Effect of in situ synthesis reaction of methacrylic acid (MAA)/zinc oxide (ZnO) on frictional wear of metals during compounding

Abstract

During prolonged operation, the end face of the internal mixer, a crucial component in rubber processing, experiences wear, resulting in an increased gap between the mixing chamber and the end face. This gap can lead to material leakage and reduced mixing efficiency, negatively impacting rubber properties. To address this issue, researchers have introduced dynamic covalent bonds into the molecular rubber chains, giving the material self-healing properties. This advancement is essential for extending rubber lifespan and reducing production costs. One common approach involves adding methacrylic acid (MAA) and excess zinc oxide (ZnO) to create ionic crosslinking networks, limiting covalent crosslinking and enabling in-situ polymerization of MAA/ZnO, resulting in self-healing capabilities. However, the strong acidity and corrosive nature of MAA can cause metal wear. In our study, we mechanically blend MAA with ZnO to produce zinc methacrylate (ZDMA)/rubber composites. We investigate the in-situ synthesis mechanism of MAA and ZnO and assess the impact of MAA on the friction and wear of the internal mixer's end face. Our findings reveal that ZDMA ion pairs form an “ion cross-linked network” within the rubber chain, hindering SiO2 particle dispersion and increasing aggregation within the rubber matrix. This compromises dispersion and leads to abrasive wear from SiO2 particles, corrosive wear from high-temperature water vapor, and corrosive wear from MAA. Additionally, excessive ZDMA self-polymerization alters SiO2 particle agglomerates. The strong acidity of MAA and the “ion cross-linked network” within the rubber matrix significantly affect SiO2 particle dispersion, friction coefficients, metal surface roughness, and metal wear. Our comprehensive analysis, including SEM, dispersion, RPA, metal surface morphology, and CSM friction wear tests, identifies the optimal cross-linking effect with the addition of 15 phr of MAA, resulting in a well-defined “ion cross-linked network” within the rubber matrix, enhancing rubber performance. However, SiO2 particle dispersion is compromised, leading to increased agglomeration and heightened metal wear.