High-tech Products Research Articles

THE MAIN ASPECTS OF IMPROVING THE INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY OF THE ENTERPRISE

The purpose of the article is to determine the current state and problems of the development of innovative activity of an industrial enterprise. The article presents the current state of innovative development of enterprises, examines the ways of financial support, analyzes the main innovative processes in modern economic conditions, identifies individual problems of innovative development of the enterprise. Methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, comparison, statistical methods were used. The analysis showed that the most important areas for improving the management of innovation and investment activities of enterprises at the state level are the activation of the use of government orders; the development of measures to stimulate the production of high-tech products competitive on the world market, which would increase exports; stimulating the import of new promising patents, licenses, types of equipment; the government’s tariff policy to restrict imports certain types of goods in order to protect national producers. The results of the research carried out in the article allow us to optimize and improve knowledge on the issues of improving the innovative activity of the enterprise.

The Position of the University in the Infrastructure, Which Supports Technological Entrepreneurship

The article’s goal is to eliminate the contradiction between the need for university activities to support and develop technological entrepreneurship and the lack of a sequence of steps leading to the achievement of the desired result. This contradiction is proposed to be resolved by identifying the position of the university in the infrastructure supporting technological entrepreneurship.The paper highlights three main infrastructural positions of the university, called “Supplier of Talents”, “Platform of Academic Technological Entrepreneurship” and “Technological Entrepreneurial Hub”. The first focuses on the development of creative thinking of students seeking to develop high-tech products and support their entrepreneurial intentions. The second focuses on the achievements of university researchers, based on which promising high-tech start-ups are launched and profitable small innovative enterprises are developed. The third relies on mediation and facilitation to coordinate communications between key parties for promoting high-tech business. In this position, the university is an access point to the main success factors of a technological entrepreneurial project. It is more than others capable of stimulating the economic development of the region.One university can hold several positions. Each of the listed positions is endowed with functional characteristics corresponding to their purpose and performs the tasks assigned to them. Starting from an infrastructural position close to the university, it becomes possible to clearly define the criteria that the university needs to have to effectively fulfill these tasks. And the presence of criteria makes it possible to identify dominant problems, adapt university resources, and bring social practices and educational technologies into line.

The Role of Innovation in the Economic Development of the Eastern Regions of the Russian Federation: Economic and Statistical Analysis

The article evaluates an innovative component of economic growth in the eastern regions of the Russian Federation using statistical analysis methods. The relevance of the matter under consideration is increasing dramatically due to the introduction of economic sanctions against Russia, which significantly restrict the import of high-tech and innovative products into our country. Based on Rosstat data for 2016–2019, a comparative analysis of the development of several areas of innovation and economic activity in the regions of the Russian Federation as part of the Far East Federal District (Far East – FE) and the Baikal Region (BR) was carried out. According to the authors, currently, in the regions under consideration, there is an imbalance in the individual components of the innovation sphere, significant heterogeneity, and uneven development of innovation and technological processes in general. The effectiveness of innovation activity in the regions under review in comparison with the indicators for Russia as a whole is low. The revealed multidirectional dynamics of innovation activity indicators in the regions and the lag of most of them from the average Russian level are connected, in the authors’ opinion, with the problems of organizational and financial support of innovation activity and insufficient budget funding allocated to stimulate it. Innovations in the FE and the BR regions were carried out mainly at the expense of the organizations' own funds. In the structure of their costs, most of the funds were allocated for the purchase of machinery and equipment, in 2019 the share of research and development costs significantly increased. The export of innovative products was carried out in less than half of the considered group of regions. The intensity of exports of innovative products in the economy as a whole, as well as in the field of industrial production, exceeds the national level and accounts for about half or more of the total export volume. In terms of the effectiveness of innovation activity among the analyzed regions, the Khabarovsk Territory is the undisputed leader, and among the outsiders are the Magadan Region and the Kamchatka Territory in 2016, the Trans-Baikal Territory in 2019. In most regions, there is an increase in the raw materials orientation of economic systems, and a decrease in the share of the manufacturing sector in the gross regional product (GRP). The results of the analysis of the role of innovation activity in the economic development of the eastern regions of the country and interregional comparative statistics, according to the authors, can be used in the development of updated and upgraded programs for the socio-economic development of the subjects of the FE and the BR of the Russian Federation, concerning present-day foreign policy and foreign economic realities.

