Cybercrime Research Articles

An in Depth Analysis on The Use of Cryptography and Security Systems To Prevent Cyber Crimes

The extent of cybercrime has grown exponentially with the development of technology. As the world has globalized, cybercrimes have increased especially in those countries, which have lax security systems. The only way out is to invest in cybercrime prevention technology by all stakeholders namely the government, companies, and individuals. The availability of bitcoins and Ethereum has made it easy for criminal proceeds to be collected and used for nefarious activities.

IGO_CM: An Improved Grey-Wolf Optimization Based Classification Model for Cyber Crime Data Analysis Using Machine Learning

IGO_CM: An Improved Grey-Wolf Optimization Based Classification Model for Cyber Crime Data Analysis Using Machine Learning

Challenges Faced by Police Officers in Investigating Cyber Crime: An Exploratory Study in Bangladesh

Challenges Faced by Police Officers in Investigating Cyber Crime: An Exploratory Study in Bangladesh

Impact of Fraud on Elderly Residents in Washington State

Fraud offenses are a pervasive problem for individuals throughout society, especially for elderly victims. This paper explores the impact of fraud on elderly victims in Washington state both by the number of victims and financial losses. A solution to this problem will assist law enforcement agencies, financial institutions, elder advocacy groups, and the public in understanding the impact and types of fraud utilized successfully against elderly victims. By exploring existing data sources of fraud victims, this study attempts to break down the fraud offenses to understand what types of fraud are being committed and what further research is necessary to fully understand and combat fraud offenses with elderly victims. Understanding the impact of elder fraud is difficult due to the low reporting rates, non-standardized definitions across jurisdictions, and rapidly evolving techniques used by offenders. Prior studies have been published analyzing the national impact of fraud offenses using self-reporting data collection from victims, such as the FBI’s Elder Fraud Report from the Internet Crime Complaint Center. These reports rely on victims to self-report to the agency in question and analyze trends at the national level. This study attempts to use local law enforcement data specific to Washington state to determine the number of victims and their financial losses. Overall, Washington’s elderly residents are one of the highest impacted demographics, making up 18.7% of fraud victims in 2022, with $44.8 million in losses. False pretenses, swindles, and confidence games continue to be the predominant fraud offense type in 2022 for elderly victims in Washington. While these data detail the scope of elderly fraud in Washington, further analysis and research are needed to determine why elderly victims continue to be targets of fraud and why false pretenses, swindles, and confidence games are the most successful types.

Online Crime Reporting System Project

Online Crime Reporting System Project

The Future of Criminal Law in the Age of Electronic Crimes and Artificial Intelligence

The Future of Criminal Law in the Age of Electronic Crimes and Artificial Intelligence

THE CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR ILLEGAL BANKING ACCESS WHICH HARMS STATE FINANCES

The misuse of developments in information technology has in fact given rise to a new mode of theft crime, namely the development of theft by certain parties who use electronic means. The purpose of this research is to know and analyze the Scope of Cyber Crime by accessing electronic banking systems that harm the Bank's finances, Legal Protection for Banks That Suffer Losses Due to Actors Accessing the Bank's Electronic System, Criminal Liability for Cyber Crime Actors By Accessing Electronic Banking Systems That Harm State Finances. The research method used is library research (library study), in legal research the normative juridical approach method or library law. This crime is often perceived as a crime committed in the cyber area. The mode of operation of this crime continues to develop, along with technological developments. Crimes that arise as a result of the misuse of technological advances are cyber crimes by accessing electronic systems. Cyber Crimeas a crime that uses computer technology as the main component which is very detrimental and disturbing to society is a form of crime found in the mass media, namely all kinds of use of computer networks. Electronic Information and Transactions in the form of cellphones, laptops, internet. Because of this, Cyber Crime is often a reported modes of operation also vary, ranging from fraudulent sales of goods, embezzlement, fraud through stock investment, hijacking customers' ATMs and so on.

