High-speed Mobile Research Articles

Software Identifier Naming Conventions & Dictionary

In this paper, we analyzed AODV,DSR and DSDV routing protocol using different parameter of QoS metrics such as packet delivery ratio(PDR), Normalize Routing overhead, and Energy. The goal of this work is to determine if there is a difference between routing protocol performance when operating in a large-area MANET with high-speed mobile nodes. After the simulations, we will use Fuzzy Infurrence System to plot the performance metric. After that we use one-way ANOVA tools for that the result is correct or not. We use Matlab for simulation work. The comparison analysis will be carrying out about these protocols and in the last the conclusion will be presented, that which routing protocol is the best one for mobile ad hoc networks

Cluster Routing-Based Data Packet Backhaul Prediction Method in Vehicular Named Data Networking

Vehicular named data networking (V-NDN) is a network architecture that combines named data networking (NDN) and vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Due to the high-speed mobility of the on-board unit (OBU) in V-NDNs, topological changes may cause the problem of reverse path breaking for data packets, thus impacting the communication quality of service (QoS) among vehicles. To address this issue, a data packet backhaul prediction method (DBPM) based on cluster routing in the V-NDN is proposed in this paper. The DBPM uses GPS and a convex programming location algorithm (CPLA) at roadside units (RSUs) to obtain the positioning information of vehicle in the clusters, and uses two positioning data items to predict the location of the vehicle's future access point (AP) for the cluster by using the Kalman filtering model. Then, the DBPM forwards the returned data packets to the vehicle by the cluster. Simulation experiments are performed by using the simulators Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) and VanetMobiSim. Results show that the proposed DBPM can effectively reduce the average delay and packet loss ratio in the vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication in urban scenes, thus enhancing the robustness of data transmission and effectively supporting the data communication's QoS of V-NDN.

Computing resource allocation scheme of IOV using deep reinforcement learning in edge computing environment

With the emergence and development of 5G technology, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) has been closely integrated with Internet of Vehicles (IoV) technology, which can effectively support and improve network performance in IoV. However, the high-speed mobility of vehicles and diversity of communication quality make computing task offloading strategies more complex. To solve the problem, this paper proposes a computing resource allocation scheme based on deep reinforcement learning network for mobile edge computing scenarios in IoV. Firstly, the task resource allocation model for IoV in corresponding edge computing scenario is determined regarding the computing capacity of service nodes and vehicle moving speed as constraints. Besides, the mathematical model for task offloading and resource allocation is established with the minimum total computing cost as objective function. Then, deep Q-learning network based on deep reinforcement learning network is proposed to solve the mathematical model of resource allocation. Moreover, experience replay method is used to solve the instability of nonlinear approximate function neural network, which can avoid falling into dimension disaster and ensure the low-overhead and low-latency operation requirements of resource allocation. Finally, simulation results show that proposed scheme can effectively allocate the computing resources of IoV in edge computing environment. When the number of user uploaded data is 10K bits and the number of terminals is 15, it still shows the excellent network performance of low-overhead and low-latency.

Edge-Based Evolved Packet Core (EPC) Refactoring for High Speed Mobility

Edge-Based Evolved Packet Core (EPC) Refactoring for High Speed Mobility

Home Automation using RPi/Arduino

The telecom industry has seen exponential growth in terms of providing cheaper and more affordable smartphones, thanks to high-speed mobile network coverage such as 3G, 4G, and Long-Term Evolution. At the hands of the people, different services and applications are available. IoT has undertaken emerging technology with evolving automation and digitalization technologies. This project deals with IoT and how it can be used by Raspberry Pi/Arduino for the implementation of smart home automation. Since consumers are passionate about electronic goods such as cell phones, smart watches, smart lighting, and so forth, we believe that there is a huge demand for IoT-based products in India. The home appliance industry can be pioneered by IoT. By automating appliances and machines, power resource misuse can be minimised. This device consists of a smart phone along with a website with descriptions of the home appliances under ON and OFF conditions. We will focus on developing an IoT-integrated application/website that would allow us to monitor air-conditioner units by maintaining a fixed room temperature according to the consumer while adapting to atmospheric changes. Smart phones are connected to a Raspberry Pi/Arduino via Wi-Fi with the IP address of Raspberry Pi/Arduino. The Internet of Things (IoT) is among the most core strategies that can be used via an IP address to link, monitor and manage intelligent objects linked to the Internet. The user-friendly wireless application is handy along with its various applications and its performance is lifestyle changing.

