High-speed Solenoid Valve Research Articles

Wheel loader seat damping control research based on ADRC

This paper proposes a new type of damped multi-mode switching damper based on a high-speed switching solenoid valve. The structural design of the damper is completed, and its working principle of realizing different damping modes is analyzed. A damping characteristic model of the damper is constructed, and the change rule of the damping characteristic of the multi-mode switching damper is analyzed. The seat suspension of a wheel loader is equipped with a damper that is controlled by a damping strategy. A 10-degree-of-freedom mixed-logic dynamic model of the seat suspension system is established using HYSDEL, and a multi-mode switching damper is employed. The weight coefficients are adjusted using a self-immunity control strategy, and the hybrid model predictive control method is used to complete the damping control strategy. Simulation results show that, compared with the fuzzy control strategy, the designed wheel loader seat suspension damping active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) strategy not only effectively reduces the root-mean-square (RMS) value of the driver’s vertical vibration acceleration up to more than 40% at different speeds and shock conditions, but also effectively reduces the driver’s vertical vibration acceleration. The ADRC strategy is a robust approach that achieves the desired control objective of the system.

Multi-objective cooperation optimization research on dynamic response and energy loss of high-speed solenoid valve for diesel engine injector

The dynamic response and operational reliability of high-speed solenoid valve (HSV) for diesel engine injector are the main indicators to measure their performance. At high-frequency, the eddy current energy and Joule energy generated by the HSV will be converted into heat, which has a significant impact on the service life of HSV. The optimization of HSV involves the interaction between energy loss and the dynamic response of HSV. To optimize the HSV dynamic response time considering energy loss, the HSV work process simulation model was established in this paper, and the model was verified based on armature lift experimental data. Without changing the structural parameters of the HSV, the four parameters of electroconductibility, spring stiffness, damping coefficient, and coil resistance were selected as the key parameters affecting the dynamic response and energy loss. The response surface models (RSMs) of opening response time, closing response time, eddy current energy and Joule energy of the HSV were constructed by using the smoothing spline-analysis of variance method. The multi-objective cooperation optimization of HSV under the interaction of dynamic response characteristics and energy loss was completed by using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms. After optimization, the opening and closing response times of HSV were reduced by 15.1% and 16.6% respectively, while the eddy current energy and Joule energy were reduced by 5.2% and 48.4% respectively. In this paper, the dynamic response and energy loss were jointly optimized. The presented results provide theory instruction for multi-objective cooperative optimization of HSV.

Research on Multi-Objective Optimization of High-Speed Solenoid Valve Drive Strategies under the Synergistic Effect of Dynamic Response and Energy Loss

Under high-frequency operating conditions, the high-speed solenoid valve (HSV) experiences energy loss and heat generation, which significantly impacts its operational lifetime. Reducing the energy loss of an HSV without compromising its opening response characteristics poses a significant challenge. To address this issue, a finite element simulation model of an HSV coupled with a current feedback model is constructed to investigate the synergistic effects of dynamic response and energy loss. Prediction models for the opening response time, HSV driving energy, and Joule energy using a back propagation neural network (BPNN) are established. Furthermore, a multi-objective optimization study on the current driving strategy using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is conducted. After optimization, although there was a 6.24% increase in the opening response time, both HSV drive energy and Joule energy were significantly reduced by 15.67% and 22.49%, respectively. The proposed multi-objective optimization method for an HSV driving strategy holds great significance for improving its working durability.

