High Saturation Magnetization Research Articles

Tailoring microstructure in a soft-magnetic Fe-based amorphous-nanocrystalline alloy for high resistivity according to electrical percolation threshold

Superior soft-magnetic materials are necessary for the development of modern magnetic devices with energy-saving and high-power density requirements. However, improving the magnetism by nanocrystallization always brings about the sacrifice of resistivity, presenting a common trade-off in Fe-based amorphous-nanocrystalline alloys. Here, the comprehensive merits of both superior soft-magnetic properties (high saturation magnetization of 1.81 T and low coercivity of 3.8 A/m) and high resistivity of 117.2 μΩ·cm were obtained by precisely tailoring amorphous-nanocrystalline microstructure close to electrical percolation threshold for a Fe82.5B12P2C1Cu0.5Co2 amorphous alloy. The soft-magnetic properties are attributed to the low magnetic anisotropy stemming from high nuclei number density and ultrafine nanocrystalline grains of 9.2 nm. The high resistivity is associated with the electrical percolation behavior with a nanocrystalline volume threshold of 14.8 % in the composite alloy. The results provide an effective strategy to overcome the trade-off in traditional amorphous-nanocrystalline alloys, significant for applications in high-frequency, high-power, and energy-saving devices.

Silk Fibroin Film Decorated with Ultralow FeCo Content by Sputtering Deposition Results in a Flexible and Robust Biomaterial for Magnetic Actuation.

Magnetically responsive soft biomaterials are at the forefront of bioengineering and biorobotics. We have created a magnetic hybrid material by coupling silk fibroin─i.e., a natural biopolymer with an optimal combination of biocompatibility and mechanical robustness─with the FeCo alloy, the ferromagnetic material with the highest saturation magnetization. The material is in the form of a 6 μm-thick silk fibroin film, coated with a FeCo layer (nominal thickness: 10 nm) grown by magnetron sputtering deposition. The sputtering deposition technique is versatile and eco-friendly and proves effective for growing the magnetic layer on the biopolymer substrate, also allowing one to select the area to be decorated. The hybrid material is biocompatible, lightweight, flexible, robust, and water-resistant. Electrical, structural, mechanical, and magnetic characterization of the material, both as-prepared and after being soaked in water, have provided information on the adhesion between the silk fibroin substrate and the FeCo layer and on the state of internal mechanical stresses. The hybrid film exhibits a high magnetic bending response under a magnetic field gradient, thanks to an ultralow fraction of the FeCo component (less than 0.1 vol %, i.e., well below 1 wt %). This reduces the risk of adverse health effects and makes the material suitable for bioactuation applications.

A novel high entropy FeCoNi(GaCu)1.0 alloy with attractive soft magnetic properties

The new FeCoNi(GaCu)1.0 alloy has interesting soft magnetic properties at room temperature compared to other high entropy magnetic alloys (HEMAs). It is a single-phase material with high saturation magnetization Ms = 114 Am2⋅kg−1, high relative magnetic permeability 1675, and low coercive field 320 A m−1. In addition, it presents a TC = 591 °C. The spin wave stiffness is D = 85.21 meV Å2. This value is 3 times smaller than in pure Fe, thus exchange interaction among Fe, Co, and Ni atoms is smaller than those between Fe-Fe atoms, causing TC to decrease. The saturation magnetostriction λs is 5.7 × 10−6 and is as small as others λs values also found in other based FeCoNi HEMAs. Those small λs may be caused by the diffuse distortions of the lattice, a known effect on HEAs, which may be interfering in the magnetoelastic interaction between the magnetic moments and the lattice.

Synthesis and characterization of magnetic carbon dots (CDs)-based hybrid material as an adsorbent for the removal of organic dye from water

In recent years, the rapid advancement of materials science and the desire for new functions has led to an enormous demand for novel materials, which could be used in various applications. As a result, hybrid materials have gained the interest of the scientific community due to the infinite combinations of individual components, which could lead to materials with unique properties. In this study, a carbon dots (CDs)-CuFe2O4 nanohybrid material was successfully prepared through a solvothermal process and utilized as an adsorbent for the removal of Congo Red (CR) dye from aqueous environment. The nanohybrid material combines interactive surface functional groups due to CDs and high magnetic saturation due to CuFe2O4 nanoparticles, resulting in enhanced selectivity towards CR dye and easy separation after utilization with an external magnet. The as-prepared material was characterized by various techniques, including XRD, micro-Raman, FT-IR, HR-TEM/EDS, N2 porosimetry, and SQUID. Finally, its capability in the removal efficiency of CR dye was investigated at different initial CR concentrations, contact times and pH values via UV–Vis spectroscopy.

