High Technological Quality Research Articles

Gluten-free breadmaking affected by the particle size and chemical composition of quinoa and buckwheat flour fractions.

This study aimed at assessing the effect of physicochemical properties and the particle size of different fractions of buckwheat and quinoa on the behaviour of gluten-free dough and bread quality. Quinoa and buckwheat grains were milled with a hammer mill and then separated in three fractions. These fractions where then re-milled with a cyclonic mill to obtain samples of similar sizes. Results showed that the chemical composition of these fractions was very different and played a major role on bread quality. Proteins, lipids and fibre negatively affected bread quality, whereas starch-rich fractions were more adequate for breadmaking. Re-milling quinoa and buckwheat fractions increased bread volume, although chemical composition still influenced bread properties. For hammer-milled fractions, both the finest fractions resulted in breads with higher technological quality, as well as a final product with more fibre, minerals and proteins.

Componentes de produção, produtividade e atributos tecnológicos de cultivares de feijoeiro do grupo comercial carioca

In the National Register of Cultivars of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply are registered about 350 cultivars of bean. Bean cultivars, in addition to adaptation to the growing site, should present productive potential and meet the consumers' demands regarding the qualitative attributes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production, productivity and qualitative attributes of bean cultivars of Carioca commercial group during the autumn-winter period, in order to obtain information on productive capacity and grain quality, with characteristics that meet the producers and also the consumers. The experimental design was a randomized block design, with 13 treatments and 4 replicates. The treatments consisted of the bean cultivars: Perola, BRS Estilo, BRSMG Madreperola, BRS Notavel, IAC Alvorada, IAC Imperador, IAC Milenio, IPR 139 (Juriti Claro), IPR Andorinha, TAA Bola Cheia, TAA Dama, TAA Gol e ANfc 9. All common bean cultivars stood out for grain yield, but BRSMG Madreperola, IAC Milenio, IAC Alvorada, TAA Dama, ANfc 9 and BRS Estilo obtained values ​​above the general average of 3,460 kg ha-1. The bean cultivars TAA Dama and BRS Estilo presented interesting characteristics in terms of productivity and grain quality, being suitable for both the producer and the consumer. The cultivars BRSMG Madreperola, IAC Milenio, IAC Alvorada and ANfc 9 presented high productivity and technological quality of the grains, but with time for maximum hydration higher than that used in brazilian cuisine.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ СОРТОВ И ЛИНИЙ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ ПО ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННО ЦЕННЫМ ПРИЗНАКАМ

Seventeen varieties and lines of winter soft wheat of Tatar Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture selection were evaluated in comparison with varieties of other breeding centers in the conditions of the northern regions of Volga region in 2016-2018. The purpose of the research is to identify source varieties of stably high yield and technological quality of grain. The soil is gray forest, the predecessor is pure steam. Mineral fertilizers were applied based on the planned productivity of 6.0 tons per hectare. The plot area is 10 m2. The placement is randomized. Replication is 4-fold. The two-factor experiment: factor A - varieties, factor B - years of research. The average productivity of varieties varied from 4.01 to 5.23 tons per hectare. The maximum yield increase over the standard Kazanskaya 560 variety was obtained from Gostianum 2186 line (24.1%) with a variability of 6.1%. The lowest values of the variation coefficient in yield (1.2%) were obtained from Erythrospermum 2200 variety, which forms the grain productivity at the standard level. In contrasting weather conditions, during the years of study, the interaction “genotype × environment” had a significant effect on yield (31.8%). Large-grain varieties were identified - Nadezhda (46.1 grams) and Lutestsens 2164 (45.7 grams) with a slight variation in the trait (0.9% and 7.9%, respectively) by year. Grain with a high natural weight from 788 g/l (Skipetr) to 830 g/l (Universiada) was obtained with a slight variation of this indicator (from 0.3% to 2.3%). Such varieties, as Kazanskaya 560, Nadezhda, Darina, Sultan, Gostianum 2196, Erythrospermum 2197, Gostianum 2199, Erythrospermum 2200 in terms of “mass fraction of protein” can be classified as valuable wheat, and Moscow variety 39 - as strong. It was established, that grain quality indicators are more genetically determined: varietal differences determined the formation of gluten quality to 65.1%; mass of 1000 grains to 52.1%; the full weight of the grain to 38.4%; mass fraction of protein in grain to 49.4%; the mass fraction of gluten in the grain to 48.1%.

