High-tech Exports Research Articles

An inquiry into the causes of income differences among high-income countries

Within high-income countries, there is a notable income inequality spectrum, with certain nations positioned close to a predefined economic threshold, while others within this cohort simultaneously embark on substantial economic growth. This study investigates the influence of critical factors on economic growth and the transition from lower-high and middle-high income to upper-high income. Between 1990 and 2019, 25 of the 28 nations successfully advanced to upper-high income levels. Several key factors contribute to overcoming the barriers associated with lower-high income or middle-high income to upper-high income status. These factors include labor force participation, labor productivity, life expectancy, high-tech exports, reduction in unemployment rates, age dependency ratio, and poverty. The regression discontinuity analysis reveals a positive impact on the experimental group, as economic globalization surpasses the threshold of 78 % facilitating the achievement of upper-high income status.

The Potential for High‑tech Exports from Selected EU Member States to China and the Related Opportunities Arising from the Belt and Road Initiative

The EU’s economic relations with China are characterised by a significant trade deficit. Enhancing EU exports of high-tech products, in particular, to China is the best way out of this imbalance. In doing so, EU countries can take advantage of the opportunities provided by the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) that intends to improve connectivity between Europe and Asia. Objective: This study aims to identify the untapped potential for high-tech exports of selected EU countries in trade with China and to evaluate the opportunities arising from the BRI in utilising this potential. Research Design & Methods: To assess the overall high-tech export potential of selected EU countries to China, the export gap was calculated using the concept of revealed comparative advantages. Findings: Among the examined EU countries, Hungary and the Czech Republic were found to have the greatest high-tech export growth potential to China. The largest export gaps were recorded in electrical machinery and equipment. Implications & Recommendations: The findings of the study can be used by European businesses to adjust their export strategies. It can also be used by government institutions of the studied countries when designing their economic and trade policies, particularly vis-à-vis China and the BRI initiative, within the field of supporting infrastructure projects, as well as high-tech industries. Contribution & Value Added: The study contributes to the literature on the potential of EU export growth to China that has not been sufficiently explored yet. The novelty of the study is in identifying specific high-tech commodities with the highest potential for export to China.

THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGICAL MODERNIZATION ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF KAZAKHSTAN

In modern conditions, the transition of the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan to an innovative path of development is possible only on the basis of changes in the technological process of all sectors of the real sector of the economy. The basis for the technological modernization of the economy is innovation, which has reached a new level in the process of evolution. The main purpose of the study is the possibility of assessing technical modernization as a factor influencing the economic development of Kazakhstan. Important for assessing the development of the country's economy are the parameters, which include GDP, foreign direct investment, added value of industry, and high-tech exports. The study examines indicators assessing technological modernization and economic development in various countries. Based on data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as website data theglobaleconomy.com The equations are based on correlation and regression analysis. The generated equation describes the level of GDP based on 48 countries of the world where the Republic of Kazakhstan is present, but at the same time, all the presented data are used for 2023. The added value of industry, which is one of the significant components of GDP, is used to form the development of the basis of industrialization. Taking into account the technological modernization of Kazakhstan, it should mainly capture industrialization, but with current trends, it should also take into account the modern digital economy. In conclusion, suggestions are given on the existing problems of technological modernization.

Determinants of China’s technological trade flows with Central Asian countries (CACs): a panel gravity approach

The purpose of this study is to examine the determinants of Chinese technological trade flows with Central Asian countries (CAC) with a revealed comparative advantage and the gravity model using two estimation techniques. The present study employs the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and the Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) on the data set from 2003 to 2018 panel dataset. Results from the Gravity model demonstrates that low-tech, medium-tech, and high-tech trade flows boost economic development in China and Central Asian nations, adversely affecting all technology trade flows in geographical distance. The research indicated that exchange rates showed a negative indication in bilateral trade, medium-tech trade, and high-tech trade. In contrast, the low technology trade showed a positive flow between China and Central Asia. Furthermore, the results reveal that openness to trade and membership of the WTO show a positive indication. The trade openness policy on both sides thus has a major beneficial effect on trade volumes. It proposed increased liberalization of trade policy and greater involvement in global commerce. In addition, Central Asia and export industries should take additional initiatives to enhance and diversify high-tech exports. A competitive international market provides perfect equality in reciprocal trade interactions.

