High Execution Speed Research Articles

Oculomotor Adaptation Elicited By Intra-Saccadic Visual Stimulation: Time-Course of Efficient Visual Target Perturbation.

Perception of our visual environment strongly depends on saccadic eye movements, which in turn are calibrated by saccadic adaptation mechanisms elicited by systematic movement errors. Current models of saccadic adaptation assume that visual error signals are acquired only after saccade completion, because the high speed of saccade execution disturbs visual processing (saccadic “suppression” and “mislocalization”). Complementing a previous study from our group, here we report that visual information presented during saccades can drive adaptation mechanisms and we further determine the critical time window of such error processing. In 15 healthy volunteers, shortening adaptation of reactive saccades toward a ±8° visual target was induced by flashing the target for 2 ms less eccentrically than its initial location either near saccade peak velocity (“PV” condition) or peak deceleration (“PD”) or saccade termination (“END”). Results showed that, as compared to the “CONTROL” condition (target flashed at its initial location upon saccade termination), saccade amplitude decreased all throughout the “PD” and “END” conditions, reaching significant levels in the second adaptation and post-adaptation blocks. The results of nine other subjects tested in a saccade lengthening adaptation paradigm with the target flashing near peak deceleration (“PD” and “CONTROL” conditions) revealed no significant change of gain, confirming that saccade shortening adaptation is easier to elicit. Also, together with this last result, the stable gain observed in the “CONTROL” conditions of both experiments suggests that mislocalization of the target flash is not responsible for the saccade shortening adaptation demonstrated in the first group. Altogether, these findings reveal that the visual “suppression” and “mislocalization” phenomena related to saccade execution do not prevent brief visual information delivered “in-flight” from being processed to elicit oculomotor adaptation.

Color reproduction and processing algorithm based on real-time mapping for endoscopic images.

In this paper, we present a real-time preprocessing algorithm for image enhancement for endoscopic images. A novel dictionary based color mapping algorithm is used for reproducing the color information from a theme image. The theme image is selected from a nearby anatomical location. A database of color endoscopy image for different location is prepared for this purpose. The color map is dynamic as its contents change with the change of the theme image. This method is used on low contrast grayscale white light images and raw narrow band images to highlight the vascular and mucosa structures and to colorize the images. It can also be applied to enhance the tone of color images. The statistic visual representation and universal image quality measures show that the proposed method can highlight the mucosa structure compared to other methods. The color similarity has been verified using Delta E color difference, structure similarity index, mean structure similarity index and structure and hue similarity. The color enhancement was measured using color enhancement factor that shows considerable improvements. The proposed algorithm has low and linear time complexity, which results in higher execution speed than other related works.

Extended Application Algorithm Link Power Reduction in Real Time Bio Network on Chip

An On-chip communication is a promising communication platform for enormous System on-Chip (SoC) designs. To ease the interconnection and bandwidth limitation problems in SoC design, a new communication platform is introduced i.e. Network on-Chip. A Conventional real time Network on Chip (NoC) router requires more area for implementation and its clock distribution is deterministic, and also it suffers high power consumption and low speed execution. To overcome these limitations a new algorithm is proposed in this paper an Extended Application Algorithm (EAA) Link, this novel algorithm which is applicable for all real time bio-NoC (RTBNoC) to reduce the power consumption. The EAA link for real time bio-medical gives 23% of reduction in energy usage when compared with other conventional real time NoC. The Real-time Network on-Chip implemented in SPARTAN 3 FPGA and its power and thread activities monitored using a GUI. Experimental results show that EAA link successfully adjusts link frequency and voltage Depends upon the packet size and threads allocated to the modules, This EAA Link method is applicable for all real-time bio-medical applications, which afford a guaranteed service without any performance degradation in On-chip communication.