INTERRELATION BETWEEN STRUCTURAL YIELD ELEMENTS AND TECHNOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF WHOLEGRAIN AND MILLED RICE IN NEW RICE CULTIVARS

Background. To obtain sustainable and high rice yields, it is crucial to select the best cultivars adapted to the cultivation in the main rice-growing areas. Combining high yields and technological quality indicators of wholegrain and milled rice is of vital importance. The practical solution of such an important task largely depends on successful breeding work. Materials and methods. Eight rice cultivars were evaluated in competitive trials in 2016–2018. Experimental plots were arranged within the rice irrigation system of the All-Russian Rice Research Institute in Belozerny Settlement, Krasnodar Territory. During the growing season, the following traits were visually evaluated: plant density, resistance to lodging, disease and pest infestation, and uniformity of crops. Screening and discarding operations on the plots planned for harvesting were followed by making model sheaves of 10–15 plants each for biometric analysis. Technological characteristics of wholegrain and milled rice were measured according to GOST 10843-76 and GOST 10987-76 standards. The results were mathematically processed and proved reliable. Results. Four promising cultivars ‘VNIIR 10244’, ‘VNIIR 10275’, ‘VNIIR 10279’ and ‘VNIIR 10282’ with a set of economically useful traits significantly exceeding the standard reference (st) ‘Flagman’ were selected. Their yield was 9.0 t/ha; 1000 grain weight: 29.3; 28.1; 30.4 and 26.3 g; hull percentage: 17.7; 19.7; 19.5 and 21.4%; and wholegrain content: 88.5; 93.5; 89.4 and 97.8%, respectively. Significantly high yields of these cultivars are due to the optimal number of fertile spikelets (150–160 pcs), panicle density (9.8–12.6 pcs/cm), and significant weight of grain from the main panicle (3.7–4.4 g), with an average sterility of 14.2–20.3%. A close positive correlation of yield traits with wholegrain content was observed in cvs. ‘VNIIR 10282’, ‘VNIIR 10279’, ‘VNIIR 10276’ and ‘VNIIR 10275’ (r = 0.92– 0.98). An inverse relationship between yield and kernel fissuring was observed in most genotypes, which testifies to the potential possibility of increasing their yield without the risk of reducing milled rice yield or wholegrain content. Conclusion. The evaluation resulted in identifying four promising rice cultivars: ‘VNIIR 10244’ and ‘VNIIR 10279’ (large-grain), ‘VNIIR 10275’ and ‘VNIIR 10282’ (medium-sized grain). They significantly exceeded the standard reference ‘Flagman’ in a set of economically useful traits: yield and its structural elements as well as technological characters of wholegrain and milled rice quality. The best of the selected genotypes according to the optimal ratio of the studied traits will be submitted to the State Variety Trials in 2019–2020.

Optimasi Fraksi Volume Komposit Serat Kersen Terhadap Kekuatan Tarik

Composite is a material formed from a combination of two or more forming materials through a mixture that is not homogeneous. Composites have properties such as corrosion resistance, light weight, faster assembly, and are able to compete with metals by not losing the characteristics and strength of the mechanism. This research was conducted to develop composite materials with more specific properties, one of which is the use of natural fibers as reinforcing raw materials in composites. This research uses the epidermal skin fiber with the epoxy matrix and is applied to the crossbow as a new environmentally friendly composite material and supports the idea of utilizing grained fiber into products that have high economic and technological qualities. This research was carried out by varying the fiber volume fraction of 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70%. In this study tensile test specimens using ASTM D 638 standard. To determine the physical properties, experiments were conducted to calculate density and measurement of fiber diameter. From this study the tensile strength value of the 70% volume fraction is 70.30 MPa The test results show that the composite material of the kersen fibers has increased strength as the fiber volume fraction increases