Fast dynamics and low power losses of high-speed solenoid valve based on optimized pre-excitation control algorithm

Aiming at the requirements of high precision and reliability of digital hydraulic systems, high-speed solenoid valve (HSSV) needs to satisfy both fast dynamics and low power losses. In this paper, the dynamic performance and power losses of HSSV are studied by combining the coupling relationship between multi-physical fields, and based on the analysis conclusion, a control algorithm for HSSV is optimized based on pre-excitation control algorithm (PECA) to effectively speed up the switching behavior and reduce power losses. The theoretical and experimental results indicate that increasing the pre-opening voltage (POV) and reducing the pre-closing voltage (PCV) can shorten the switching delay time. However, the copper loss increases with the POV, resulting in a lower mechanical energy conversion efficiency. On the other hand, enlarging the opening voltage (OV) and closing voltage (CV) can speed up the switching process of HSSV, but it causes a significant increase in iron and copper losses. The dynamic performance and power losses of the HSSV are dimensionless mapped and the parameter group (POV = 3.6 V, OV = 14 V, PCV = 2.25 V, CV = −24 V) with optimum and well-balanced behaviors is selected with bubble scatter analysis and variation coefficient. The time required for HSSV to open and close was 1.21 ms and 1.71 ms, respectively, and the final temperature rising is optimized at 40.9 ℃. Therefore, the optimized PECA meets the expected requirements.

Eddy Effect and Dynamic Response of High-Speed Solenoid Valve with Composite Iron Core.

To alleviate the Eddy effect of the high-speed solenoid valve (HSV) and improve its dynamic response speed, a novel HSV with a composite iron core is presented. The time-step finite element method is used to establish and verify the numerical simulation of HSV coupling multiple physical fields. Then, the Eddy effect and dynamic response characteristics of the conventional and composite HSVs are further compared and analyzed. The results showed that the Eddy current loss in the main pole was the largest for the conventional HSV, accounting for 72.5% and 64.4% in the actuation and release processes, respectively. It was found that the Eddy effect of the composite HSV was obviously weakened, and the total Eddy current losses in the actuation and release processes were reduced by 58.8% and 38.7%, respectively. Meanwhile, the actuation response time and release response time of the composite HSV were shortened by 15.6% and 18.5%, respectively. In addition, increasing the peak voltage further shortened the actuation response time of the composite HSV, but had no significant effect on the response time of the conventional HSV.

Optimised Design for High-speed Solenoid Valves with Dual Coils

Aiming at the dynamic performance of the solenoid valve for the injection molding machine and the mutual constraint of coil heat generation in the process of energization, a control method of the solenoid valve for the injection molding machine with series start and parallel hold is proposed. A two-coil solenoid valve is designed, and a basic simulation model of the solenoid valve is built using COMSOL finite element simulation software, and numerical calculations are performed for the conventional solenoid valve for the injection molding machine and the two-coil solenoid valve, respectively. The results show that in the process of opening, holding, and closing the valve, the response speed of opening the valve is increased by 87.9%, the response speed of closing the valve is increased by 75%, and the coil heat generation is reduced by 14.3% during holding by reducing the height of the moving iron core during holding.

Armature Structure Optimization of Annular Multipole Solenoid Valves Based on Electromagnetic Force Distribution

To improve the dynamic response speed of high-speed solenoid valves in electric fuel injection systems of marine diesel engines, a numerical simulation model of the solenoid valve is described in this paper. The accuracy of the simulation model was verified on the test bed of the solenoid valve. The effect of the punch position and the size of the dynamic response of the solenoid valve were investigated by using the distribution law of the electromagnetic force in the armature. The results of the test showed that armature drilling in the inter-yoke zone can optimize the solenoid closing response time, but it has little impact on the solenoid opening response time. From this rule, two groove schemes were further designed. Through comparison and calculation, it can be concluded that the fan groove scheme is better than the trapezoidal groove scheme, and that the opening and closing response times of the solenoid valve should be targeted in order to multi-target optimize the fan groove geometric parameters and the armature thickness. The results show that after optimization, the weight of the motion part is reduced by 21.6%, the opening response time of the solenoid valve is reduced by 11.1%, and the closing response time is reduced by 30.0%. While reducing the oil film damping of the armature motion, the overall dynamic response characteristics of the solenoid valve are improved.