The Modeling of the Probable Behaviour of Insider Cyber Fraudsters in Banks

Insider cyber fraud in the banking sector is a serious and complex issue for financial institutions. This form of cyber fraud is particularly insidious due to insiders’ inherent access and knowledge, necessitating banks to implement comprehensive strategies for detecting, preventing, and responding to these internal threats. The aim of this study is to develop a scientific and methodological approach to model the probable behaviour of insider cyber fraudsters in banks based on a complex combination of principal component analysis, k-means clustering, and associative analysis. During the analysis of current challenges in the financial sector regarding the evolution of cyber fraud and its implications, the systematization of existing theoretical approaches concerning the examination of cyber fraud in banks was performed. Its result revealed a positive trend in the dynamics of the number of published materials in conferences and articles using keywords “cyber” and “frauds” in the Scopus database from 2000 to 2023. Additionally, utilizing the VOSviewer software facilitated the systematization of keyword combinations used in scholarly publications on the chosen topic, forming clusters to visualize and organize vectors of scientific research. Analytical data from Google Trends on critical issues related to cyber fraud were chosen as input data. Twenty variables were formed, which are the results of search queries, characterizing cyberattacks and decreased trust in financial institutions. The principal components method was used to reduce the dimensionality of the input data array, making it possible to select the nine most significant for the study. Conducting a cluster analysis using the k-means method made it possible to form 3 main groups of search queries, which included 12 of the selected variables. The results of the performed procedures contributed to the implementation of associative analysis for three sets of variables. It has been found that what intrigues potential insider cybercriminals in banks the most is the personal financial information of the client, access to the client’s profile in online banking and gaining access to his phone data. The obtained results can be utilized by commercial banks for identifying potential insider cyber fraudsters and ensuring a higher level of client protection against the actions of insider cyber fraudsters, by bank clients for analysing and mitigating potential threats from insider cyber fraudsters, and by law enforcement agencies for prompt responses to potential threats posed by insider cyber fraudsters in banks.

CYBERCRIME OF READING INFORMATION OBSTRUCTION UNDER ART. 268 OF PENAL CODE AS A THREAT TO SECURITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND

This article presents issues that determine the protection of the security of the Republic of Poland against the threats posed by computer crime. In particular, it discusses cybercrime under Art. 268 of the Penal Code. The crime of obstructing the reading of information, regulated by Art. 268 § 2, provides for criminal liability of persons whose conduct prevents or significantly impedes the access of an authorized person to important information stored on an IT data carrier. In Art. 268 § 3 of the Penal Code, however, an aggravated type of crime is provided for, which involves causing significant property damage.

A Detailed Analysis of Cyber Crimes Against Women

Today’s world is a technologically advanced world. In this era, gadgets have become a very essential parts of our lives. Every coin has two sides and so is the case with the technological advancement. On one hand, technology has made the lives of the women very easy as they are able to communicate, study online, etc. and at the same time, there is a rapid increase in the number of cyber crimes against them. In this paper, the researchers shall analyse as to what kind of cyber crimes are happening against women, what are the laws to protect them against these crimes, what are the loopholes and solutions to the same.

Combating the Macau Scam in Malaysia: Strategies for Mitigation and Resolution from Civil Law and Sharī'ah Perspectives

The phenomenon of cybercrime fraud that occurs in Malaysia has now become a hot topic of discussion. The financial loss and psychological distress experienced by the scam victims has brought attention to the Macau Scam problem in Malaysia. Due to the frequency of people who are too easily deceived by this syndicate’s modus operandi, Macau Scam every day becomes headlines in the newspaper. This causes people frustrated as fraud can happen to anyone if the public is not exposed or is not aware of this matter. There are various awareness campaigns that have been carried out by the authorities to reduce the risk of victim involvement in this fraud syndicate but there are still many more involved and show no reduction. To prevent people from being victims of this form of fraud and to maintain justice to stop this issue from getting worse, Malaysian law provides several protections and remedies. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the issues of Macau Scams in Malaysia and to investigate the adequacy of the existing Malaysian Cybers Laws in providing the protection and remedies to the affected victims from the perspective of Civil Law and Sharīah perspectives. In terms of methodology, researchers use a qualitative approach method consisting of document analysis where all information and data are obtained from primary and secondary sources which consist of various Acts, Enactments, journal articles, books, newspapers, and many others. As a result of document analysis, researchers found that several cyber laws that can be used to overcome this problem such as Anti-Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Act [Act 613], Section 420 of the Penal Code [Act 574], the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998 [Act 588], Computer Crime Act 1997 [Act 563], Electronic Commerce Act 2006 [658], Personal Data Protection Act 2010 [709] and Consumer Protection Act 1999 [Act 599] (Amendment 2010) while the level of awareness among the public is one of the leading causes of this scam issue.