Import substitution processesin Russian industry: theoretical and practical aspects

Purpose: of the work is to study the main aspects of Russian import substitution in the context of modern political transformations. Methods: the work uses a systematic approach, the induction-deduction method, the method of assessments and scientific abstractions, the method of classification and systematization, the methods of information analysis and synthesis, the statistical method and the method of data visualization.Results: the author's definition of the term "import substitution" is revealed, which differs from the rest by focusing on the production of innovative and high-tech products both in the domestic and foreign markets with the full support of the state. The problematic issues hindering the development of import substitution processes and reducing the effectiveness of this process in the Russian Federation are identified, which can be overcome and solved if we take into account the world experience of successful import substitution and analyze the indicators of the innovation policy of the Russian economy over the past few years. The key features of import substitution as an economic process are highlighted using statistical information on the share of high-tech products of knowledge-intensive industries in the country's GDP under sanctions. The problems hindering the development and reducing the effectiveness of import substitution processes in the Russian Federation are also disclosed, as well as ways to solve them based on world practice are substantiated. Possible trajectories of the state policy for the development of import substitution have been identified.Conclusions and Relevance: the essence of import substitution should take into account both socio-economic and political factors, which will allow the state to develop steadily in the economic and industrial spheres. Measures to increase the competitiveness of products produced on the domestic market can be the modernization of the technological base of an industrial enterprise, an increase in its efficiency indicators and an emphasis on the production of goods that can withstand healthy competition and have increased added value. When implementing the import substitution policy, it is necessary to improve the industrial complex of Russia and transition to an innovative type of economic development model.

Problems and prospects of the technological entrepreneurship: experience of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Today, in order to develop the innovation and technology sector in Kazakhstan, work is underway to create favorable conditions for the development of technological entrepreneurship. The development of technopreneurship implies the existence an effective national innovation system transforming new knowledge into new technologies, products, and services. The volume of innovative products is declining; one of the main reasons is the lack of connection between science and production. Innovative entrepreneurship is underdeveloped, hence technological entrepreneurship is underdeveloped. Innovative passivity is 89.5% that is the result of internal and external factors. In the scientific community, most studies focus on external factors, but in this study, the authors recommend paying attention to the importance of in-depth study of internal factors (personal experience and cultural characteristics). The purpose of the scientific article is to identify problems and prospects for the development of technological entrepreneurship in the Republic of Kazakhstan. To conduct the study, the authors used the method of descriptive statistics, based on data from the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authors applied basic statistical procedures for data analysis, analysis of basic statistics and logical analysis. The key aspects of the development of technological entrepreneurship in the Republic of Kazakhstan, highlighted by the authors, are the development of innovative ties, the knowledge economy and high-tech production. Thus, the article analyzes the level of development and factors hindering the development of technological entrepreneurship and offers recommendations that contribute to their minimization.

Asymmetric Association among Technological Spillover, Absorptive Capacity and Economic Development: A NARDL Approach

The spillover of external research and development (R&D) capital stock and the level of domestic human capital, as a source of absorptive capacity, plays a vital role in stimulating economic growth and development. The objective of this study is to examine the asymmetric associations among human capital, R&D stock spillover, capital import intensity, and output growth in Pakistan over the period 1982 to 2020. For this purpose, we develop and estimate a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NAR DL) model. The results of the bounds test confirm the presence of a long run relationship, while the error correction model confirms the convergence from short run to long run equilibrium among the variables. The impact of machinery and technological good imports is positive on per capita GDP in the long run. In contrast, the impact of external R&D capital stock is symmetric in the short but becomes negative in the long run. The relationship between human capital and per capita GDP appears to be asymmetric because of low spending in the education sector. Based on these findings, we suggest that Pakistan should enhance its share of imports of high tech products and improve its absorptive capacity for the effective use of external R&D resources.