Electromagnetic Characteristics Analysis and Structure Optimization of High-Speed Fuel Solenoid Valves

High-speed fuel solenoid valves (HFSVs) are the key control elements of aero-engine vane regulators. A strong electromagnetic force generated from the HFSVs is essential to achieve precise control over timing and quantification for fuel supply. In this paper, the Taguchi method is adopted to improve the HFSV’s static electromagnetic characteristics. First, an electromagnetic model of the HFSV was established and experiments were conducted to modify and validate the model. Effects of key structural factors on the static electromagnetic characteristics of the HFSV are then investigated via the finite element method (FEM). Based on the optimization, an HFSV prototype is finally manufactured and tested. The experiment results are in good agreement with those of the simulations. It provides a significant guideline for the manufacturing process of such HFSVs.

Generating droplets of different sizes with a single nozzle

High-speed solenoid valve, opened with a short pulse voltage, ejects trace amounts of liquid to controllably create droplets.

Experimental investigation on the performances of a valve-based and on-demand droplet generator producing droplets in a wide size range

Many aspects of our daily lives are affected by the generation of water droplets, and it is important to controllably produce droplets with a wide size range in various applications. In this paper, we describe an on-demand droplet generating system based on a high-speed two-way solenoid valve. A nozzle made of stainless steel tubing is fit into one port of the valve, and the other port is connected to the fluid reservoir by which the pressure can be controlled via a pressure regulator. When the liquid is pressurized and the valve is opened with a short pulse voltage, trace amounts of liquid will be ejected from the nozzle to form a droplet. Droplet generation is captured using a high-speed camera to measure the dimension and velocity and to evaluate the performances of the generator, such as repeatability and stability. We demonstrate the influences of applied pressure and pulse width of driving voltage on droplet generation. It is shown that the droplet generator is capable of producing droplets in a wide size range for a given nozzle (e.g., about 0.7–2.2 mm for a 1.0 mm diameter nozzle). A single droplet is stably generated at Z = 268.1, obviously higher than the published data and the Weber number of a fluid jet (Wej) ranging from 2.1 to 5.6. The droplet generator presented here will be useful for research related to large droplets, such as freezing rain in atmospheric science and supercooled large drops in aircraft icing.

Dynamic Optimization Method of High-speed Solenoid Valve Parameters

The high-speed solenoid valve is the core component of the cotton foreign fiber machine, and its dynamic response characteristics of high-speed air flow at the inlet and outlet are the key to determine the accuracy of foreign fiber strike. In order to improve the dynamic response performance of high-speed solenoid valve under variable working conditions, based on the electromagnetic action mechanism of solenoid valve, the parameter analysis model of high-speed solenoid valve for outlet pressure optimization is established in COMSOL. Taking the inlet pressure and driving voltage of solenoid valve as the system optimization variables, the high-speed response law of outlet pressure rise lag time and outlet pressure change is obtained. The simulation result shows that when the driving voltage of solenoid valve changes from 21V to 27V, the lag time of outlet pressure rise decreases by 57.8%. When the inlet pressure increases from 2 bar to 7 bar, the lag time of outlet pressure rise decreases by 48.14% and the change rate of inlet and outlet differential pressure decreases by 8.4%. The dynamic optimization test system of high-speed solenoid valve parameters is built to verify the simulation results, and the change trend consistent with the simulation results is obtained.

Experimental Study on Hydraulic Pulsation Features of Intelligent Variable Valve System for Auto Energy Saving.

The electrohydraulic valve system can realize continuous variable valve timing and lift using the flexibility of liquid. However, the existing electrohydraulic valve systems usually rely on a high-speed solenoid valve to control the on and off states of the hydraulic circuit, which pushes up the system cost. This paper introduces a continuous hydraulic variable valve timing and lift system with adjustable volume (CVVTL). Unlike the other electrohydraulic valve systems, the CVVTL does not need a high-frequency servo valve to control each valve but adjusts the valve timing and lift by controlling the system volume. However, the maximum operating speed of hydraulic variable valve systems is limited by the inherent pressure fluctuation. To relax the limit, the authors further studied the pressure fluctuation features of the CVVTL system under various conditions and summarized the harms of the fluctuation. After identifying the causes of pressure fluctuation of the CVVTL system, the authors came up with systematic countermeasures to system pressure fluctuation.