Rapid calculation of hydrodynamic and transport properties in concentrated solutions of colloidal particles and macromolecules

A new method for calculating the resistance tensors of arbitrarily shaped particles and the translational and rotational self-diffusivity in suspensions of such particles is developed. This approach can be harnessed to efficiently and accurately predict the hydrodynamic and transport properties of large macromolecules such as antibodies in solution. Particles are modeled as a rigid composite of spherical beads, and the continuum equations for low Reynolds number fluid mechanics are used to calculate the drag on the composite or its diffusivity in a solution of other composites. The hydrodynamic calculations are driven by a graphics processing unit (GPU) implementation of the particle-mesh-Ewald technique which offers log-linear scaling with respect to the complexity of the composite-bead particles modeled as well as high speed execution leveraging the hyper-parallelization of the GPU. Matrix-free expressions for the hydrodynamic resistance and translational and rotational diffusivity of composite bead particles are developed, which exhibit substantial improvements in computational complexity over existing approaches. The effectiveness of these methods is demonstrated through a series of calculations for composite-bead particles having a spherical geometry, and the results are compared to exact solutions for spheres. Included in the supplementary material is an implementation of the proposed algorithm which functions as a plug-in for the GPU molecular dynamics suite HOOMD-blue (http://codeblue.umich.edu/hoomd-blue) [J. A. Anderson, C. D. Lorenz, and A. Travesset, “General purpose molecular dynamics simulations fully implemented on graphics processing units,” J. Comput. Phys. 227(10), 5342–5359 (2008) and Glaser et al., “Strong scaling of general-purpose molecular dynamics simulations on GPUs,” Comput. Phys. Commun. 192, 97–107 (2015)].

Development and Evaluation of Ultrasound-Guided Navicular Bursa Injection Using the Palmarodistal Digital Approach in Horses: an Ex Vivo Study

Navicular bursa injections are routinely used in horses with foot pain for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Ultrasound-guided injections to the navicular bursa have been proposed as an alternative to traditional techniques. The objective of this study was to develop an ultrasound-guided injection technique to access the navicular bursa using the palmarodistal digital approach and evaluate the success rate, total execution time, number of needle positioning, and ultrasonographic verification of bursal injection compared with contrast radiology. We hypothesized that this technique would be fast and accurate; necessitating few needle repositions and allowing real-time ultrasonographic guidance and verification of bursal injection. Overall success rate was 92.5% (37 of 40). Optimal images presented a success rate of 100% (32 of 32) and suboptimal images of 62.5% (5 of 8). Intrabursal accumulation of radiographic contrast media was correlated in 97.3% (36 of 37) of the limbs to ultrasonographic evidence of fluid and gas in the navicular bursa. Mean total execution time was 16.1 second (±7.84 seconds). Mean number of needle insertions per limb was 1.23 (±0.42). All the needle repositions (9 of 40) were performed within the digital cushion. Our results using cadaver limbs suggest that this approach allows a high injection success rate, high execution speed, accurate confirmation of intrabursal injection, and a low needle reposition rates. Needle repositioning within the digital cushion could minimize the number of unnecessary needle penetrations to the deep digital flexor tendon. Acquisition of suboptimal ultrasound images may preclude the use of this technique because it importantly impacts the injection success rate.

FIXED-IMAGE-METHOD-BASED TRANSIENT ELECTROMAGNETIC MODEL OF GROUNDING SYSTEM IN HORIZONTALLY STRATIFIED MULTILAYER MEDIUM

In this paper, a frequency-domain-based transient electromagnetic model of grounding system in horizontally stratified multilayer medium is presented. The basis of the model is an improved version of the time-harmonic electromagnetic model of grounding system. Using the originally developed continuous numerical Fourier transform algorithm, the results obtained by the time-harmonic model are synthesized into a complete time domain solution. The presented model features very high accuracy and fast execution speed and is validated through several numerical examples.

Software Development of an Automatic Measuring Instrument for the Flatness Error of the Rail Wagon

Matlab and Microsoft Visual C++ were used to program the automatic measuring instrument for the flatness error of the Rail wagon. Microsoft Visual C++ is used to program the struct body, which takes full advantage of the high programming efficiency, high execution speed and beautiful imple interface. In the meantime, powerful computational function and image fitting of Matlab is added to the program. Through the method of Dynamic Link Library, these two softwares are linked and the figure created by Matlab can be insetted in the main interface created by Microsoft Visual C++, which keeps the united and elegant appearance.