Policy of Development of High-tech in China: Lessons for Ukraine

China in the late 1980s, has embarked on a new path of high-tech manufactury development that is in line with its ambitions. The philosophy of China’s innovation and industrial policy is based on the idea that the achievement of competitive manufactury must be through the national high-tech zones and high-tech enterprises, creating new products and processes based on indigenous innovation. The purpose of the study is to to explore the Chinese experience on policy and mechanisms of development of high-tech manufacturies and to analyze of statistical tools to assess its implications; to assess the appropriateness or feasibility of their application in modern economic conditions of Ukraine. The study’s results have enhanced the existing understanding of the effect of State on accelerating the process structural transformation of the economy and its qualitative technological growth. Discovered the fact, that the Chinese Government is providing substantial support in the form of subsidies and tax incentives for establishment of special high-tech zones and high-tech enterprises for encourage the production of new and high-tech products and processes. It was revealed that, in order to grasp the economic operation and scientific, technological, industrial development of high-tech zones and high-tech enterprises, statistical investigation system was specially formulated іn addition to official statistics of the High-tech industries. It is proven that China’s state-led innovation development model has successfully accompanied and stimulated the growth of high-tech over the last 30 years; and has produced numerous endogenous technological innovations. Analysis revealed that considerable efforts in the field of policy of China transforming the industry into a high-tech sector of the economy and a powerful player in the global market have outstanding performance. The article presents the new indicator EVA – coefficient of Comparative Advantages in the Domestic Value Added Exports and formula for its calculation is provided which allow the assessment of the position of China’s high-tech industries, widening the ‘revealed comparative advantage’ concept. This study shows some important conclusions about the determinants of success of the Chinese government in increase of resources for the modernization of industrial technologies, building and strengthening of potential of domestic high-tech manufacturies. It would be advisable to take into account some important levers of influence, following the example of China, when choosing mechanisms for the economic recovery of Ukraine after war.

Ecotoxicological impacts of metals in single and co-exposure on mussels: Comparison of observable and predicted results

Used in high-tech and everyday products, mercury (Hg), cobalt (Co), and nickel (Ni) are known to be persistent and potentially toxic elements that pose a serious threat to the most vulnerable ecosystems. Despite being on the Priority Hazardous Substances List, existing studies have only assessed the individual toxicity of Co, Ni and Hg in aquatic organisms, with a focus on the latter, ignoring potential synergistic effects that may occur in real-world contamination scenarios. The present study evaluated the responses of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, recognized as a good bioindicator of pollution, after exposure to Hg (25 μg/L), Co (200 μg/L) and Ni (200 μg/L) individually, and to the mixture of the three metals at the same concentration. The exposure lasted 28 days at 17 ± 1 °C, after which metal accumulation and a set of biomarkers related to organisms' metabolic capacity and oxidative status were measured. The results showed that the mussels could accumulate metals in both single- and co-exposure conditions (bioconcentration factors between 115 and 808) and that exposure to metals induced the activation of antioxidant enzymes. Although Hg concentration in organisms in the mixture decreased significantly compared to single exposure (9.4 ± 0.8 vs 21 ± 0.7 mg/kg), the negative effects increased in the mixture of the three elements, resulting in depletion of energy reserves, activation of antioxidants and detoxification enzymes, and cellular damage, with a hormesis response pattern. This study underscores the importance of risk assessment studies that include the effects of the combination of pollutants and demonstrates the limitations of applying models to predict metal mixture toxicity, especially when a hormesis response is given by the organisms.