Multi-objective Optimization of High-speed Solenoid Valve for Biodiesel Electronic Unit Pump

Background: A larger response delay of a high-speed solenoid valve will cause inaccurate fuel injection timing and imprecise cycle injection quantity, resulting in diesel engine emission and increased fuel consumption. Objective: Biodiesel as an ideal alternative fuel has exceptional advantages in energy conservation, emission reduction, and low-carbon environmental protection; however, matching with Electronic Unit Pump (EUP) and its impacts on solenoid valve operation need to be further studied. Methods: In the present work, a numerical model of EUP fueled with biodiesel was established in an AMESim environment, which was validated by the experiment. Then, combined with the Design of Experiments (DOE) method, key parameters influencing the solenoid valve response delay were predicted: armature residual air gap, spring preload, poppet valve half-angle, valve needle diameter, and poppet valve diameter. Results: taking the response delay time of solenoid valve as targets, multi-objective optimization model for high-speed solenoid valve was established using NSGA-II (non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II) genetic algorithm in modeFRONTIER platform. Conclusion: The optimized results showed that the delay time of the solenoid valve closing is reduced by 6%, the opening delay time is reduced by 20.8%, the injection pressure peak is increased by 1.8MPa, which is beneficial to accurate injection quantity and the application of biodiesel in diesel engines.

Duality-Derived Models of High-Speed Electromagnetic Valves

The article analyzes a high-speed solenoid valve (HSV) whose core and moving armature are massive elements characterized by strong eddy currents, hysteresis, and saturation. The feedback control employed in obtaining a predetermined nonsinusoidal current in the core coil necessitates the use of a high-frequency pulsewidth modulation (PWM)-like voltage with parameters varying in a manner unknown in advance during the uninterrupted transient. In view of the known difficulties in using finite-element solvers, physical Cauer circuits are found to be a reliable engineering alternative. The use of the duality transformation is proposed to obtain a pure electric model of the core and armature. As a preliminary result, it is found that a threefold reduction in eddy-current loss is achieved by using the slotted core. The results obtained with the model are in a reasonable agreement with the experimental magnetizing current and the armature movement during successive valve operations.

Effect of High-speed Solenoid Valve Dynamic Characteristics on Downstream Transient Spray Atomization of Bipropellant Thruster

Effect of High-speed Solenoid Valve Dynamic Characteristics on Downstream Transient Spray Atomization of Bipropellant Thruster

Study on Transient Fuel Hydrodynamic Force Characteristics of High-Speed Solenoid Valve for Common Rail Injector

The working process of the high-speed solenoid valve (HSV) of high-pressure common rail (CR) injector has the characteristics of electro-magnetic-mechanical-hydrodynamic multi-physical field coupling. However, most of the research work in this field is carried out without considering hydrodynamic environment of the HSV. Furthermore, the dynamic response characteristics of the transient fuel hydrodynamic force (TFHF) of the HSV should not be neglected. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element method is used to simulate the TFHF between the injector electromagnet and the armature. The results show that cavitation phenomena appears on the lower surface of the armature during the HSV opening process. The faster the armature moves up, the greater the cavitation intensity. Damping holes on the armature can reduce the TFHF acting on the upper surface of the armature; however, the armature structure with straight grooves and damping holes reduces the TFHF more evidently during the HSV opening and the inhibition effect of this structure on cavitation is more evident. The TFHF on the armature decreases with an increase in the depth of the coil groove. However, the selection of the groove depth should be considered together with the optimization of the electromagnetic force characteristics of the HSV.