Basic principles of combating cybercrime: international experience

At the current stage of society’s development, the importance of innovative processes taking place in our society in connection with global informatization is increasingly felt. But along with positive achievements, informatization is accompanied by side, negative phenomena of a criminogenic nature, which include computer crime. This, of course, requires the immediate creation of a system of combating this type of crime at the state level. For modern society (in the period of its transition f rom the industrial stage of development to the new one - post-industrial, informational), the relevance of this problem is beyond doubt. According to various expert estimates, worldwide losses f rom the activities of cybercriminals range f rom 300 to 800 billion euros annually. At the international level, a number of legal acts recognize that cybercrime threatens not only the national security of individual countries, but also the security of humanity and the international legal order.For many countries, in particular for Ukraine, cybercrime is a fairly relevant phenomenon, generated by the widespread introduction of modern information and telecommunication technologies into economic processes.The characteristic features of crimes in the field of information and telecommunication technologies are: – the need for wide application of special knowledge in the detection and recording of crime traces in electronic form; – organization and cross-border nature (broad interregional and international connections); - high latency caused by the reluctance of the private sector to inform about such crimes due to distrust in the potential capabilities of law enforcement agencies and reluctance to admit weaknesses in their security systems; - a high level of technical support for offenders.

여성의 온라인상 범죄 두려움에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구

Fear of online crime among women leads to limitations in their online activities,
 raising concerns about supporting women's free and safe engagement online. To
 achieve this, it’s crucial to thoroughly comprehend the factors contributing to the
 fear of online crime among women. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the
 factors influencing women’s fear of online crime.
 Aligned with this objective, drawing upon vulnerability theory, broken windows
 theory, and crime victimization models, this study seeks to explore the factors
 affecting women’s fear of online crime. First, vulnerability theory suggests that
 perceptions of personal vulnerability, such as gender and education, influence
 women’s fear of online crime. Second, the broken windows theory indicates that
 perceptions of disorderliness impact the fear of crime, especially as disorder
 perceptions extend to online spaces. Hence, this study examines whether perceptions
 of disorderliness in online spaces affect women’s fear of crime. Lastly, the crime
 victimization model suggests that both direct and routine online harassment
 experiences influence fear of crime. Thus, this research aims to explore whether
 routine online harassment, besides direct crime victimization, affects women’s fear
 of online crime.
 To fulfill these research objectives, this study analyzes the survey results from
 the ‘Survey on Online Sexual Harassment, Sexual Violence, and Misogyny’ conducted
 among 600 women in their 20s, 30s, and 40s. The findings revealed that as
 women perceive online hate issues as severe and experience more instances of
 online hate expressions, their fear of online crime tends to increase.
 Consequently, to enable women to engage freely and safely online, management
 and supervision regarding expressions of online hate directed at women are deemed
 necessary. In several countries, regulations penalize authors posting hate content
 and hold platform companies responsible for monitoring hate speech posts. Such
 policies indicate the need for regulatory measures against hate expressions in South Korea as well.