PRODUCTIVITY INDICATORS OF A2 AND AD1 GENOME AMPHIDIPLOID HYBRIDS OF COTTON

The article presents the results of studies to determine the productivity of A2 and AD1 genomic amphidiploids hybrids of cotton. Different indicators were gained based on the analysis of the obtained data on the indicator of productivity, in particular, the number of bolls per plant and the percentage of tying of full-fledged seeds in polygenetic hybrids F1 and F2. The main economically valuable features of the new synthetic forms of cotton are the precocity, the weight of the fiber of one boll (6-7 grams), fiber output (40-42%) and relatively high rates in relation to other varieties of the cotton with type IV fiber, which makes it possible to gather the raw cotton early. This form is characterized by the resistance to the drought, diseases and pests, high productivity and high technological qualities of the fiber. The obtained new synthetic complex hybrid forms are important for practical selection as a starting material for the creation of new varieties of intensive cotton types.

A Case Study on Huawei Technologies

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. is a Chinese company. Nowadays, Huawei is becoming a very recognized company worldwide, due to its high technological quality products and innovation. These Chinese company is leading global provider of information and communications technology infrastructure and smart devices. With integrated solutions across four key domains, telecom networks, IT, smart devices, and cloud services. Huawei is committed to bring digital to every person, home and organization for a fully connected, intelligent world. Our proposal is to analyze the international strategies that Huawei have been applying to their success, what makes this company different from competition? Why clients or customers would prefer Huawei instead of other technological and recognized companies? and what can they improve in order to acquire more clients and work further to get into new markets and potentialized their products as the best ones. A profound study is done on how Huawei Technologies had made strategic choices to when and how to enter in an existing and highly competitive market. Also, the study explores the important canvases of their business model, which includes the precise time of entry, market segmentation and pricing strategy

Ефективність виробництва молока в спеціалізованих аграрних підприємствах

The article describes the current state and efficiency of milk production in specialized agrarian enterprises of Ukraine. It is emphasized that in the conditions of globalization of the agro-industrial complex the important role is given to specialized dairy enterprises, because the level of maintenance of Ukrainian population by extremely important food products depends on their effective development. It is established that the crisis phenomena in dairy farming of agricultural enterprises are caused by a decrease in investment attractiveness, lack of economic interest in the production of milk; the imperfection of the economic regulation of the development of dairy cattle by the state; the deterioration of the provision of agricultural enterprises with material and technical resources, etc. It is substantiated that increasing the level of concentration and specialization of production is the key to the successful development of the livestock industry. Due to the introduction of innovative technologies, modernization of equipment for optimized feeding of animals, and also the provision of a high quality animal feed stock, specialized agrarian enterprises provide high technological quality and quality of produced products. It is proved that in conditions of high concentration of milk production in private households it is impossible to provide the processing industry with high quality raw materials, therefore, it is necessary to focus on the formation of the optimal parity ratio of households' farms, family farms and specialized large-scale farms, which will ensure a reduction in the cost price of milk and increase the price at the expense of top quality products. Based on the research, it is found that in the conditions of orientation towards European markets, the strategic task of the state should be the revival of specialized commodity dairy farms, the formation of large holdings, associations and complexes, introducing advanced technologies and the achievement of breeding science. It is possible to fulfill the tasks with balanced equilibrium between demand and supply at milk and dairy products market.