FeSiBCCr bulk metallic glasses with excellent soft magnetic properties prepared using spark plasma sintering technology

Fe-based amorphous alloys have received much attention in the fields of electronics and electrical due to their excellent soft magnetic properties at high frequency. However, the controllable preparation of large-sized Fe-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) still faces numerous challenges. In this study, FeSiBCCr amorphous powders prepared by gas-water combined atomization were used as raw materials, and FeSiBCCr BMGs were prepared through spark plasma sintering (SPS) at different pressures. The microstructure, phase and magnetic properties of the compacts were systematically characterized using SEM, XRD, TEM, DSC, and VSM. The results showed that when the sintering pressure was 50 MPa, the slow densification process dominated by particle rearrangement at the initial densification process made the internal contact resistance of the compacts larger. This led to macroscopic inhomogeneous physical fields and severe local overheating during the later stages of sintering, causing the precipitation of α-(Fe, Si) and Fe3B phases. Although the material exhibited a relatively high saturation magnetization (Bs) of 1.08 ± 0.01 T, the low density and amorphous fraction resulted in a high coercivity (Hc) of 1060.8 ± 37.8 A·m-1. When the sintering pressure was increased to 250 MPa, the degree of particle densification significantly improved, and the temperature inhomogeneity was markedly suppressed due to reduced internal resistance. Thus, the prepared FeSiBCCr BMGs exhibited an extremely high density of 6.66 ± 0.06 g·cm-3 and excellent soft magnetic properties with Bs of 1.23 ± 0.01 T and Hc of 18.8 ± 1.8 A·m-1. This indicated that the FeSiBCCr BMGs prepared in this study exhibited broad application prospects in efficient electromagnetic conversion and advanced electronic devices.

Preparation of sludge-derived spinel ferrite nanoparticles for highly efficient adsorption of Pb(II) from water: Adsorption behaviour and mechanism interpretation via advanced statistical physics model

Because proper disposals of municipal sewage sludge and lead-containing wastewater are still open questions, the novel sludge-derived mesoporous nanospinel ferrite adsorbents were prepared from municipal sewage sludge (S-MZF) and its incineration ash (A-MZF) for Pb(II) removal from water. S-MZF and A-MZF had similar mesoporous structures with an average pore size at around 4.13–5.51 nm. A-MZF displayed a larger specific surface area (254 m2/g) and pore volume (0.3 m3/g) but inferior magnetic property, while S-MZF showed abundant surface functional groups and higher saturation magnetization (12.3 emu/g). The adsorption capacity of S-MZF and A-MZF for Pb(II) was close to each other at 50 °C, reaching 160 mg/g. Initial adsorption of A-MZF for Pb(II) was dominated by intraparticle diffusion, while the evident liquid film diffusion existed in that of S-MZF. Advanced statistical physics modeling found that multiple divalent lead ions were anchored simultaneously by each site of S-MZF mainly via multi-interactions where physical force and precipitation played a key role, while each site of A-MZF anchored only one Pb(II) ion by the physical interaction. As a result, the adsorption capacity of S-MZF mainly depended upon the number of Pb(II) ions adsorbed by each active site, while the available density of active sites on the surface of A-MZF primarily controlled its adsorption capacity for Pb(II).

Influence of Polytetrafluoroethylene Content, Compaction Pressure, and Annealing Treatment on the Magnetic Properties of Iron-Based Soft Magnetic Composites.

To improve the magnetic properties of iron-based soft magnetic composites (SMCs), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with excellent heat resistance, electrical insulation, and extremely high electrical resistivity was chosen as an insulating coating material for the preparation of iron-based SMCs. The effects of PTFE content, compaction pressure, and annealing treatment on the magnetic properties of Fe/PTFE SMCs were investigated in detail. The results demonstrate that the PTFE insulating layer is successfully coated on the surface of iron powders, which effectively reduces the core loss, increases the resistivity, and improves the frequency stability and the quality factor. Under the combined effect of optimal PTFE content, compaction pressure, and annealing treatment, the iron-based SMCs exhibit a high effective permeability of 56, high saturation magnetization of 192.9 emu/g, and low total core losses of 355 mW/cm3 and 1705 mW/cm3 at 50 kHz for Bm = 50 mT and 100 mT. This work provides a novel insulating coating layer that optimizes magnetic properties and is advantageous for the development of iron-based SMCs. In addition, it also provides a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between process parameters and magnetic properties, which is of great guiding significance for scientific research and industrial production.