The Stateof Exports of High-Tech Products in Russia

Aim. To determine the general state of Russia’s high-tech exports in the following areas: the relationship with other sectors of the economy and with the dynamics of GDP, positions on the world stage, relations with partner countries.Tasks. To achieve the aim of the study, the following tasks were set: to consider the dynamics of Russia’s export structure, to explore Russia’s position in the world in high-tech exports, to calculate the time lag of Russia’s lag behind the leading countries in high-tech exports, to analyze Russia’s role in the hightech market of the main partner countries, to explore the structure of Russia’shigh-tech exports in the context of commodity groups.Methods. To determine high-tech exports and imports, the methodology of the World Bank is used, according to which 9 industries (aerospace, computer and office equipment, electronics and telecommunications, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, electric machines, chemicals, nonelectric machines and weapons), including 79 commodity nomenclatures. At the same time, based on the availability of information, the values for the export of weapons are not taken into account.Results. The analysis of changes in high-tech exports has been carried out, which identifies periods of negative changes that coincide with periods characterized by adverse circumstances in the country and the world (pandemic, geopolitical and geo-economic tensions). When comparing graphs of high-tech exports and GDP, ambiguous results were obtained, taking into account the consideration of high-tech exports in calculating GDP. The time lags of the backlog have been calculated, according to which, in most cases, the values of the leading countries in high-tech exports are achievable, but the time lags themselves are enormous. The commodity spectrum of high-tech exports and imports of the Russia is considered, according to which Russia exports the entire commodity spectrum of the high-tech industry.Conclusions. The dominant role in Russia’s exports is still assigned to fuel and mining products with observed changes in terms of increasing the share of industrial products, including high-tech products, in which Russia, although an active participant, is nevertheless at a disadvantage in interactions with the main partner countries.

Predicting High Technology Exports of Countries for Sustainable Economic Growth by Using Machine Learning Techniques: The Case of Turkey

In this study, the estimation of high-tech exports for Turkey’s foreign trade target in line with sustainable development was carried out. The research was carried out for Turkey since it has been focusing on sustainable and environmentally friendly production and an export-oriented growth model, with a transformation in its economic growth strategy as of 2021, and high-tech products are a determining factor in the export target. In this research, three different machine learning techniques, namely artificial neural networks, logistic regression, and support vector regression, were used to determine a successful prediction method close to the ideal scenario. In the models, high technology exports for the period of 2007–2023 with data obtained from the World Bank were taken as the dependent variable, while the gross national product, number of patents, and research and development expenditures were taken as independent variables. By calculating the R2, MAPE, and MSE metrics, the success of the model with the least error was evaluated, and it was seen that artificial neural networks (ANNs) were the most successful model, with values of 94.2%, 0.011, and 0.073, respectively. The ANN model was followed by support regression and logistic regression.

A SPATIAL EVIDENCE ON THE DETERMINANTS OF HIGH-TECH EXPORTS IN THE EUROPE

The aim of this study is to analyze the determinants of high-tech exports in the 40 European countries sample from 2011-2021, while considering spatial spillover. To achieve this, a spatial panel data model was employed. The results indicate a positive impact of per capita GDP, per capita patent applications, and trade openness on high-tech exports. However, there is no significant impact of R&D expenditures, foreign direct investment, and economic freedom on high-tech exports. The results showed a differentiation when considering spatial effects. The analysis model revealed the presence of both spatial lag and spatial error. Additionally, the results suggest that high-tech exports from surrounding countries have a positive impact on the high-tech exports of the country. Based on these findings, it is recommended that policymakers work towards eliminating trade barriers between countries, ameliorating income and promoting the commercialization of knowledge.