Science and technology policy of the Russia and reserves of interaction between academic, university and entrepreneurial sectors of science

In the last 15 years the Russian Federation has been declared an economic obstruction, associated with the attempt of Western countries to oust Russia from the external commodity and financial markets. The embargoes imposed by the West have largely affected the domestic market because of its excessive saturation with imported goods. Import substitution policy initiated by the Government more than 10 years ago could not solve the problem of shortage of high-tech products due to technological backwardness of many enterprises of civil economy, including due to insufficient involvement of domestic science to assist in the development of innovative production. There are also problems in Russian science itself. The main one is underfunding of research as a consequence of weak development of entrepreneurial and state market of orders for scientific products. Most commercial structures prefer to acquire ready-made patents or technologies from foreign firms. There is no optimal mechanism for administrative coordination and financial subsidizing of creative interaction between the three sectors of science to solve problems relevant from the position of domestic and foreign policy. All-Russian studies conducted with the author's participation in 2011–2020 show the positive experience of cooperative interaction between different sectors of science with mixed public-private financing and in the reliance on the technological platform of manufacturing companies. This is the practice for 80% of scientific organizations performing applied research. As for the basic sciences, in this segment close cooperation of academic research institutes is not only possible but also desirable with universities, both in the framework of megaprojects and in the preparation of textbooks for universities.

НАУКОЕМКОЕ ПРОИЗВОДСТВО В РОССИИ: ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ

This article reflects the theoretical aspects of the management of knowledge-intensive production. The purpose of the article is to study and analyze the theoretical and methodological foundations of managing science-intensive production (knowledge-intensive industries). A theoretical analysis of the concept of "high-tech production" is carried out, the characteristic features of high-tech production are revealed from the standpoint of various researchers. It is shown how to quantify the level of knowledge intensity. The level of knowledge intensity of the national economy is calculated on the example of the Russian Federation. Examples of the largest enterprises in high-tech and science-intensive industries are considered, as well as the main problems in the system of science-intensive production are identified.

Investigation on use of basalt fiber reinforced polymer for improvement in flexural strength of reinforcement concrete

Basalt fiber is a green, healthy and environmentally friendly high-tech fiber product without environmental pollution. It is widely used in military and civilian fields. It is not only of great theoretical significance but also of great strategic significance to strengthen the damage structures and members. The results show that, compared to glass fiber, carbon fiber and aramid fiber, basalt fiber, has good mechanical properties, acid-alkali resistance, excellent electrical properties, high wave permeability, non-conductive, and excellent sound insulation and insulation performance. This experimental study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using externally bonded BFRP fabrics to strengthen RC beams. Nine full-size specimens were tested. The following conclusions have been drawn from this research that of 4 types of different wrapping to the beam, beam with fully wrapped BFRP gained more flexural strength and load carrying capacity as compared to control beam.

Russia's foreign trade under sanctions in 2014–2022

Subject. The article considers the state, structure, and dynamics of Russia's foreign trade turnover under sanctions. Objectives. The purpose is to provide a comprehensive quantitative assessment of changes in the volume, structure and dynamics of foreign trade in conditions of a new phenomenon for modern Russia, i.e. unprecedented sanctions by European countries and the United States. Methods. I employ methods of structural and comparative data analysis, time series studies, methods of generalization of official statistical and customs information materials, and data published in the mass media. Results. The paper revealed dynamic and structural features of Russia's foreign trade turnover, exports and imports under the influence of sanctions, considered directions of foreign trade restructuring in modern conditions. Conclusions. The dynamics of foreign trade in the conditions of sanctions is fluctuating, having no clearly expressed tendency to rise or fall. In the export commodity structure, the share of metals and forest products, as well as liquefied natural gas, decreased, while maintaining the volume of oil supplies. Due to the termination of supplies of European equipment to Russia, enterprises in a number of industries began to experience difficulties in the production of high-tech products. The most important direction in the development of modern foreign trade is a reorientation of exports and imports to Asian countries and Latin American and African States.