Quantitative high-resolution transmission electron microscopy nanostructure analysis of soot oxidized in diesel spray flame periphery

In order to better understand the in-flame diesel soot oxidation processes, soot particles at the oxidation-dominant periphery of diesel spray flame were sampled via newly developed suck type soot sampler employing a high-speed solenoid valve, and their morphology and nanostructure were observed and analyzed via high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. A single-shot diesel flame for the soot sampling experiment was achieved in a constant-volume vessel under a diesel-like condition (9.5 kg/m3, 2.5 MPa, 1070 K, and 21%O2). Morphology of soot aggregates, inner-core/outer-shell structure of primary particles within the aggregates, and carbon crystallite nanostructures within the primary particles were compared between the soot aggregates sampled at the diesel flame core near the central axis and the oxidation-dominant flame periphery. The morphology observation and the inner-core/outer-shell structure characteristics obtained by newly employed concentricity analysis showed that the flame core soot exhibits graphitic primary particles with clear outlines and boundaries similarly observed for engine exhaust soot. Each primary particle contained a well-defined inner core surrounded by thick graphitic outer shell. On the contrary, the flame periphery soot exhibited smaller primary particles with unclear and lumpy outlines containing multiple obscured inner cores surrounded by thinner outer shell. The analysis of carbon crystallite nanostructures within the primary particles showed that the in-flame soot nanostructure shifts toward amorphous from the flame core to the periphery. On the contrary, the engine soot nanostructure in the literature shifts toward graphitic from the in-cylinder TDC to the exhaust, exhibiting the opposite trend with the in-flame soot. These results suggest that the engine exhaust soot has not experienced the rapid in-flame oxidation by OH radicals and is therefore considered not to be the remains of incomplete or partial oxidation, but the runaways escaped from the flame core to the exhaust without being attacked by the in-flame OH radicals.

Eddy current effects on the dynamic response of high-speed solenoid valve for common rail injector

Eddy current effects on the dynamic response of high-speed solenoid valve for common rail injector

Failure Type Prediction Using Physical Indices and Data Features for Solenoid Valve

A high-speed solenoid valve is a key component of the braking system. Accurately predicting the failure type of the solenoid valve is an important guarantee for safe operation of the braking system. However, electrical, magnetic, and mechanical coupling aging mechanism; individual differences; and uncertainty of aging processes have remained major challenges. To address this problem, a method combining physical indices and data features is proposed to predict the failure type of solenoid valve. Firstly, the mechanism model of the solenoid valve is established and five physical indices are extracted from the driven current curve. Then, the frequency band energy characteristics are obtained from the current change rate curve of the solenoid valve by wavelet packet decomposition. Combining physical indices and frequency band energy characteristics into a comprehensive feature vector, we applied random forest to both predict and classify the failure type. We generate a data set consisting of 60 high-speed solenoid valves periodically switched under accelerated aging test conditions, including driven current, final failure type, and switching cycles. The prediction result shows that the proposed method achieves 95.95% and 94.68% precision for the two failures using the driven current data of the 3000th cycle and has better prediction performance than other algorithms.

Analysis on Dynamic Response Characteristics of High-Speed Solenoid Valve for Electronic Control Fuel Injection System

A 3D numerical simulation model of high-speed solenoid valve (HSV) for electronic control fuel injection system (ECFIS) has been developed. The model has been validated experimentally with acceptable maximum errors of 2% and 8.7% in closure response time and open response time, respectively. Effect of assembly parameters such as residual air gap, maximum lift of valve stem, mass of the moving parts, spring stiffness, and spring pretightening force on dynamic response characteristics of HSV has been analyzed in detail using the simulation model, and influence rules of various parameters on dynamic response characteristics have been established. Moreover, the correlation between interaction factors of main influence factors and dynamic response characteristics of HSV has also been analyzed. It is concluded that residual air gap, maximum lift of the valve stem, and spring pretightening force are the main influencing factors on dynamic response characteristics of HSV, and there are obvious interaction effects between them; when two or three of these main influencing factors are adjusted at the same time, the interaction effects should be considered.