The ancient pozzolanic mortars of the Thermal complex of Baia (Campi Flegrei, Italy)

Abstract Ancient pozzolanic mortars show the high technological quality achieved by Roman construction workers, due to their ‘excellent state’ of preservation in every environment. These workers well knew that thanks to the combination of lime with specific volcanic products (pozzolana), mortar and concrete become hydraulic, allowing underwater hardening and increasing mechanical strength. The use of pozzolana in a mortar provides the underwater curing (hydraulic limes) of whatever construction with higher speed compared to carbonation processes of slaked lime. Whenever pozzolana is not available, it is substituted by ceramic fragments, which possess similar hydraulic properties. This research focuses, for the first time, on the detailed characterization of mortars coming from the Thermal Complex of Baia, which represents one of the most important archaeological sites in the Campania region. Thanks to several thermal springs, the ancient city of Baiae (Campi Flegrei) was the holiday resort of the Roman aristocracy. The former Soprintendenza Archeologia della Campania, allowed us to perform non-invasive, but representative, sampling of mortars that were characterised by multianalytical methodologies (POM, XRPD, SEM-EDS, TGA, and MIP) providing useful information on possible future activities of restoration. Results confirmed the expertise of Roman workers, who skilfully combined volcanic tuff aggregate, hydrated lime, and ceramic fragments. In particular, the typical zeolitic mineral association of phillipsite > chabazite > analcime found in the tuff aggregate pointed out their provenance from the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff related to the volcanic activity of Campi Flegrei of ca. 15 ka BP. The most relevant characteristic detected in all studied samples is the mortar hydraulicity testified by evidences such as reaction rims between pozzolana and binder, Hydraulicity Index (HI), and thermal analyses investigation. Also, composition of secondary mineralogical phases in the cementiceous matrix is particularly relevant. Distinctive is the contemporary presence of C-A-S-H gel, calcite and gypsum. C-A-S-H gel is derived from lime/ceramic fragments reaction; calcite is likely related to the partial reaction of underburned lime; and gypsum could be ascribable to the sulphation process of calcite. These secondary minerogenetic products fill pore space and enhance bonding in pumice fragments, thus contributing to long-term durability of mortars.

The assessment of grain quality indicators in spring barley cultivars and lines

The requirements for assessment of new barley cultivars quality, imposed on plant breeding research, can be very different, even contradictory, depending on the intended use. The study of 13 competitive variety test numbers carried out in Moscow region in 2013-2018 helped to reveal the most promising ones, capable of producing grain with high biochemical and technological quality indicators. The great value for forage use was demonstrated by the samples with a high protein and essential amino acid lysine content as well as a high level of exchange energy in the grain. It has been established that a new forage variety Zlatoyar accumulated the maximum protein content (13.9%) and essential amino acid lysine content (0.52%) with productivity of 7.55 t/ha in different by humidity years. The grain of naked barley dyhaploid form 9h1137 had the optimal nutritious content: 151 g of crude protein, 31 g of crude fat, 667 g of nitrogen-free extractives, and 18 g of cellulose per 1kg of dry mass. It was noted, that those cultivars were characterized by the exchange energy of 11.39-11.82 Mj per 1 kg of cattle forage, and 13.22-14.33 Mj per 1 kg of pig forage. The valuable material for brewery purposes corresponding with the international quality standards has been developed. The Nadezhny variety was selected as well as promising lines 141/1-09 h 746; 85/1-13 h 1067, 181/3-12 h 897, which had a higher content of extractives in the grain (79.9-82.5%). In favorable vegetation conditions, they had grain protein content of 10.6-11.2%, which corresponded with the highest grade of the international standards for malting qualities of grain. In dry vegetation conditions, the protein content did not exceed 12.4%. The edibility characteristics of barley cultivars were evaluated by technological parameters of grain and porridge as a finished product. The laboratory test for the barley groat qualities gave the following results: the grain unit (709-711 gram per liter), 1000 grain mass (50.551.8 g), kernel hardness (42.8-46.2%), groat grain output per 4 minutes (56.5-57.7%), the color of finished porridge (4.8-5.0 grades). It helped to identify the Nur and the Zlatoyar varieties as especially valuable for peeled-barley and pearl barley groats.