Effect of High-Tech Exports and R&D Expenditures on Sustainable Economic Growth-Case Study of BRICS Countries and Turkey

Research & Development (R&D) expenditures and technological development and innovation are crucial for higher and sustainable economic growth of countries. This paper aimed to study the effects of R&D expenditures and high-tech product exports on economic growth rates. Vector autoregressive model (VAR) analysis was made using annual data between 2000-2021 in sampled BRICS countries and Turkey. It was determined that a country's economic growth rates significantly affected R&D expenditures. In addition, R&D expenditures and high-tech exports had no significant effect on economic growth rates. With economic development, the R&D expenditures increased, which was in line with expected results.

Химическое обогащение некондиционных бериллиевых концентратов

Global trends in the use of beryllium in the creation of high-tech products dictate the need to create beryllium production in Russia. The prerequisites for this are the availability of a raw material base and competencies in the field of technology for the production of beryllium metal and products based on it. The most promising are the ores of the Malyshevsky deposit (JSC "Mariinsky Mine"), with an ore content of 0.12–0.14 % according to BeO, the approved reserves of which will last for 30–50 years of uninterrupted mining. As a result of exploratory research on the chemical enrichment of 5 % BeO flotation concentrate, a basic technological scheme was developed, and a high-grade concentrate with a BeO content of more than 10 % was obtained. Solving the problem of obtaining high-quality concentrate will solve a complex of problems in the raw material — technology — production of beryllium metal and products based on it.

Industry 4.0 technologies as a driver for the development of intelligent transport systems

The technologies of Industry 4.0 are considered as a driver of digitalization of transport and logistics ecosystems and their practical significance for increasing the efficiency of the industry, integrating with intellectual priorities for the development of the digital economy at the national and interstate levels.We used materials from open sources on the Internet, as well as the Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2030, the strategy for the digital transformation of key sectors of the economy. The methodology of theoretical research, comparative and system analysis were applied. The results of the study show that the level of implementation of digital services and the digital connectivity of participants in the transport and logistics market will become determining factors in the process of increasing the competitiveness and efficiency of the transport industry.The results of the current stage of the digital transformation of the industry are characterized, the concept of the development of the logistics sector is presented, taking into account the current geopolitical agenda.Further scaling the use of digital services in transport and logistics ecosystems will solve the problem of ensuring the transport and digital sovereignty of the Russian Federation in the face of modern geopolitical challenges and will form points of growth for the competitiveness of the Russian transport system for Industry 4.0.In the context of the fourth industrial revolution, in order to increase the competitiveness of both the Russian economy as a whole and the transport and logistics industry, Russia will have to participate more actively in shaping the landscape of high-tech production, creating and implementing the main digital technologies that ensure its functioning.

PROBLEMS AND TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SYSTEMS OF AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION: REGULATORY ASPECT

The article highlights scientific approaches to the analysis of the legal framework and its compliance with the development trends of technology transfer systems of agricultural institutions of higher education on the basis of forecasting indicators of innovative development taking into account world experience. Such an analysis will make it possible to achieve efficiency in the processes of normative and legal regulation of innovative activity in the national economy and accelerate the pace of its development. The article highlights the current problems of the operation of technology transfer offices (TTOs) in Ukraine, it also analyzes the effective practices of the operation of TTOs, but they do not take into account the current problems of the economic development of Ukraine. That is why the purpose of the Article is to analyze the regulatory framework of innovative activity in agricultural universities and to study the possibilities of changing the status of these institutions in the global market of educational services and high-tech products, with the prospect of involving them in the subjects of the global innovation network. The article reviews foreign and domestic scientific works and regulations, which are devoted to the practice and experience of the most famous TTOs. Based on the analysis of the best global practices of TTOs operation, practical recommendations on the functioning of domestic TTOs were obtained considering modern realities. It was found that only a small number of technologies among a large portfolio of intellectual property objects are capable of generating significant income. The Article provides recommendations for domestic scientific institutions based on many years of experience of western TTOs.