Reshaping the Industrial Policy Framework of Turkiye: Integrating Exports at the Core of AI-Driven Development

This study explores the evolving landscape of industrial policy amid deglobalization, protectionism, and the technological revolution driven by artificial intelligence (AI). The shift in industrial policies across the US and EU, driven by geopolitical tensions, climate change, and economic rivalry, has resulted in increased protectionist measures. The US, once an advocate of free-market principles, now implements policies like the CHIPS Act to enhance domestic manufacturing and reduce reliance on China. For developing countries like Turkiye, integrating exports into industrial policy is crucial. Despite Turkiye's significant export growth, challenges such as low R&D spending and a small share of high-tech exports persist. The article emphasizes the need for a dedicated institution, the Industrial Policy Institutes of Turkey (TEPE), to focus on innovation, competitiveness, and sustainable development. TEPE would encompass various sub-institutions dedicated to high technology, energy, defense, and digitalization. AI can play a strategic role in analyzing sectors, optimizing supply chains, and enhancing export competitiveness. By leveraging AI, Turkiye can transform its industrial policies and position itself more robustly in the global market, ensuring economic resilience and growth.

Unveiling the Economic Impact of Technology Trade in Leading Global Economies

Abstract In today's rapidly evolving technological era, high-tech trade is not just a part of international commerce but a key factor that shapes the economic landscapes of nations. The objective of this paper is to analyze how technological innovation, as represented by high-tech exports, contributes to economic growth and to identify the disparities in economic progress among countries with different levels of integration into the global high-tech market. This paper focuses on the importance of high-technology trade in economic development. Specifically, it aims to establish a connection between technology-intensive exports and Gross Domestic Product in three major global economies: China, the United States, and the European Union. The study's empirical evidence strongly supports a notable association between high-technology exports and the growth of gross domestic product, thereby reaffirming the crucial role of technological trade in enhancing economic development. Furthermore, the analysis provides additional insight by highlighting those economies with extensive involvement in the global high-technology market experience superior economic growth. This underscores the vital significance of technological innovation and trade integration in attaining a competitive advantage in the global economic landscape. This study adds to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence of the economic consequences of technology trade, highlighting the need for policy frameworks that encourage innovation and integration into the global high-technology market.

Panel Analysis of the Relationship Between Main Socio-Economic Factors and New Business Density

The role of government management and the form of countries’ economy play an important role in the development of the business environment. This article studies the effects of socio-economic factors like the rule of law, control of corruption, level of high-tech exports, and education spending of government on the number of new businesses. The article employs panel data models, like pooled ordinary least squares, fixed effect, and random effect models to model the data taken from the World Bank about socio-economic and business factors. The stationarity tests, tests for individual effect and its correlation with independent variables are conducted to select the correct data forms and models. Leveraging a panel data analysis, the research finds that countries with high levels of rule of law and lower corruption are better places for businesses. Also, if the country's economy is technology-based, then there is a better environment for new enterprises. It means that innovation and a technology-based economy help produce and attract better human capital and technology essential for developing a good business environment. If government management is fair, then there are no serious bureaucratic obstacles like corruption on the way to new businesses. Our study contributes to a greater knowledge of the numerous causes that drive entrepreneurial activity by explaining these complicated linkages, giving useful insights for policymakers and stakeholders trying to stimulate sustainable economic growth and development. Furthermore, there are more factors that affect the number of new businesses. However, this article tries to explain some of these factors.

High-Tech Exports and Governance Institutions

ABSTRACTThere exists substantial evidence that technological innovation and, more specifically, innovation creating high-tech exports is a crucial driver for economic growth. However, there is less consensus about the factors that cause high-tech exports to thrive. Most studies emphasize the crucial role played by research and development expenditures, foreign direct investments, trade openness, human capital, and patents. In this article, we instead examine the role of a different determinant, which usually is overlooked in the scholarly debate about governance institutions. We use government effectives (GE) and rule of law (ROL) as measures of governance. We employ a panel-data approach encompassing more than 100 countries between 2007 and 2019. The panel estimates show a causal relationship linking GE and the ROL with high-tech exports.

Banking and High-Tech Exports: Premises for Long-Term Added Value Creation?

Banking and High-Tech Exports: Premises for Long-Term Added Value Creation?