Preview the Products on Display at Display Week 2021

Preview the Products on Display at Display Week 2021

TDMP: Reliable Target Driven and Mobility Prediction based routing protocol in complex Vehicular Ad-hoc Network

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication in vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) has emerged as a crucial component in advanced Intelligent Transport System (ITS) for information transmission and vehicular communication. One of the vital research challenges in VANET is the design and implementation of novel network routing protocols which bring reliable end-to-end connectivity and efficient packet transmission to V2X communication. The organically changing nature of road traffic vehicles poses a significant threat to VANET with respect to the accuracy and reliability of packets delivery. Therefore, position-based routing protocols tend to be the predominant method in VANET as they overcome rapid changes in vehicle movements effectively. However, existing routing protocols have some limitations such as (i) inaccurate in high dynamic network topology, (ii) defective link-state estimation (iii) poor movement prediction in heterogeneous road layouts. Therefore, a novel target-driven and mobility prediction (TDMP) based routing protocol is developed in this paper for high-speed mobility and dynamic topology of vehicles, fluctuant traffic flow and diverse road layouts in VANET. To implement an effective routing protocol, TDMP primarily involves the destination target of a driver for the mobility prediction and Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) for the inter-vehicular link-status estimation. Compared to existing geographic routing protocols which mainly greedily forward the packet to the next-hop based on its current position and partial road layout, the proposed TDMP is able to enhance the packet transmission with the consideration of the estimation of inter-vehicular link status, and the prediction of vehicle positions dynamically in fluctuant mobility and global road layout. Based on the extensive simulations carried out on operational road environments with varying configurations and complexity, the experimental results show better performance in terms of improving packet delivery ratio by 21-57%, reducing end-to-end delay by 13-47% and average hops count by 17-48% in comparison with several typical position-based routing protocols, such as GPSR, GyTAR and PGRP.

A new algorithm of clustering AODV based on edge computing strategy in IOV

In the vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), due to the particularity of high-speed movement of vehicle nodes, there are higher challenges in link stability and network topology control overhead. In this paper, a new algorithm of clustering AODV based on edge computing strategy is proposed. Considering the vehicle node energy and speed, the AODV routing protocol based on the minimum hop number is optimized, which divided the communication mode into vehicle to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to road (V2R) mode. Adding edge server in the road side unit (RSU) and using the idea of clustering, that is, the nodes in the cluster use V2V communication mode, and the nodes between clusters use V2V and V2R combined communication mode to select routes. The algorithm improves the routing efficiency in the high-speed mobile. Experiments show that the algorithm is feasible, reducing the network topology control overhead, lowering the end-to-end delay and improving the packet delivery rate comparing with others in different environment.

A novel method of mobility-based clustering protocol in software defined sensor network

The distributed clustering method is widely used to extend network lifetime in traditional wireless sensor networks. However, it is difficult to achieve the idea performance of the whole network, such as transmission rate, energy consumption, and control overhead, neglecting the global stability of the network. To tackle this problem, a centralized mobility-based clustering (CMBC) protocol is proposed in the software defined sensor network. The method of CMBC mainly consists of two aspects: first, CMBC clusters the nodes with the connection time between the mobile nodes (i.e., noncluster head nodes, non-CH) and the cluster head (CH) and establishes stable topological structures between the non-CHs and the CH; second, when emergencies occur, the centralization management control center sends the configuration files to replace the CH. Compared to the distributed network of MBC, WCRA and IMP-MECA protocol, the proposed method can be applied in scenarios with high-speed mobile nodes to improve the network performance in terms of transmission successful rate, average power consumption, and average control overhead.