Issues of Application of Digital Twin Technologies in the Organization and Management of the Activities of Innovative Enterprises

The article is devoted to the application of digital twin technologies in the activities of innovative enterprises. The relevance of applying high technologies in all areas is justified. Features of the application of 4.0 industrial platform elements in the activity of innovative enterprises are explained. The issues of effective management of the activities of innovative enterprises where high technologies are produced have been investigated. The directions for improving the ICT infrastructure for the innovative digitization of the economy were studied. In the realization of innovation potential, the features of science and technology-intensive product production were given, and the global market of high-tech products was analyzed. The issues of innovative digital development of industrial-economic systems were investigated. Emphasis was placed on the fundamentals of the development model of industrial-economic systems based on innovative digitization processes. The stages of the formation of technical and technological paradigms for the development of industrial-economic systems are given. The application features of digital twin technologies in digital transformation processes have been explained. Attention is paid to the importance of the application of digital twin technology in increasing the efficiency of innovation activity. The process of managing innovative industrial-economic systems based on digital twin technology has been investigated. The analysis of the process of using digital twins in the management of innovative industrial-economic systems was carried out. The concept of creating a digital twin, its development, and the content of continuous innovation processes have been investigated. The importance of development of the expanded architectural system of the digital twin of the innovative production enterprise, as well as the conceptual model of the digital plant, was noted. Recommendations were given on the application of digital twin technologies in the activities of innovative enterprises.

CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIALIZATION 
 IN THE CONDITIONS OF INNOVATIVE CONVERSION OF THE ECONOMY

The socialization of the entire economy is determined by a radical change in the position of the worker in production. Radical activation of human capital is manifested in the creative participation of the employee in the high-tech production process. The level of socialization of national production is determined by how much the worker stands out in the system of factors of production. A significant result is the level of development and full disclosure of his intellectual, moral, aesthetic, creative qualities of the employee.

PECULIARITIES OF MANAGING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF REGIONAL INNOVATIVE TRANSFORMATIONS

The article examines the problems of innovative transformations of domestic industries in view of the state and attractiveness of the innovative environment, in which the leading place belongs to scientific research. It was noted that among all spheres of activity, it was science that suffered the most significant losses. In Ukraine, there is a tendency to reduce the number of researchers, which leads to a gradual degradation of the scientific potential. The state of technology transfer according to the first, second and third strategic priorities is of concern because this is a real sector of the economy on which the country's competitiveness depends and which needs reengineering transformations in the first place. The concept of technological reengineering in conditions of clustering of the national economy relies on enterprises of the high-tech sector. The science-intensive sector in Ukraine generates GDP at the level of the most backward countries in the world due to too few types of economic activity (FDI) that meet the criteria of high technology. At the same time, its share of added value in output is the largest among other technological sectors. This shows that science produces high-tech and competitive products. The cluster with its system of connections is aimed at creating systems of machines that meet the needs of the market. For modern clusters of knowledge-intensive production, such a task can be accomplished if attention is focused not only on resource provision, but also on various (several) determinants of market demand, which are formed on the types of market activity. It is justified that the cluster with its communication system is aimed at creating machine systems that meet the needs of the market. The combination of all components of the effect has a positive effect on the readiness of firms and organizations to cooperate with cluster structures, and this is a factor of regional development.

Employing online big data and patent statistics to examine the relationship between end product's perceived quality and components' technological features

The aim of this work is to analyse the relationship between components' technological features and a product's perceived quality by consumers. The information about technological features is gathered from patent data, whereas the perceived quality is based on a voluminous set of online users' opinions. The research intends to let emerge the usefulness of big data for managing the technological development of high-tech products. The relationship is tested in the smartphone industry, focusing on 168 flagship smartphones. The work demonstrates the role of components of a product architecture in improving the end product's market value. Specifically, the perceived quality of a smartphone seems to be particularly affected by technological features of three components - application processor, camera module, and image sensor - in terms of both technological capacity and technological strategy.