Spatial Analysis of High-Tech Export Performance of the Eastern European Member States of the EU

Some Central and East European countries have integrated into the European Union after 2004 and followed free market economy principles. This paper studies the spatial spillovers effects of high-tech export, Gross Domestic Product per capita, research and development expenditure, number of research and development full time equivalent, and technology accumulation among European Union member Central and East European countries over the period 2007-2020 by using spatial panel estimation models. The main purpose of the paper is to investigate whether high-tech export of European Union member Central and East European countries has a dependency and interaction with each other after EU membership. The estimation results of spatial panel model results reveal that an increment in high-tech exports of adjacent countries increases the high-tech exports of other regional countries. Our results also provide evidence on Gross Domestic Product per capita, and research and development expenditure of European Union member transition economies have positive and significant impacts on high-tech exports of those countries.

Export response to technical barriers to trade: evidence from high-tech exports of China to the United States

This study explores the impact of technical barriers to trade (TBTs) on China’s high-tech exports to the United States (US). We use the UN Comtrade database and the WTO/TBT-SPS Notification and Enquiry of China for the period 2003 to 2018 to quantify TBTs and estimate their effects. Overall, our findings support and are in line with the demand-enhancing promoting effects of TBTs on China’s high-tech exports, indicating that TBTs can act as a catalyst for quality upgrading. However, our findings also suggest the potential of a diminishing promoting effect, possibly caused by the negative impact from the newly imposed TBTs on exports. Our study highlights the need for policymakers and producers in China to carefully consider the impact of TBTs on their exports and invest in product upgrades to enhance their competitiveness in order to meet the increasing technical standards requirements of the US.

High-Technology Exports, Foreign Direct Investment, Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence from the United Arab Emirates

Various attempts have been made to undercover the relationship between the UAE’s economic growth, FDI, and renewable energy, with inadequate focus on the role of high technology exports in the UAE. This paper, therefore, examines the short and long-term relationship between high-technology exports, foreign direct investment, renewable energy, and economic growth in the UAE for the period 1991-2020. For this purpose, the autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach to cointegration has been employed in this study. The short and long-run empirics reveal a positive and significant relationship between high technology exports and the UAE’s economic growth. Conversely, a significant negative relationship exists between renewable energy consumption and economic growth. Among various important findings, the long-run causality results show a unidirectional causality exists from high-tech exports to the UAE’s economic growth. Further, a bi-directional causality exists between FDI and high-tech exports, that in turn promotes economic growth of the UAE. Based on the overall results, the study provides important policy recommendations.

A Catalyst for China’s High-Tech Export Competitiveness: Perspective of Technological Innovation

This study investigates the pivotal role of technological innovation in enhancing the export competitiveness of high-tech products in China, analyzing its interplay with industrial upgrading. Theoretically, it contributes to the understanding of how technological innovation affects high-tech product markets, offering a novel product-centric perspective distinct from traditional industry-focused views. Set against China’s shift toward a dual circulation development paradigm, the research utilizes a panel regression model to analyze data from 30 Chinese provinces, cities, and autonomous regions from 2011 to 2021. The findings underscore the significant positive impact of technological innovation on export competitiveness, with variances noted across Eastern, Central, and Western regions. The study reveals that technological innovation primarily influences the global competitiveness of high-tech products through industrial upgrading. Policy recommendations emphasize strengthening technological innovation, enhancing education and government support, leveraging regional strengths, and achieving a balance between internal innovation capabilities and market openness. The findings suggest these strategies are crucial for enhancing export performance in the global market for high-tech products.