Alignment of the CMS tracker with LHC and cosmic ray data

The central component of the CMS detector is the largest silicontracker ever built. The precise alignment of this complex device is aformidable challenge, and only achievable with a significant extensionof the technologies routinely used for tracking detectors in thepast. This article describes the full-scale alignment procedure as itis used during LHC operations. Among the specific features of themethod are the simultaneous determination of up to 200 000 alignmentparameters with tracks, the measurement of individual sensor curvatureparameters, the control of systematic misalignment effects, and theimplementation of the whole procedure in a multi-processor environmentfor high execution speed. Overall, the achieved statistical accuracyon the module alignment is found to be significantly better than 10μm.

Enhancing an Embedded Processor Core for Efficient and Isolated Execution of Cryptographic Algorithms†

We propose enhancing a reconfigurable and extensible embedded RISC processor core with a protected zone for isolated execution of cryptographic algorithms. The protected zone is a collection of processor subsystems such as functional units optimized for high-speed execution of integer operations, a small amount of local memory for storing sensitive data during cryptographic computations, and special-purpose and cryptographic registers to execute instructions securely. We outline the principles for secure software implementations of cryptographic algorithms in a processor equipped with the proposed protected zone. We demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of our proposed zone by implementing the most-commonly used cryptographic algorithms in the protected zone; namely RSA, elliptic curve cryptography, pairing-based cryptography, AES block cipher, and SHA-1 and SHA-256 cryptographic hash functions. In terms of time efficiency, our software implementations of cryptographic algorithms running on the enhanced core compare favorably with equivalent software implementations on similar processors reported in the literature. The protected zone is designed in such a modular fashion that it can easily be integrated into any RISC processor. The proposed enhancements for the protected zone are realized on an FPGA device. The implementation results on the FPGA confirm that its area overhead is relatively moderate in the sense that it can be used in many embedded processors. Finally, the protected zone is useful against cold-boot and micro-architectural side-channel attacks such as cache-based and branch prediction attacks.

Experimental performance analysis of an inverse dynamics CNC compensation scheme for high-speed execution of curved toolpaths

Experimental results from the implementation of an inverse dynamics compensation scheme on a three-axis CNC mill with an open-architecture software controller are presented. The scheme amounts to imposing a continuously variable displacement on the commanded toolpath, which compensates for the physical limitations (inertia and damping) of each machine axis, producing accurate execution of the prescribed toolpath. Numerical values for the dimensionless parameters that characterize the second-order inverse dynamics model are determined by feeding input and output data from machine runs into a system identification software tool. For a basic P-type controller, exact a priori solutions for the modified path geometry are possible, allowing implementation by simple alterations to the real-time interpolator. The experimental results based on a P-type controller indicate that the inverse dynamics scheme is highly effective in suppressing both feed (lag/lead) error and contour error (deviation from the desired path), even at high feedrates along strongly curved toolpaths. The scheme thus provides a practical means of achieving smooth and accurate execution of free-form paths, without appealing to more complicated “active” control strategies.

Development and Field Test of a Real-Time Database in the Korean Smart Distribution Management System

Recently, a distribution management system (DMS) that can conduct periodical system analysis and control by mounting various applications programs has been actively developed. In this paper, we summarize the development and demonstration of a database structure that can perform real-time system analysis and control of the Korean smart distribution management system (KSDMS). The developed database structure consists of a common information model (CIM)-based off-line database (DB), a physical DB (PDB) for DB establishment of the operating server, a real-time DB (RTDB) for real-time server operation and remote terminal unit data interconnection, and an application common model (ACM) DB for running application programs. The ACM DB for real-time system analysis and control of the application programs was developed by using a parallel table structure and a link list model, thereby providing fast input and output as well as high execution speed of application programs. Furthermore, the ACM DB was configured with hierarchical and non-hierarchical data models to reflect the system models that increase the DB size and operation speed through the reduction of the system, of which elements were unnecessary for analysis and control. The proposed database model was implemented and tested at the Gochaing and Jeju offices using a real system. Through data measurement of the remote terminal units, and through the operation and control of the application programs using the measurement, the performance, speed, and integrity of the proposed database model were validated, thereby demonstrating that this model can be applied to real systems.