Mathematical Model on Distributed Denial of Service Attack in the Computer Network

In this paper, an electronic- epidemic two-folded mathematical model is formulated with help of non-linear ordinary differential equations. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks in the computer network are studied. The modeling of both attacking nodes and targeting nodes is performed. Botnet based malicious devices and their threats on computer networks are addressed using appropriate parameters. The basic reproduction numbers for both the attacking and the targeting population are calculated and interpreted. Local and global stability analysis is carried out for the infection-free and endemic equilibrium points. Differential equations are solved with the help of the Runge-Kutta 4th order numerical method and graphs are analyzed using MATLAB software. Simulation shows that the success or failure depends on the number of initially infected computers in the attacking group. The proposed model exhibits the phenomenon of backward bifurcation for different values of transmission parameters. This model gives the theoretical base for controlling and predicting the DDoS attack. This shows the way to minimize the attack in the network. This study will be helpful to identify the botnet devices and run the latest version of antivirus in the network to protect against DDoS attacks from attacking sources. The application of this study is to ascertain online crime and locate the attacking nodes in the field of online transactions of real-life problems that involve the internet and computer networking systems. Moreover, our model can play an important role in policy-making against the distributed attack.

Transnational Law and Criminal Justice System: Highlighting Legislative and Procedural Challenges to combat Cyber Crime in the wake of CPEC

World Justice Project’s (WJP) Rule of Law Index 2022 ranked Pakistan globally at 129th out of 140 countries while on regional level Pakistan is ranked 5th out of 6 countries. Where Pakistan’s justice system is hitting the bottom in rule-of-law index, at the same time, the entire nation is celebrating China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which is a flagship project of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) also known as OBOR. This is a Chinese master stroke in the cross-continental geo-economics of the world. With a heavy influx of Chinese businesses and Chinese nationals arriving in the country, the markets and Pakistani citizens are vulnerable to criminal activities including more sophisticated types of crimes such as crimes involving ICT. In particular, incidents of ATM skimming are rising in Karachi among other crimes. Foreign nationals are arrested include Chinese nationals; however, legislative and procedural lacunasand prosecution related defects eventually cause the prosecution version to collapse during trial. Therefore, this research study proposes strong legislative and judicial framework, human resource development including need for prompt initiatives in the subordinate judiciary. This research also highlights the need for having proper compliance of environmental and labor laws regulations. The research is based on mixed methodology. Quantitative analysis is conducted on the data collected through questionnaires from the sample of 50 respondents that include advocates, FIA investigation officers and public prosecutors.In addition, qualitative analysis is done through interviews of senior officers from NR3C as well as I.Os, students, academics and research economists from academia.

CYBER FRAUD AS A THREAT TO THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM: A SYSTEMATIC BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS

There is a growing wave of cyber fraud in the healthcare industry. Cases of breaches of confidentiality and security, leakage, theft and breach of medical confidential data, and fraudsters gaining access to machines and networks of medical institutions have become more frequent. The main purpose of the study is a retrospective and current systematic bibliometric analysis of scientific research in the field of cyber fraud as a threat to the sustainable development of the health care system based on Scopus, VOS Viewer, Statista. The relevance of solving this scientific problem lies in conducting not a traditional, but a comprehensive innovative systematic study of the industry, identifying priority dynamic, geographical and inter-sectoral links and directions, and problematic aspects. The research was carried out in the following logical sequence: determining the criteria for selecting publications on cyber fraud in the healthcare system; determining the dynamics of scientific articles in this area; analyzing the geographical distribution of research; studying the distribution of subject areas of the problem under study; forming and analyzing clusters of scientific articles on cyber fraud in the healthcare system by key terms; building an evolutionary and temporal map of the relationships of the studied categories with other scientific concepts in dynamics. Scopus platform, VOS Viewer software, Statista statistical database were used as analytical tools for the study. The study theoretically proves the existence of a close relationship between the health care system and cyber fraud. The results of the proposed model of a comprehensive systematic study of the healthcare industry will allow timely identification of priority areas and problematic aspects of the industry in terms of cybersecurity, will improve the protection of patients, patient data, hospital security management, strengthen the protection of medical devices, minimize the risks of cyber losses in the healthcare system, to organize sustainable development of the healthcare industry, to ensure good health of people.