The impact of the war on Ukraine's foreign trade

Abstract The article considers theoretical and practical aspects of the war's impact on Ukraine's foreign trade. The choice of the topic is due to the need to find new ways to minimize the negative impact of the war on the country's foreign trade. In the article, general scientific methods were used: methods of synthesis and analysis; data systematization and comparison; and SWOT-analysis. The information base of this article consisted of statistical data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, articles by scientists, and Internet sources. The article analyses the changes in the structure of foreign trade in goods in Ukraine in 2022 compared to 2021. An analysis of changes in the regional structure of Ukraine's foreign trade is carried out. It was found that the exports of Vinnytsia, Volyn, Zakarpattia, Lviv, Odesa, Rivne, Ternopil, Cherkasy, and Chernivtsi regions in 2022 were higher than in 2021. These regions concentrated significant export potential during the war. The main destructive factors of Ukraine's foreign trade development during the war were identified. These factors are: decrease in export and import volumes; negative foreign trade balance; logistical problems, restrictions on the movement of goods, destruction of infrastructure. It is predicted that as a result of the war, the commodity structure of production in Ukraine will change, preference will be given to defense industries. Recommendations for the Ukrainian government to minimize the negative effects of the war on Ukraine's foreign trade are proposed, including: tax benefits for Ukrainian entrepreneurs, support for small and medium-sized enterprises, diversification of product sales markets, development of the domestic market and stimulation of domestic consumption, promotion of high-tech exports, reconstruction and restoration of the infrastructure of Ukraine, etc. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the improvement of ways to minimize the negative impact of the war on Ukraine's foreign trade. The practical value of the article lies in the development of relevant recommendations. It is established that the development of foreign trade in Ukraine will contribute to the stabilization of the national economy and ensure economic growth in the post-war period. Keywords exports, imports, goods, regions of Ukraine, industry

Evaluating Innovation and Institutions for Tech-Trade: A Global Assessment in the Quest for Sustainable Economic Prosperity

Sustainable economic prosperity lies in the production of technological products that use the latest technology and do not depend upon natural, non-renewable sources. Trade of such goods boosts the economy and diversifies its existing trade pattern. This study analyses various variables that contribute to high-tech exports. All countries of the world that have more than one per cent share of high-tech exports to manufactured products are taken from 2008 to 2021. A robust statistical method called Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS-hetero) is used to deal with heteroscedasticity. To minimize the impact of outliers, quantile regression, and bootstrap quantile regression techniques are also used. The main purpose of using multiple regression techniques is to assess whether the sign and significance of the coefficient will change by change in estimation techniques. The findings reveal that innovation, access to information, strong institutions, and partnerships between universities and industries all play a significant role in boosting high-tech exports in all estimation techniques. Financial development has a significant direct impact on high-tech export in the case of simple linear regression and FGLS (hetero) but an insignificant positive impact in the case of quantile regression and bootstrap quantile regression.

ANALYSIS OF THE INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS OF UKRAINE

The article is devoted to the issues of investment attractiveness of Ukraine in the context of economic recovery after the Russian-Ukrainian war. The main objective of the article is to assess the current state of investment attractiveness of the national economy and to identify priority areas for its improvement. The use of innovative research methods in assessing the investment attractiveness of the national economy is a fundamental element for building an up-to-date model for its improvement. As a result, an increase in foreign direct investment flows into the country's priority sectors will allow the national economy to recover on the principle of "build-back better", which is in line with Ukraine's short-term priorities. The innovative component of these investments, in turn, will make a great contribution to the long-term economic development of the country even after the return of the pre-war level of the economy, creating additional jobs and promoting high-tech exports The main issues of the methodology for analyzing the investment attractiveness of the country are revealed. The indicators for assessing investment attractiveness using the indices of rating agencies are detailed.

Determinants of high-tech export: evidence from a cross-country analysis

Relevance. The adoption of new technologies and the rapid emergence of innovation spur high-tech production and export-led economic growth. We aim to provide fresh evidence on the determinants of high-tech exports, considering different macroeconomic factors within the framework of the gravity model. Research Objective. The aim of the research is to empirically assess the impact of macroeconomic instability, tax policies, natural resources endowment, human capital, and institutional environment on the promotion of high-tech exports. Data and Methods. In considering the institutional indicator, six distinct indices from the World Bank are examined, and a common indicator is computed using principal component analysis. The econometric modeling uses a panel dataset covering the world's 80 largest economies from 1996 to 2019. To test the assumptions of the gravity model and tackle the heteroscedasticity problem, the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood methodology is employed. Results. Higher inflation and unemployment rates are found to significantly decrease high-tech exports, while government external debt contributes to their enhancement. Tight tax policy and an increase in tax contribution are counterproductive in spurring high-tech exports. A negative and significant result is found for resource endowment, indicating that an increase in resource exports is counterproductive for technological advances and high-tech production. In most cases, the institutional environment and human capital significantly promote high-tech exports. Conclusions. Based on the presented empirical findings, we offer recommendations for the government to stimulate high-tech exports.