CELIAC DISEASE AND NEW ATTEMPTS TO DEVELOP GLUTEN-FREE MEAT PRODUCT FORMULATIONS

Celiac disease (CD) is one of the most common diseases related to nutrition affecting consumers all over the world. There has been a steady increment in the production of ready-to-eat meat products with rapid changes in dietary habits, urbanization, and globalization. Despite this increase in manufacturing of ready-to-eat meat products, there is still a market demand present for gluten-free meat products. Since the only treatment for CD is a lifelong gluten-free diet, an undeniable need is present for meeting the nutritive demands of CD sufferers by improving the range of gluten-free products with both high nutritive and technological quality. The present paper overall covers the CD and its impacts in connection with the development strategies for gluten-free meat product formulations.

SPRING BARLEY NADEZHNYY

According to the results of competitive variety trials for 2009-2014 G. G. for yield and evaluation of biological and agronomic indicators of the selected line 11/1-05h 37(Annabel x Elf), which in 2015 was transferred to the State variety trial and included in the state register under the name Reliable. The article presents varietal description and brief characteristics of varieties on yield and quality. The most important biological feature of the variety is the high adaptability and adaptability to different growing conditions. In 2017 the results of two years testing the variety is zoned in the Central (3) and Volga-Vyatka (4) regions. Grade Reliable (Patent No. 8940 from 28.02.2017) two-rowed barley varieties nutans. With high technological grain quality parameters of the variety in the different conditions have been provided huge yield increment – 3351.03 pounds per hectare and in 2013 in Moscow Agricultural Research Institute – 7980.734 pounds per hectare.

CONVEYOR OF VARIETIES OF PUMPKIN OF FEDERAL RESEARCH VEGETABLE CENTER (VNIISSOK) SELECTION

Several early ripening pumpkin varieties adn hybrids with high yield and resistance to cold and diseases and high organoleptic properties were developed in Federal Scientific Vegetable Cencer. They are early, cold-resistant, yielding and resistant to a diseases and they have high taste and technological qualities of fruits. Most varieties of pumpkin need to fruit ripening to improve their taste. Lateripening varieties with long-term storage of fruits, until the end of November – early December, accumulate up to 10% of the amount of sugars. The timing of pumpering and storage of pumpkin fruits without loss of quality and taste indicators are individual for each variety and can vary greatly between each other. Gourds of a pumpkin of a dining room are shown as practically not requiring, and requiring in fruit ripening – from two weeks to two months. To a large extent, all varieties differ in terms of the shelf life of the fruit. Using these characteristics of varieties, even in the conditions of the Moscow region, you can create a continuous conveyor of consumption of pumpkin fruits. Recommendations are given on the timing of dosage and use of fruits of different varieties of pumpkin selection Federal Scientific Vegetable Center.

Bлияние орошения хлопчатника на солевой режим почвы

The aim of the research is to study the effect of irrigation on the salt regime of the soil at various experimental sites. The production of cotton fiber with high technological quality is closely connected with the salt regime of the soil, because the excessive content of readily soluble salts in soils leads to a decrease in the yield of cotton. Studies have shown that the regime of irrigation of fine-fiber cotton exerts a noticeable influence on the change in the salt regime of soils. It has been established that in the irrigated lands of the Karshi step, which are susceptible to salinity to a weak degree, cotton should be used every year as a mandatory agrotechnical method for pre-sowing emergency preventive irrigation with the norms of 1200...1500 m3/ha. The effect of soil desalinization achieved by these waterings should be secured by applying optimal irrigation regimes for fine-fiber cotton during its growing season in conjunction with other agrotechnical measures carried out by intensive technology. With the introduction of such interlinked agro-meliorative measures, a precondition is created for maximum prevention of the movement of water-soluble salts from the lower, more saline layers to the upper ones.