Pre-deformation assisted fabrication of bulk Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe nanocomposites with high energy density

For Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe nanocomposite magnets, which exhibit great superiority in theoretical energy products, it is a great challenge to obtain controlled nano-scale microstructural features while eliminating the harmful metastable phases due to the general metastable fabrication methods. Here, we report a strategy to control the nano-scale features and simultaneously eliminate metastable phases for Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe nanocomposites through low-temperature pre-deformation of amorphous alloys combined with subsequent thermal annealing. The resultant bulk Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe nanostructure exhibits desired ultrafine grain sizes, ∼20 nm for soft-magnetic α-Fe phase with a high fraction of Vα-Fe ≈ 30 wt% and ∼33 nm for hard-magnetic Nd2Fe14B phase. The desired microstructure results in a larger coercivity (Hci = 4.1 kOe) and higher saturation magnetization (Ms = 1.51 T) compared to those (Hci = 3.3 kOe and Ms = 1.35 T) of the counterpart without pre-deformation, contributing to a high energy density of 26.3 MGOe. This energy density is 200% larger than that of the counterpart without pre-deformation and far beyond that (around 20 MGOe) of previously reported bulk Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe nanocomposites with Vα-Fe ≥ 20 wt%. The superior property stems from the purposely introduced low-temperature pre-deformation that changed the structure and local chemistry of the amorphous alloy, facilitating the decomposition of harmful metastable phases and the formation of Nd2Fe14B phase during annealing processes, which lowers the temperature, from 750 to 700 °C for producing the Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe nanostructure and thus yields ultrafine nanograins. These results demonstrate an effective means to prepare high-performance bulk Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe nanocomposite magnets.

Enhanced Removal of Pb(II), Paracetamol and Rhodamine B from Aqueous Solutions Using Engineered Low‐Cost Tea Waste‐Based Magnetic Nanocomposite

AbstractThe development of engineered biomass‐based adsorbents capable of efficiently removing pollutants from aqueous solutions has received tremendous attention due to their cost‐effectiveness and renewal potential. Herein, we report a one‐pot synthesis of a low‐cost magnetic composite (Fe3O4‐tea) derived from waste tea and iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles and its application as nanosorbent for the removal of Pb2+, rhodamine B and paracetamol as model pollutants from aqueous solutions. The FTIR, XRD, TGA, BET, TEM and zeta potential studies confirmed the successful synthesis of Fe3O4‐tea with an organic content of 54.55 wt.% and a surface area of 25.32 m2 g−1. The high saturation magnetization (Ms) of the composite estimated to 45.47 emu g−1 allows for its effortless separation and recovery from wastewater solutions using a simple bar magnet. Various theoretical models were considered to study and discuss adsorption isotherms and kinetics. The equilibrium kinetics were found to follow a second‐order model, regardless of the system investigated. Maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of 113.63, 92.59 and 60.24 mg g−1 were obtained for Rhodamine B, Pb2+ and paracetamol, respectively. These values are greater than the adsorption capabilities of several conventional and magnetic sorbents reported in the literature, including activated carbon. The adsorption process mechanism was also discussed based on pH studies. The results suggest that the Fe3O4‐tea adsorbent shows a great potential for effectively removing heavy metal ions and organic pollutants with a rapid uptake rate and easy magnetic separation.

Synthesis and investigation of polyvinylpyrrolidone-polymer content on magnetic and electromagnetic properties of electrospun BiFeO3, SrFe12O19, α-Fe2O3 nanostructures

A one-pot electrospinning technique was employed to synthesize polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-based nanofibers containing bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3), strontium hexaferrite (SrFe12O19), and hematite (α-Fe2O3). The influence of PVP polymer concentration on structural properties revealed the formation of pure phases in all samples, except for BiFeO3 nanofibers, which contained an impurity Bi2Fe4O9 phase. Field-emission scanning electron microscope images showed that higher PVP concentrations resulted in longer, thicker nanofiber chains for all samples. Vibrating sample magnetometer analysis indicated that SrFe12O19 nanofibers exhibited strong ferrimagnetic properties with high saturation magnetization (60 emu g−1) and coercivity (5000 Oe), while the other samples displayed weaker magnetic properties. To address the fragility of nanofibers produced via the one-pot method, the highest PVP concentration nanofibers were incorporated into low and high concentrations of paraffin matrices. Electromagnetic testing showed that paraffin concentration significantly increased the real part of electrical permittivity for BiFeO3 nanofibers (from ∼2 to ∼4.5) compared to other compositions (∼2 to ∼3). Impedance results revealed that BiFeO3 nanofibers had the lowest resistance and likely higher reflectivity. Lastly, the real permittivity of nanofibers decreased with increasing frequency, aligning with Koop’s dielectric relaxation theory.