Low-Complexity and Low-Overhead Receiver for OTFS via Large-Scale Antenna Array

Orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) is a modulation technique that is dedicated to the high-speed mobility scenario. However, its transmission involves a two-dimensional convolution of the symbols of interest and the multipath fading channel, and it complicates the equalization. In addition to the high-complexity issue, the existing pilot pattern to estimate the unknown channel accurately requires large overhead to avoid the pilot being contaminated, which is spectrally inefficient. In this paper, we propose a receiver design by the marriage of the OTFS and a large-scale antenna array, which allows low-complexity detection and low-overhead pilot pattern design. The receiver is briefly summarized as follows. First, the received signal from each path of the multipath fading channel is identified by a high-resolution spatial matched filter beamformer facilitated by a large-scale antenna array. Then, the derivation shows that the received signal from an angle of arrival can be regarded as a flat-faded signal with rotations in both the delay and the Doppler coordinates. In addition, the identified signal from each beamforming branch in the delay-Doppler domain can be simply equalized using the channel information estimated by our pilot pattern. We further provide the estimator of the channel fading and the rotations of delay and Doppler in each identified branch. With these estimates, the delay and the Doppler shift in each identified branch can be compensated, and then, the signals from all angles of arrival are combined as different diversity versions. Furthermore, the equalization complexity is reduced to 5.0% of the message passing detection and our pilot pattern with only around 25% overhead of the existing pilot pattern ensures the same protection of the pilot. Moreover, the carrier frequency offset is considered and be compensated. The significance of the proposed receiver is its practicality, and it achieves better error performance with lower receiver complexity and lower overhead compared to the existing approaches, at the cost of a linear beamforming antenna array. The price is quite affordable, since the linear antenna array has moderate computational complexity, and it is deployed widely in current and future wireless communication systems. Eventually, the efficiency, the reliability, and the low complicacy of the proposed receiver approach are further validated by the numerical results.

Improved Tomlinson–Harashima Precoding for Ultra Reliable Communication in Intelligent Transportation Systems

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are characterized by integrating computation and physical processes. To cope with the challenges of the application of the CPSs in all kinds of environments, especially the cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) which needs high quality end-to-end communication, the robustness and reliability for CPSs are very crucial. Aiming at the technical challenges of information transmission caused by the fading effect and the fast time-varying characteristics of the channel for C-V2X communication, an improved Tomlinson–Harashima precoding (THP) algorithm for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems is proposed. Channel state information (CSI) and correlation are exploited to compensate instantaneous CSI, which could reflect current real-time channel status exactly. Further, the iterative water filling power allocation algorithm and the multiuser scheduling algorithm based on the greedy algorithm are jointly optimized and applied to the THP, which could improve the system performance. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can be efficiently applied to high-speed mobility scenarios and improve bit error ratio (BER) performance as well as spectrum utilization.

Comparing the Performance of NB-IoT, LTE Cat-M1, Sigfox, and LoRa for IoT End Devices Moving at High Speeds in the Air

Recently, NB-IoT, LTE Cat-M1, Sigfox, and LoRa have been proposed as promising Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) technologies for Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications. These technologies are aimed for IoT applications such as smart meters that can tolerate long transmission delays and only need a narrow band to periodically transmit a small amount of data. Although the performances of these technologies have been studied or compared in the literature, most comparisons were conducted in non-mobile conditions. In this work, we used a drone flying at 70 km/hr along a 10 km motorway to act as a mobile IoT end device to do the performance measurements. In this paper, we report and compare the performances of these technologies in such high-speed mobile conditions in the air.