Сравнительное изучение устойчивости Brachypodium distachyon и казахстанских сортов мягкой пшеницы к Puccinia recondita A. I. Zhussupova

One of the important issues of the modern world economics is ensuring the quality of food, relevant for Kazakhstan, where the possibility of cultivating soft and hard wheat varieties and high technological quality grain production are among the strategically important tasks of its national security. Biotic and abiotic environmental stress factors may lead to decrease in cereals productivity, and annual loss in the global yield of crops from diseases, according to FAO, is estimated at more than $25 billion, equivalent to 35% of the potential harvest.  At the same time, creation of pathogen-resistant varieties of cultivated plants by means of traditional breeding is long-term, and the evolution of pathogens is ahead of the possibilities of practical breeding, resulting in creation of pathogen resistant varieties being late with their introduction into production; for a deeper understanding of the basics and in terms of accelerating processes in the leading countries of the world, model organisms are involved into the process.  The aim of this work is to estimate the influence of brown leaf rust on the elements of productivity and protein content in grain of local varieties of soft wheat Kazakhstanskaya 19, Kazakhstanskaya early and new model object Brachypodium distachyon along with their correlation. The results of the comparative study of the impact of biotic stress on the elements of productivity have shown that Puccinia recondita statistically significantly reduces the productivity of all parameters in wheat varieties Kazakhstanskaya 19, Kazakhstanskaya early and model object Brachypodium distachyon. The protein content in the grain of wheat of local breeding varieties Kazakhstanskaya 19, Kazakhstanskaya early and wild cereal Brachypodium distachyon is not changed when infected with brown leaf rust. Key words: Brachypodium distachyon, Kazakhstani soft wheat varieties, brown leaf rust, resistance, study.

Assessment of the genetic potential of new source materials of sugar beet of hybrid origin in the breeding of O-lines by root shape

Purpose. To create new source materials of sugar beet through hybridization with fodder beet and select the best ones for using in further breeding process aimed at obtaining combinational capable pollinator lines (O-types) with improved characteristics of root shape, high sugar content and high technological qualities. Methods. Field, laboratory, analytical, and statistical. Results. Eight hybrids of sugar-fodder type and their initial forms have been investigated in terms of their productivity characteristics of and technological qualities. It was found that the root yield of sugar-fodder beet hybrids exceeded the average values of parent lines (O-types) by 35.1 %, the sugar content was lower by 22.7 %, the content of ash increased by 38.6 %. The root yield of sugar-fodder beet hybrids was characterized by an intermediate type of inheritance (hp = 0.09–0.46) and positive dominance (hp = 0.60–0.88). The sugar content of roots and the content of ash in these materials showed an intermediate type of inheritance of characteristics with hp values ranged from -0.50 to ‑0.07 and -0.31 to 0.02, respectively. The roots had oval-conical shape, smooth surface and a shallow ridge, partly above the surface of the soil. Conclusions. Six breeding numbers of high yielding sugar-fodder beet hybrids of improved shape have been selected. The character of the inheritance of the signs of productivity and technological qualities of raw materials was found. Using these data in the breeding process will make it possible to apply various inbreeding and hybridization schemes to select the best genotypes for creating sterility maintainers of oval-conical root shape, increased sugar content and improved technological qualities.

Variations in yield and gluten proteins in durum wheat varieties under late-season foliar versus soil application of nitrogen fertilizer in a northern Mediterranean environment.

