the growth of new oxide grains and the generation of new nucleation sites at the alumina scale/alloy interface, thus having a positive effect on the alloy.

Experimental investigation of high-temperature water vapour ventilated supercavitation

In the current landscape of underwater vehicle development, high-tech advances are increasingly being utilised, especially in the application of high-speed underwater equipment. Based on the concept of water ram engine operation, the formation of a ventilated supercavity by converting seawater into high-temperature water vapour has the potential to reduce the consumption of ventilating gases. However, the kinetic process that promotes the formation of a supercavity by ventilating it with high-temperature water vapour remains unexplored. This study attempts to bridge this knowledge gap by carefully investigating the cavitation flow around an axisymmetric object under various high-temperature water vapour ventilation conditions. Experiments conducted in a cavitation tunnel equipped with a high-temperature water vapour generator showed that the formation of a transparently ventilated supercavity requires a significant increase in the ventilation rate compared to the ventilation rate facilitated by room-temperature non-condensable gases. The injection of high-temperature water vapour produces perturbations along the cavity boundaries, thereby triggering interfacial instability, a phenomenon that is not present in super-cavities generated by non-condensable gases. Further observations revealed a correlation between the elevated ventilation temperature and elevated cavity boundary instability. In addition, the stability of a high-temperature water vapour ventilated supercavity (HWVVS) exhibits high sensitivity to external environmental conditions. The irrational pairing of the ambient cavitation number and ventilation volume poses a potential risk of supercavity collapse.

The role of high-temperature water vapor on oxidation behavior for CoNiCrAlHf alloys at 1100 °C

The external atmosphere can significantly affect the microstructure within the oxide scale of alloys during high temperature oxidation. In this paper, we investigate the isothermal oxidation of CoNiCrAlHf alloys in dry air and water vapor (Ar-25%H2O and air-25%H2O). The different test atmospheres led to very different results. HfO2 peg formed at the Al2O3/alloy interface duo to in-situ oxidation. The presence of water vapor significantly increases the oxygen potential gradient and the diffusive flux of Hf, causing the linear distribution of HfO2. In addition, water vapor has effectively retard the phase transformation of metastable-Al2O3 to α-Al2O3. In high temperature water vapor, the CoNiCrAlHf alloys form a duplex-layer, consisting of external δ-Al2O3 and internal γ-Al2O3. The distinction can be attributed to the promotion of defect concentration due to the adsorbed water molecules. The formation of Al vacancies would promote the outward diffusion of Al and the inward diffusion of O, which greatly facilitates the formation of γ -Al2O3.

Water vapor corrosion behaviors of Yb2SiO5-Yb2O3-Si-SiC ceramic fabricated by tape casting and reactive melt infiltration

To reduce the influence of TGO on EBCs performance, the Yb2SiO5-Yb2O3-Si-SiC ceramic was prepared by tape casting and reactive melt infiltration in this paper. During high-temperature water vapor corrosion, the ceramic formed a unique layered oxide layer structure to protect the material. On one hand, TGO is consumed by the reaction of Yb2O3 and Yb2SiO5 with SiO2; On the other, the structure makes no TGO layer between the oxidized and unoxidized regions, which means that even if the TGO layer is stripped, the material still has a dense Yb2Si2O7 and Yb2SiO5 mixed layer as a protective barrier.

Temperature evolution law and strain characteristics of rapid freeze-thaw coal impacted by liquid CO2 -high temperature steam cycles

In view of the fact that the natural melting time of frozen coal is too long in the process of low temperature pneumatic antireflection, and the migration path of unconventional oil and gas is blocked by porous ice. A rapid freeze-thaw antireflection technique for coal seams using liquid CO2 and high temperature water vapor as the medium is proposed. The results show that high temperature steam can significantly promote the melting of liquid CO2 frozen coal. The coal strain changes suddenly when the temperature changes suddenly, and the strain decreases continuously with the temperature conduction becoming stable. With the increase of the number of cold and hot cycle impacts, the time of a single cycle increases first and then decreases. As the degree of metamorphism increases, the strain of coal decreases, and the strain of lignite is 2.71 times that of anthracite. After 6 times of cold and hot cycle impact, the lignite is broken, and the bituminite and anthracite appear macroscopic cracks. In the process of temperature shock, the coal produces residual strain, which first increases and then decreases with the increase of the number of cold and hot cycles.