Rapid characterization of efficient system level ESD protection strategy using coupling transfer function

This study details a new technique for the fast and efficient design and analysis of system level electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection strategy using developed coupling transfer impedance function. The transfer coupling characteristics from the zapping point to the victim location on a DUT can be computed using coupling transfer gain function. Subsequently, it is integrated with an ESD current source in a SPICE type circuit simulator for the fast and efficient analysis of induced ESD coupling noise and the design of the appropriate ESD protection scheme with the suitable choice of ESD protection device (diodes, SCR, GGNMOS, GCNMOS etc.). The study discusses the different protection schemes i.e. primary, secondary and double ESD protections, and the effect of the selected diode types and ESD stressing levels on the employed protection strategy. The proof-of-concept is validated through the rapid design of suitable system level ESD protection strategy for a microstrip-line PCB, high-speed mobile device memory module, and a portable notebook motherboard.

Wi-Fi for Affordable Broadband & 5G in Rural Areas

The importance of Internet in our lives today cannot be overemphasized. So much so that access to Internet has been declared a fundamental right of citizens in several countries such as Finland, Spain, and Greece [1]. In most of the developed countries, high-speed Internet connectivity is enabled through wired communication infrastructure such as Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) and Very high bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL). Unfortunately, the situation is not particularly encouraging in developing countries due to non-availability of such a pervasive communication infrastructure. The difference in the fiber-deployed-to-population ratio across developed and developing countries further underscores this disparity; while this ratio is 1.2 in USA, it is barely 0.1 in India [2]. Owing to this inadequacy of fiber/DSL availability, cellular access technology has emerged as the primary broadband access mechanism in developing countries.
 However, the penetration of cellular network is limited in rural areas as its deployment becomes unviable due to challenges such as low average revenue per user, sparse population density, and intermittent availability of electricity. This situation leaves majority of the rural people unconnected thereby creating a massive rural urban digital divide. The next generation cellular system along with the use of unlicensed Wi-Fi Technology can bridge this divide if we overcome the above-mentioned challenges. However, since the Fifth Generation (5G) cellular technology has focus on requirements such as 10 Gbps data rate, 1 ms latency, and very high speed mobility, the problems of coverage and affordability are likely to persist, further widening the digital divide [3]. This article explains how Wi-Fi is being used for affordable high speed broadband in rural areas. A successfully implemented case study of Jharkhand state is also presented, and it can be adopted as reliable business model for 5G or 5G type services in rural areas [4].

RCVC: RSU-Aided Cluster-Based Vehicular Clouds Architecture for Urban Areas

As a promising topic of research, Vehicular Cloud (VC) incorporates cloud computing and ad-hoc vehicular network (VANET). In VC, supplier vehicles provide their services to consumer vehicles in real-time. These services have a significant impact on the applications of internet access, storage and data. Due to the high-speed mobility of vehicles, users in consumer vehicles need a mechanism to discover services in their vicinity. Besides this, quality of service varies from one supplier vehicle to another; thus, consumer vehicles attempt to pick out the most appropriate services. In this paper, we propose a novel protocol named RSU-aided Cluster-based Vehicular Clouds protocol (RCVC), which constructs the VC using the Road Side Unit (RSU) directory and Cluster Head (CH) directory to make the resources of supplier vehicles more visible. While clusters of vehicles that move on the same road form a mobile cloud, the remaining vehicles form a different cloud on the road side unit. Furthermore, the consumption operation is achieved via the service selection method, which is managed by the CHs and RSUs based on a mathematical model to select the best services. Simulation results prove the effectiveness of our protocol in terms of service discovery and end-to-end delay, where we achieved service discovery and end-to-end delay of 3 × 10−3 s and 13 × 10−2 s, respectively. Moreover, we carried out an experimental comparison, revealing that the proposed method outperformed several states of the art protocols.

A novel offloading strategy for high speed mobile and data intensive intelligent sensor

In the paper, it proposes a novel offloading computing strategy for the mobile intelligent sensors in the high speed mobile scene. At present, the local computing resources are not able to afford the computing demand for the data intensive intelligent sensors. The current offloading computing mechanism are not capable of offloading computing in high speed scene. In general, it may cause extremely serious delay by the handover delay and the wireless channel fading. In the paper, the proposed novel strategy is named asynchronous parallel offloading computing strategy (APOCS). It makes use of one type of spatial computing diversity method to restrain the wireless channel fading. The simulation results show that it is able to reduce the offloading delay in the high speed moving scene effectively.