With the increasing demand for high-quality foodstuffs and concern for environmental sustainability, late-season nitrogen (N) foliar fertilization of common wheat is now an important and widespread practice. This study investigated the effects of late-season foliar versus soil N fertilization on yield and protein content of four varieties of durum wheat, Aureo, Ariosto, Biensur and Liberdur, in a three-year field trial in northern Italy. Variations in low-molecular-weight glutenins (LMW-GS), high-molecular-weight glutenins (HMW-GS) and gliadins were assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). It was found that N applied to the canopy did not improve protein rate compared with N application to the soil (general mean 138 mg g-1 ), but moderately increased productivity in the high-yielding varieties Liberdur and Biensur (three-year means 7.23 vs 7.13 and 7.53 vs 7.09 t ha-1 respectively). Technological quality was mainly related to variety choice, Aureo and Ariosto having higher protein rates and glutenin/gliadin ratios. Also found was a strong 'variety × N application method' interaction in the proportions of protein subunits within each class, particularly LMW-GS and gliadins. A promising result was the higher N uptake efficiency, although as apparent balance, combined with higher HMW/LMW-GS ratio in var. Biensur. Late-season foliar N fertilization allows N fertilizer saving, potentially providing environmental benefits in the rainy climate of the northern Mediterranean area, and also leads to variety-dependent up-regulation of essential LMW-GS and gliadins. Variety choice is a key factor in obtaining high technological quality, although it is currently associated with modest grain yield. This study provides evidence of high quality in the specific high-yielding variety Biensur, suggesting its potential as a mono-varietal semolina for pasta production. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Investigation results of kinematic and dynamic indicators of tiller with vertical rotation axis in orchards soil cultivation

Abstract The results of experimental-theoretical investigations on the tillers with vertical rotation axis in soil cultivation and weed eradication in orchards are introduced in the article. Upon the developed theory of rotary tiller kinematics and dynamics calculation the following points have been set up: − In kinematics – functional dependence of the tiller work of technological and regime parameters enabling a high technological quality of soil weed mass cultivation; − In dynamics – mathematical model of energy evaluation function of soil-weed mass cultivation technological process depending on constructive-regime parameters of the tiller with vertical rotation axis, providing the minimum amount of torque against the resistance towards soil cutting. The reliability of the developed calculation theory has been verified through the results of conducted experiments, the difference hasn't exceeded 5%, which is explained by the inhomogeneity of the treated medium and changeability of the straightness of the garden rows.

The Use of Mobile Applications in Shopping

This exploratory paper focuses on the use of mobile applications in shopping from the customer activation point of view. Empirical survey data was collected from 23 mobile shopping application users, and the major findings indicate that mobile applications present a modern and flexible channel for supporting and intensifying customer participation. However, in order to guarantee a long-term customer relationship, the application must be integrated with the service development and refinement activities of a service company. It is also essential that applications have a high technological quality and create a long-term relationship between the customer and the company based on a cumulative learning process. In addition, the motivation to upload the application is strongly based on the perceived benefits of using the application. Therefore, it seems beneficial to develop mobile applications in conjunction with customers. In all, more research is needed, ideally involving close co-operation between practitioners and academic researchers.

Genetic diversity and selection of common bean lines based on technological quality and biofortification.

The development of common bean cultivars with high technological quality that are biofortified with minerals, is required to meet the demand for food with health benefits. The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether common bean genotypes differ in terms of technological and mineral biofortification traits, to study the correlations between these characters, to analyze the genetic dissimilarity of common bean genotypes, and to select superior lines for these traits. For this, 14 common bean genotypes were evaluated in experiments conducted in three growing seasons in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. A significant genotype x environment interaction was observed for technological quality (mass of 100 grains and cooking time) and biofortification traits (concentration of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, and copper). Positive correlation estimates were obtained between phosphorus and potassium (r = 0.575), iron and zinc (r = 0.641), copper and iron (r = 0.729), and copper and phosphorus (r = 0.533). In the main component cluster analysis, four groups of genotypes were formed. The following lines are recommended for selection: LP 11-363 for fast-cooking, CNFC 11 948 for high iron concentration, and LEC 03-14 for high potassium, phosphorus, and calcium concentrations in grains. Common bean lines with high phosphorus and iron concentrations in grains can be indirectly selected based on higher potassium, copper, and zinc concentrations. Controlled crossings between LP 11-363 x CNFC 11 948 and LP 11-363 x LEC 03-14 are recommended to obtain segregating lines that are fast-cooking and biofortified with minerals.