High-performance FeSiAl/(Al2O3-Ni) soft magnetic composites prepared by in situ synthesis method

FeSiAl/(Al2O3-Ni) soft magnetic composites (SMCs) were prepared by sintering FeSiAl/NiO composite powders, and the formation mechanism of the Al2O3-Ni composite coating and performance of the FeSiAl SMCs with different NiO coating content were studied. During sintering, high temperature promoted a reaction between Al and NiO at the FeSiAl/NiO interface, resulting in the in-situ formation of a composite coating comprising Al2O3 coating with high integrity and ferromagnetic Ni coating. The interdiffusion of Al and O2– toward the interface ensured the continuation of the reaction and growth of the composite coating. The composite coating thickened with the increasing NiO coating content, thus showing reduced real part of permeability. Saturation magnetization considerably increased until the NiO coating content exceeded 12.5 wt% owing to residual NiO. Excessive NiO coating content led to the generation of a large amount of Ni, which was not conducive to the integrity of the Al2O3 coating and increased magnetic loss. The FeSiAl SMCs with 5.0 wt% NiO coating content exhibited exceptional performance with high saturation magnetization (135.3 emu/g), good frequency stability of permeability, and low magnetic loss (63.7 W/kg at 0.05 T/20 kHz).

Nitrogenation of Nd(Fe,Mo)12 powders for sintered magnets

The intermetallic Rare Earth-Fe12 (REFe12) compounds are considered as the strongest candidates for alternative high-performance permanent magnet material, thanks to the combination of high magnetocrystalline anisotropy, high Curie temperature and moderate saturation magnetization. However, the NdFe12 based compounds suffer from a weak uniaxial magnetocristalline anisotropy at room temperature. The insertion of light elements, like nitrogen, induces a strong uniaxial anisotropy and an increase of the Curie temperature as well. Nevertheless, the nitrogenation of these compounds have proved to be tricky, as the reaction kinetics is very slow at moderate temperatures, whereas the decomposition of the 1–12 phase occurs at higher temperatures. In the present study the aim is to develop nitrogenated powders suitable for the manufacture of Nd(Fe,Mo)12N-based sintered magnets, starting from Nd(Fe,Mo)12 precursors prepared by strip-casting. The nitrogenation of Nd(Fe,Mo)12 powders was undertaken to analyze the mechanisms of reaction and to determine the experimental conditions allowing to avoid both the formation of α-Fe and the nitrogenation of the Nd-rich intergranular phase. Structural and magnetic investigations are performed on the parent alloys and the nitrogenated powders, allowing to identify the mechanism of the solid-gas reaction and to determine, for the first time to our knowledge, the nitrogen thermodynamic equilibrium pressure between the 1–12 phase and its nitride.

The effect of vanadium on the magnetic and mechanical properties of B2 FeCo alloy: a DFT approach

FeCo alloys play an important role in soft magnetic materials with a wide range of technological applications due to their high saturation magnetization and Curie temperature. However, these alloys have low ductility at room temperature. The ductility can be improved by the ternary addition of elements such as V. A density functional theory supercell approach was used to generate B2 Fe50Co50-xVx (0 < x < 50) structures and the properties were evaluated at different atomic percentage compositions to determine the ductility at room temperature. The structures were fully optimized to obtain better equilibrium ground-state properties such as lattice parameters and thermodynamic properties for both binary and ternary systems. The stability of Fe50Co50-xVx was evaluated from the heats of formation, elastic properties, and phonon dispersion curves. Furthermore, magnetic strength was evaluated from magnetic moments. It was found that all structures are thermodynamically stable due to the negative heats of formation. The calculated Pugh's ratio and Poisson's ratio confirm that alloying with V effectively improved the ductility. It was also found that Fe50Co50-xVx showed a positive shear modulus for the entire concentration range investigated, in agreement with phonon dispersion curves. The ternary addition of V to the FeCo system resulted in reduced magnetic strength due to a decrease in magnetic moments. These findings reveal that B2 FeCo-V alloys can be used as components and actuators for the automotive industry.