Analysis of Blackening Reaction of Zn-Mg-Al Alloy-Coated Steel Prepared by Water Vapor Treatment

In the context of high-temperature water vapor treatment, Zn-Mg-Al alloy-coated steel sheets exhibit the emergence of a black surface. This study aims to explore the factors and mechanisms contributing to surface blackening by inducing black surfaces on Zn-Mg-Al alloy-coated steel sheets, which were fabricated through molten coating subjected to water vapor treatment at 150 degrees Celsius. The surface composition was predominantly identified as zinc oxide (ZnO) film validated through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Morphological analysis of the surface and cross-section post-water vapor treatment revealed a disrupted lamellar structure with diffused features, resulting from the formation of an oxide film. Optical properties analysis demonstrated an increased absorbance and a decreased bandgap energy after water vapor treatment, which is indicative of an augmented blackening effect. Consequently, the high-temperature water vapor treatment led to the formation of oxides on the surface with the highly reactive Mg and Al extracting oxygen from the predominantly present ZnO surface. This process resulted in the creation of an oxygen-deficient oxide, ultimately causing surface blackening.

Characterization of Sodium Alginate-Based Edible Film with Addition of Gelatin and Casein

Edible film is a form of biodegradable packaging that is easily biodegradable and can be consumed at the same time with the product. The purpose of this study is to find characterization of edible films including physical tests (thickness, tensile strength, elongation, elasticity and high temperature resistance), chemical tests (water content and water vapor transmission rate), solubility tests and biodegradability tests on sodium alginate/glicerol-based edible films with the addition of gelatin and casein. This study was conducted using the single factor group random design method with data analysis using SPSS 29 software. The results showed that edible films made from only sodium alginate and glycerol only have advantages in characteristics of elasticity, edible films made from sodium alginate, glycerol and gelatin have advantages in characteristics of elongation, water content, solubility and biodegradability. Edible films made from sodium alginate, glycerol and casein have advantages in characteristics of consumer preferences, thickness, tensile strength, high temperature resistance and water vapor transmission rate.

Recycling Glass Fiber from Polyurethane Composite by Pyrolysis Strategy with High Mechanical Properties

With the rapid advancement of the wind power industry, the recycling of retired wind turbine blades and the regeneration of glass fibers have become urgent environmental and economic issues. In this article, a two-step pyrolysis strategy was put forward, in which the relationship between the pyrolysis parameters and the properties of the recycled glass fibers, including the surface morphology, defects, and mechanical properties were demonstrated. We found that pyrolyzing the composites at 500°C under high-temperature water vapor atmosphere to recover the glass fibers, and oxidizing at 450°C to remove the residual carbon of fibers is the optimal choice. In this way, not only can the fibers be recovered from the waste composites, but also the mechanical properties of the fibers can be retained while removing the residual carbon on the surface, which provides a guarantee for subsequent high-value reuse of waste fan blade composite materials.

Mechanical properties and water vapour corrosion behaviour of Al x CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys.

Al x CoCrFeNi (x = 0.1, 0.5 and 1) high-entropy alloys (HEAs) were prepared using a spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique combined with aerosol powder. Their microstructure and phase constituents were characterized using an X-ray diffractometer and SEM, and their tensile properties, hardness and compactness were tested. The results show that the crystal structure of the Al x CoCrFeNi HEAs changed significantly with the Al content, from the original single face-centered cubic FCC phase (Al0.1CoCrFeNi) to an FCC + BCC structure (Al0.5CoCrFeNi), and then to FCC + BCC + sigma (σ) phase structures (AlCoCrFeNi). Chemical composition analysis showed that the crystal structure transformation was related to the segregation caused by the increased Al content. The hardness of the Al x CoCrFeNi HEAs increases with increasing Al content, and the hardness of AlCoCrFeNi reaches a maximum of 507.3 HV. The tensile properties of the alloy show a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with increasing Al content, and the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the Al0.5CoCrFeNi alloy reach maximum values of 527.4 MP, 943.3 MPa and 28.2%, respectively. The fracture mechanism of the Al0.1CoCrFeNi and Al0.5CoCrFeNi alloys is typical ductile fracture, while that of the AlCoCrFeNi alloy is cleavage fracture. The compactness of the alloy increases with the Al content. The samples were also subjected to high-temperature water vapour corrosion, and corrosion products such as Al3Fe5O12, CoCr2O4 and NiCr2O4 were found in the Al0.1 and Al0.5 alloys, whereas no oxide peaks were detected using XRD for the Al1 alloy. It was also presumed that a very thin alumina film was generated on the surface of the Al1 alloy, preventing the oxidation of the sample, in combination with the analysis of SEM, EDS and XPS behaviour.