Power system voltage stability monitoring using artificial neural networks with a reduced set of inputs

This paper presents an artificial neural network (ANN)-based approach for online monitoring of a voltage stability margin (VSM) in electric power systems. The VSM is calculated by estimating the distance from the current operation state to the maximum voltage stability limit point according to the system loading parameter. Using the Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization process along with an ANN-based sensitivity technique, an efficient feature selection method is proposed to find the fewest input variables required to approximate the VSM with sufficient accuracy and high execution speed. Many algorithms have already been proposed in the literature for voltage stability assessment (VSA) using neural networks; however, the main drawback of the previously published works is that they need to train a new neural network when a change in the power system topology (configuration) occurs. Therefore, the possibility of employing a single ANN for estimating the VSM for several system configurations is investigated in this paper. The effectiveness of the proposed method is tested on the dynamic models of the New England 39-bus and the southern/eastern (SE) Australian power systems. The results obtained indicate that the proposed scheme provides a compact and efficient ANN model that can successfully and accurately estimate the VSM considering different system configurations as well as operating conditions, employing the fewest possible input features.

A Method to Increase the Computing Speed of 2 on 2 Soccer Robots by Implementing Distributed Computation in Multi-Processor Architecture (Experimental Research)

Due to the competitive nature of soccer robots operations, execution speed of functions in critical actions like shooting, dribbling and positioning has an undeniable importance. In this paper the idea of implementing distributed functions for multi-processor computing in a multi-agent environment and also dividing computational load of functions among agents between teammates, is being presented for the first time. The practical implementation of this method resulted in high speed execution of the critical actions functions. Given that so far in this area of expertise, no research has been done, it is hoped that this technique can provide a practical approach.

Recovering Amplitudes and Phases From Saturated Multifrequency Sinusoid Signals

In this paper, a novel method is proposed to recover and extract the original signal parameters from the saturated multifrequency sinusoid wave signals. It makes use of the zero-crossing characteristics of the multifrequency sinusoid signals, to collect valid samples in unsaturated parts of the signals. On these valid samples, the amplitudes and phases of the specific original ac sensing signals can be linearly computed by applying the least square method. The simulation results show that the proposed method has satisfactory accuracy even with very large saturation ( ~ 10 times of the saturation limit) and large dc offset, which frees us from the restriction to avoid the signal saturation problem in the signal acquisition. The method is realized by the software algorithm, and no longer requires the common used hardware-the phase sensitive detection circuit. Hence when it is applied to the magnetic coupling system, we will obtain much simpler system composition, higher accuracy, and high execution speed.

Evaluating the connecting members of cold-formed steel structures in reconstruction of earthquake-prone areas in Iran using the AHP methods

In terms of earthquake risk, Iran is placed among the first 10 countries in the world, and it is located on the earthquake belt of Alpine–Himalaya. But despite the timeworn areas in towns and villages in Iran, the need to study critical situations seems vital. Thus, the use of cold-formed steel structures due to its high execution speed, low consumption of materials, and flexibility of its executing methods seems to be appropriate in order to reconstruct or to rehabilitate vulnerable areas in comparison with other buildings. One of the major weaknesses of cold-formed steel structures is the type of attachment of their members to each other; in this regard, in this study, first various methods of connecting these members were extracted from interviews with experts in the field of earthquake engineering and construction management… by applying the group decision-making method based on a pairwise comparison model. Finally, the preferences and ultimate weights of the indices were determined, and finally, it has been concluded that attaching using bolts is the best method of cold-formed steel attachment in Iran due to its high resistance against earthquake loads and long life span in reconstructing and rehabilitating the earthquake zone.

Design Of A Optimized Parallel Array Multiplier Using Parallel Prefix Adder

Abstr act Multiplication is the basic building block for several DSP processors, Image processing and many other. Over the years the computational complexit ies of algorith ms used in Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) have gradually increased. This requires a parallel array mu ltiplier to achieve high execution speed or to meet the performance demands. A typical imp lementation of such an array mu ltiplier is Braun design. Braun mult iplier is a type of parallel array mult iplier. The architecture of Braun mu ltip lier mainly consists of some Carry Save Adders, array of AND gates and one Ripple Carry Adder. In this research wo rk, a new design of Braun Multiplier is proposed and this proposed design of mult iplier uses a very fast parallel p refix adder (Brent kung Adder) in place of Ripple Carry Adder. The architecture of standard Braun Multiplier is modified in this work for reducing the area and delay due to Ripple Carry Adder and performing faster mu ltiplication of two binary numbers. The design is imp lemented using Microwind1, dig ital schemat ics (DSCH)