High Technologies in Central Africa’s Countries: Distant Future or a New Reality?

The article emphasizes the strengthening of the Central African states leadership position in the need to develop the latest technologies. The focus is on the ICT development as a digital platform for economic and social transformations. The realization of Central African Backbone project, which aims to expand the fiber optic cable network within the CEMAC countries, is of particular importance. Its implementation led to the emergence of 3G/4G networks, significantly increasing the population access to broadband services and penetration rate of high-speed Internet and mobile telephony. The unified telecommunications network will make an important contribution to the countries’ integration. The startup system development contributes to solving the problem of young population employment, by realizing the latest technological advances, using digital technologies in such important areas as medicine, finance, trade, farming, education. There is a gradual reduction in the gap between the digital market needs and the level of training for employees working in high technologies sphere. The impact of COVID-19 recession on the digital sector in the countries of the region is inevitable. Overall progress towards expanding 3G/4G networks could be slowed down and the cost for telecommunication services is possible to rise. However, the governments of most countries are striving to ensure that the citizens can make the best use of the digitalization advancements by developing subsidy schemes and promoting projects for telemedicine, education, financial and banking services.

A novel offloading strategy for high speed mobile and data intensive intelligent sensor

A novel offloading strategy for high speed mobile and data intensive intelligent sensor

Modeling Analysis and Algorithm Optimization Design of Vehicle Networking Based on Information Transmission

Vehicle Internet is the embodiment of mobile self-organizing network in the field of transportation.It is regarded as a key technology to reduce the incidence of traffic accidents, improve traffic efficiency and passenger driving experience. It has become the central development direction of the country. Because it is widely influenced by government industries and universities, the effective transmission of information is the core and problem of automotive Internet. This article starts with the application needs of vehicle Internet, designed to address different security-related needs in messaging and non-secure messaging applications, modeling analysis and algorithm optimization design combined with the network attributes of the vehicle Internet. High-speed mobility of vehicle nodes, self-organization and the existence of multi-hop networks, the information transmission on the vehicle Internet is very different from the traditional mobile AD hoc network, at the same time, with the continuous expansion of in-vehicle application Internet, different application scenarios have different service requirements, different services require the vehicle information system’s Internet to guarantee different modes of transmission. Therefore, this paper studies application-oriented information transmission technology. It improves the efficiency of the entire information transmission system, and it is of great significance to the development of vehicle Internet.

Media consumption of different cohorts: TV and Internet

The article considers the dynamics of the TV and Internet consumption of different cohorts under the dramatic changes in the Russian media landscape. In the last decade, the media environment has reached the mass scale in the use of the latest communication technologies based on the high-speed mobile Internet and its various apps. The results of the comparison of the studies of 2012 and 2017 indicate multidirectional trends: an increase in the average daily time of the Internet use in the middle-age and partly elder cohorts, and a moderate increase in the younger groups. The duration of TV viewing is a cyclic phenomenon determined by the stages of life cycle and socialization: the TV consumption of the same cohorts tends to decrease in a five-year interval. According to the theory of media substitution, the Internet is partly a functional alternative to TV for it allows the needs of the audience to be more fully satisfied and to develop on the basis of new technological opportunities. The article also considers features of the media consumption of the digital generation (millennials). This group is internally very different: it consists of several age and social-professional subgroups with serious differences in the average daily TV and Internet consumption. All these trends of the media consumption changed under the covid-19 crisis: changes in the mode of life and a fundamentally different information agenda determined an increase in the media use, primarily TV and the Internet. The long-term trend of the gradual decrease of the TV-audience changed: the average TV viewing increased in all cohorts. Under the crisis, the leading functions of the media - information and recreation - are more in demand than before.