Experimental investigation of high-temperature insulation performance of vacuum encapsulated ceramic fiber-board

In this study, a thermal barrier coating (TBC) was used to encapsulate a porous ceramic fiber-board (CFB) under vacuum conditions. The thermal insulation performance and loading-bearing capacity of this structure were experimentally examined and compared to those of the original CFB and an atmospheric pressure encapsulated CFB (APE-CFB). Additionally, the heat transfer process of various specimen was numerically simulated. The thermal insulation experimental findings demonstrate that the 100 μm TBC is proficient in sealing the CFB against high-temperature oxidative ablation and water vapor intrusion in a thermal environment of 1373 K for 3000 s with negligible structural alterations. The TBC diminishes radiative heat transfer inside the CFB, while the vacuum encapsulated CFB (VE-CFB) effectively inhibits the gas heat transfer inside the CFB, substantially enhancing its thermal protection capabilities. Load testes indicate that TBC can increase the compressive capability of original CFB by as much as 73.5% up to 4.25 MPa within a 10% deformation range, which is advantageous in the design and application of integrated force-thermal load-bearing structures.

High-temperature corrosion of phosphate completion fluid and corrosion inhibition method by membrane transformation

By analyzing the corrosion of phosphate completion fluid on the P110 steel at 170 °C, the high-temperature corrosion mechanism of phosphate completion fluid was revealed, and a corrosion inhibition method by membrane transformation was proposed and an efficient membrane-forming agent was selected. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, X-ray energy spectrum and X-ray diffraction results were used to characterize the microscopic morphology, elemental composition and phase composition of the precipitation membrane on the surface of the test piece. The effect and mechanism of corrosion inhibition by membrane transformation were clarified. The phosphate completion fluid eroded the test piece by high-temperature water vapor and its hydrolyzed products to form a membrane of iron phosphate corrosion product. By changing the corrosion reaction path, the Zn2+ membrane-forming agent could generate KZnPO4 precipitation membrane with high temperature resistance, uniform thickness and tight crystal packing on the surface of the test piece, which could inhibit the corrosion of the test piece, with efficiency up to 69.63%. The Cu2+ membrane-forming agent electrochemically reacted with Fe to precipitate trace elemental Cu on the surface of the test piece, thus forming a protective membrane, which could inhibit metal corrosion, with efficiency up to 96.64%, but the wear resistance was poor. After combining 0.05% Cu2+ and 0.25% Zn2+, a composite protective membrane of KZnPO4 crystal and elemental Cu was formed on the surface of the test piece. The corrosion inhibition efficiency reached 93.03%, which ensured the high corrosion inhibition efficiency and generated a precipitation membrane resistant to temperature and wear.

Effect of in situ synthesis reaction of methacrylic acid (MAA)/zinc oxide (ZnO) on frictional wear of metals during compounding

During prolonged operation, the end face of the internal mixer, a crucial component in rubber processing, experiences wear, resulting in an increased gap between the mixing chamber and the end face. This gap can lead to material leakage and reduced mixing efficiency, negatively impacting rubber properties. To address this issue, researchers have introduced dynamic covalent bonds into the molecular rubber chains, giving the material self-healing properties. This advancement is essential for extending rubber lifespan and reducing production costs. One common approach involves adding methacrylic acid (MAA) and excess zinc oxide (ZnO) to create ionic crosslinking networks, limiting covalent crosslinking and enabling in-situ polymerization of MAA/ZnO, resulting in self-healing capabilities. However, the strong acidity and corrosive nature of MAA can cause metal wear. In our study, we mechanically blend MAA with ZnO to produce zinc methacrylate (ZDMA)/rubber composites. We investigate the in-situ synthesis mechanism of MAA and ZnO and assess the impact of MAA on the friction and wear of the internal mixer's end face. Our findings reveal that ZDMA ion pairs form an “ion cross-linked network” within the rubber chain, hindering SiO2 particle dispersion and increasing aggregation within the rubber matrix. This compromises dispersion and leads to abrasive wear from SiO2 particles, corrosive wear from high-temperature water vapor, and corrosive wear from MAA. Additionally, excessive ZDMA self-polymerization alters SiO2 particle agglomerates. The strong acidity of MAA and the “ion cross-linked network” within the rubber matrix significantly affect SiO2 particle dispersion, friction coefficients, metal surface roughness, and metal wear. Our comprehensive analysis, including SEM, dispersion, RPA, metal surface morphology, and CSM friction wear tests, identifies the optimal cross-linking effect with the addition of 15 phr of MAA, resulting in a well-defined “ion cross-linked network” within the rubber matrix, enhancing rubber performance. However, SiO2 particle dispersion is compromised, leading to increased agglomeration and heightened metal wear.