A Fast Phase Unwrapping Method for Large-Scale Interferograms

Two-dimensional phase unwrapping (PU) is a critical processing procedure of synthetic aperture radar interferometry. Thus far, many PU methods with high accuracy have been proposed. However, the limitation of computer's memory requirement is ignored in the design of most of these methods. To effectively solve this problem, a fast PU method for large-scale interferograms is proposed in this paper. With this method, a large-scale interferogram is first partitioned into small tiles according to a strategy based on the residue clustering characteristics, which is the extension and improvement of our previous work. The new tiling strategy has a significant advantage over our earlier work, since it can exactly ensure the consistency between local and global PU results of the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</i> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> -norm criterion. In order to solve the dilemma that high execution speed and high accuracy cannot be satisfied at the same time, which is usually encountered in practice, each tile will be independently unwrapped by minimum-spanning-tree-based PU method either in parallel or in series after tiling processing. By comparing between two representative large-scale PU methods (the SNAPHU method proposed by Chen and Zebker and a large-scale minimum-cost flow method supplied by GAMMA software), it can be seen that the proposed approach is not only efficient in solving large-scale PU problems but also effective in avoiding the inconsistency between local and global PU results generated by image tiling.

Encryption of multimedia content in partial encryption scheme of DCT transform coefficients using a lightweight stream algorithm

In recent years, security of multimedia systems such as image and video has become one of the main needs in computer and communication networks. To encrypt multimedia content, lightweight and fast algorithms are usually used in frequency transform domain and in a partial encryption form, having time efficiency, high execution speed and correspondence with compression structures. In this article, a lightweight and fast algorithm is proposed and two designs in partial encryption scheme of DCT transform coefficients are introduced based on three fundamental principles and confrontation the partial encryption attacks (cryptographic attack, replacement attack and statistical model based attack). Moreover, the proposed algorithm is compared with A5/1 and W7 stream ciphers. The results of analyses and simulations by MATLAB software show that the proposed encryption algorithm and two introduced designs are applicable for real-time security applications of multimedia which require high-speed computations and sufficient security levels.

Implementing zero-banana-width quasilinear operator for fast ICRF simulations

Numerical simulations of plasma heating with waves in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) require to iteratively couple a solver for wave propagation in plasmas with a solver of the quasilinear kinetic equation. Among the codes developed for this purpose, the TORIC-SSFPQL package is characterized by its high execution speed. The kinetic code SSFPQL, however, was based on a somewhat simplified physical model, in which some important effects of the toroidal geometry were omitted. We have recently improved this model by taking into account in the zero–banana–width limit the influence of toroidal trapping on the ICRF quasilinear operator. To make the extended model compatible with the representation of the ion distribution functions as a truncated series of Legendre polynomials in the velocity pitch-angle adopted in SSFPQL, a special approach based on the multiprecision arithmetic had to be developed. We describe these new developments, and present first results obtained with the improved model.

Fast Capture—Recapture Approach for Mitigating the Problem of Missing RFID Tags

The technology of Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) enables many applications that rely on passive, battery-less wireless devices. If a RFID reader needs to gather the ID from multiple tags in its range, then it needs to run an anticollision protocol. Due to errors on the wireless link, a single reader session, which contains one full execution of the anticollision protocol, may not be sufficient to retrieve the ID of all tags. This problem can be mitigated by running multiple, redundant reader sessions and use the statistical relationship between these sessions. On the other hand, each session is time consuming and therefore the number of sessions should be kept minimal. We optimize the process of running multiple reader sessions, by allowing only some of the tags already discovered to reply in subsequent reader sessions. The estimation procedure is integrated with an actual tree-based anticollision protocol, and numerical results show that the reliable tag resolution algorithm attain high speed of protocol execution, while not sacrificing the reliability of the estimators used to assess the probability of missing tags.