Spin dynamics investigation and structural analysis of ambient scalable Sr2+ doped zirconium ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by low temperature auto combustion route

Microwave spin resonance behaviour of Sr2+ doped Zirconium ferrite Zr1-xSrxFe2O4; (0 ≤ x ≥ 0.20) nanoparticles synthesized by auto combustion route has been investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) which show a broad ferromagnetic resonance signal with a superimposed hump signal which is attributed to ferrite Fe3+ ions and oxygen vacancies which is in agreement with XRD and XPS. EPR shows low spin concentration and smaller relaxation time for Zr0.80Sr0.20Fe2O4 which can be used for hyperthermia and for use as a MRI contrast agent. EDS and XPS confirms the presence of Zr, Sr, Fe, O, and C and HRTEM images confirm growth along (220) and (311) with an interatomic distance of 0.3327 nm and 0.2622 nm respectively, thus, authenticating the formation of spinel structure in agreement with FTIR studies. The magnetic behaviour (M − H loop) shows high saturation magnetization and higher value of effective magnetocrystalline anisotropy (Keff) for Zr0.80Sr0.20Fe2O4.

The role of Cu element in Fe9.4Co6.7Ni6.6Mn0.9V0.9Cu2.4 magnetic high-entropy alloys

Spark plasma sintering (SPS) technology has obvious advantages in the preparation of high entropy alloys (HEAs) with high mechanical properties, but the mechanism of their magnetic enhancement is not clear. In this work, HEAs with high saturation magnetization (Ms) and excellent mechanical properties were designed and prepared. The properties of Fe9.4Co6.7Ni6.6Mn0.9V0.9 HEA were optimized by adding Cu element, and the main phase of the HEAs was (face-centered cubic) FCC phase. The addition of Cu element mitigates the distortion of the FCC phase, resulting in an increase in the intensity of Ms value for the alloy from 118 emu/g to 143.7 emu/g. However, this also leads to a slight reduction in yield strength while still maintaining a high level at 1132 MPa. Theoretical calculations based on first principles indicate that the magnetic enhancement of these alloys is facilitated by an increase in the atomic magnetic moments of their ferromagnetic constituents.

Investigation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in air environment for elevated saturation magnetization

Iron oxide nanoparticles have garnered interest for their unique properties and wide application areas. For applications, superparamagnetic nanoparticles are required so that they can be magnetized by an external magnetic field and rapidly demagnetize again when the field is removed. High saturation magnetization, Ms is also required for applications to provide easy magnetic control over separation and targeting. For magnetically controlled applications, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with a high Ms are important. In this study, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were co-precipitated under air atmosphere and the effects of alkali concentration, stirring rate and reaction time on the structural and related magnetic properties were investigated to obtain the high Ms for each parameter. According to the structural results, it is challenging to obtain magnetite nanoparticles under air atmosphere due to oxidizing effect. The increase of Ms values with the increase of alkali concentration may come from the phase of the samples although the crystal size of the nanoparticles is getting smaller. It can be said that there is an optimum stirring rate to obtain the highest Ms under air atmosphere rather than an uptrend/downtrend. The maximum Ms of 69.2 emu g−1 was obtained for superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized at 700 rpm. With the increase of reaction time, magnetic size of the nanoparticles is observed to decrease in contrast with the increase of physical particle size. The maximum Ms value for the reaction time parameter is 67.3 emu g−1 at 15 min. Due to their high Ms values and superparamagnetic nature, the nanoparticles synthesized under study may find use in magnetic separation, water purification, and other related fields.

Inkjet Printing of Cobalt Ferrite for Hard Ferromagnetic Thick Films Manufacturing

Inkjet printing is a versatile and cheap technique for the fabrication of films, offering unique advantages in terms of scalability, precision, and customization. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in utilizing inkjet printing technology for the deposition of magnetic films with tailored properties. Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) stands out due to its exceptional magnetic properties, including high coercivity, saturation magnetization, and excellent chemical stability. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the inkjet printing of cobalt ferrite magnetic films, focusing on the manufacturing process, especially on the different factors that could lead to stable multilayer depositions to achieve high thicknesses: ink solid loading, drop spacing, substrate temperature, and interlayers drying. Finally, the microstructure of the samples is investigated to identify the occurring defects after sintering between 800 and 1000 °C. The magnetic properties of the films are determined, revealing a maximum coercivity of 1.98 kOe and a magnetic saturation of 78.25 emu cm−3.