ЦИФРОВЫЕ (ЭЛЕКТРОННЫЕ) ДОКАЗАТЕЛЬСТВА В УГОЛОВНОМ СУДОПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ

This work is devoted to the study of the essence of digital evidence, special attention is paid to the conceptual apparatus. The author’s vision of the terms “digital information” and “digital evidence” is proposed and justified in the work. In our opinion, the use of these terms is most appropriate for the purposes of criminal proceedings because of their capacity relative to the terms “computer” and “electronic” information. The sphere of information circulation has expanded due to the emergence of modern digital systems that have replaced the analog signals that were common until recently. These processes have led to the fact that the crimes committed today in the field of information technology cover a wider list of acts in comparison with the computer crimes established in the criminal law. A special danger of crime in the field of digital information is connected with the fact that information and telecommunication technologies have become an integral part of the life of every modern person, thereby transforming industrial society and information society. The changes that have taken place have caused a surge in threats to information security caused by the processes of globalization of information processes, the counteraction of which requires the adoption of adequate and modern measures by state authorities.

Strategi Pengamanan Cyber: Lingkup Kerjasama dalam Menghadapi Ancaman Cyber

Threats to the security of important objects and files are growing rapidly. In the rapid development of the digital era, the security of goods and files has become very important, which is a big problem in terms of cyber security. Cybercriminals are more clever and skilled at exploiting information security gaps in digital systems. Improving cyber security requires a thorough analysis of the threats faced in the digital environment and the solutions that can be implemented. The aim of this research is to analyze the main targets, identify the main challenges to protect them from cyber attacks, evaluate and recommend measures and strategies to improve file security, explore case studies related to threats and solutions in the digital environment. The qualitative approach uses data collection methods. Potential threats of cyber crime in Indonesia include hacking, cracking, cyber sabotage and spyware. The risk management process includes identification, evaluation, handling and controlling risks. To anticipate danger, therefore, technology experts are needed to support the development of defense systems in developed countries and establish a cyber security command center.

Digital Policing ; Studi Pemanfaatan Teknologi Dalam Pelaksanaan Tugas Intelijen Kepolisian untuk Mencegah Kejahatan Siber (Cybercrime)

After the sociological transformation of society to a digital society with the support of the internet network, most behavioural habits, culture have also changed. Including financial transactions that used to be carried out conventionally since the last decade using various application platforms. Various crimes, especially online fraud crimes, are increasingly threatening and increasing significantly with various modus operandi that change and continue to develop. The development of digital technology has not been maximally utilised by police intelligence to prevent various forms of crime. Police intelligence has not used digital technology to the fullest to collect information and conduct digital data collection. This has resulted in slow anticipation of various potential cyber crimes. Digital policing in the implementation of police intelligence tasks needs to be continuously developed by investing in the latest technological equipment in order to realise a predictive, responsive and transparent police force with justice.The approach in this research is qualitative research with a literature study method by analysing books, journals, media news related to the use of technology in police intelligence tasks.

Features of the qualification of organized computer crime in Ukraine

This article analyzes the features inherent in the criminal qualification of criminal offenses in the field of use of electronic computing machines (computers), systems and computer networks and telecommunication networks that are of a group nature. It was established that their features are high technology, latency, usually a group nature and a high level of public danger, which makes it difficult to identify and investigate relevant crimes, bring all members of the group to criminal responsibility. It is noted that organized computer crime should be understood as a set of computer crimes committed in connection with the creation and activities of organized criminal groups. It has been established that accomplices in computer crimes are the organizer (mostly project coordinators, under whose leadership attack plans are developed, malicious software is created, confidential information about individuals is collected for the purpose of sale on the "black market”, etc.), executor, instigator and accomplice. It is emphasized that the special subject of these crimes is a hacker, who is usually the perpetrator of the crime. Arguments are given that the time interval between the conspiracy and the beginning of the commission of socially dangerous actions for each of the perpetrators of the crime does not play a key role, at the same time, the intention of pre­discussed concerted actions, which are necessary to achieve a criminal result, must be established. The tendency to increase the number of computer crimes with the use of remote access communication tools, the unification of hackers in groups that have signs of organized criminal groups, the use of specially created places for communication (forums, specialized sites, etc.), the presence of a clear hierarchy and distribution was revealed roles in the execution of illegal actions.