Tailoring the Lithium Concentration in Thin Lithium Ferrite Films Obtained by Dual Ion Beam Sputtering.

Thin films of lithium spinel ferrite, LiFe5O8, have attracted much scientific attention because of their potential for efficient excitation, the manipulation and propagation of spin currents due to their insulating character, high-saturation magnetization, and Curie temperature, as well as their ultra-low damping value. In addition, LiFe5O8 is currently one of the most interesting materials in terms of developing spintronic devices based on the ionic control of magnetism, for which it is crucial to control the lithium's atomic content. In this work, we demonstrate that dual ion beam sputtering is a suitable technique to tailor the lithium content of thin films of lithium ferrite (LFO) by using the different energies of the assisting ion beam formed by Ar+ and O2+ ions during the growth process. Without assistance, a disordered rock-salt LFO phase (i.e., LiFeO2) can be identified as the principal phase. Under beam assistance, highly out-of-plane-oriented (111) thin LFO films have been obtained on (0001) Al2O3 substrates with a disordered spinel structure as the main phase and with lithium concentrations higher and lower than the stoichiometric spinel phase, i.e., LiFe5O8. After post-annealing of the films at 1025 K, a highly ordered ferromagnetic spinel LFO phase was found when the lithium concentration was higher than the stoichiometric value. With lower lithium contents, the antiferromagnetic hematite (α-Fe2O3) phase emerged and coexisted in films with the ferromagnetic LixFe6-xO8. These results open up the possibility of controlling the properties of thin lithium ferrite-based films to enable their use in advanced spintronic devices.

Sustainable removal of tetracycline and paracetamol from water using magnetic activated carbon derived from pine fruit waste

This work presents highly porous magnetic activated carbon nanoparticles (MPFRC-A) derived from pine fruit residue. The MPFRC-A were produced through a three-step process: physical activation (carbonization temperature: 110–550 °C), chemical activation (H2SO4 (0.1 N, 96%)), and co-precipitation. These nanoparticles were then used to remove tetracycline (TC) and paracetamol (PC) from water. Functionalization with Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the surface of the pine fruit residue-derived activated carbon (PFRC-A) resulted in high saturation magnetization, allowing for separation from aqueous solution using an external magnet. The MPFRC-A adsorbent was characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses, In the experimental section, the effects of various factors on the adsorption process were investigated, including pH, contact time, initial pollutant concentrations, adsorbent dosage, and temperature. Based on these investigations, adsorption isotherm models and kinetics were studied and determined. The results showed that MPFRC-A exhibited a large specific surface area (182.5 m2/g) and a high total pore volume (0.33 cm3/g). The maximum adsorption capacity was achieved at pH 6 and 5 for PC and TC drugs with an adsorbent dose of 400 mg and an initial concentration of 20 mg/L at 25 °C. The study revealed that the experimental data were well-fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 > 0.98), with maximum uptake capacities of 43.75 mg/g for TC and 41.7 mg/g for PC. Outcomes of the adsorption thermodynamics shows non-spontaneity of the reaction and the adsorption process by all adsorbents was endothermic.

Development of high-performance Fe-rich Fe–P–C amorphous alloys with enhanced magnetization and low coercivity

Using melt spinning technology, we successfully synthesized a series of Fe-rich Fe–P–C amorphous alloys exhibiting high saturation magnetization (Bs), low coercivity (Hc), and excellent bending ductility. These alloys exhibit low Hc values ranging from 4.1 to 7.2 A/m, and high Bs values ranging from 1.58 to 1.68 ​T. Particularly, after annealing at 588 ​K for 900 ​s, the Fe83P11C6 amorphous alloy showed extraordinary soft magnetic properties: Bs up to 1.68 ​T, Hc only 4.7 A/m, and the core loss at approximately 1.5 ​W/kg under the condition of 0.5 ​T and 50 ​Hz, all of which surpass the reported Fe–P–C ternary amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys. These Fe-rich Fe–P–C alloy ribbon samples exhibit favorable bending ductility in both the as-spun and annealed states. Their simple alloy composition, outstanding soft magnetic properties, and excellent flexibility collectively make these soft magnetic alloys highly promising candidate materials for industrial applications.