High Saturated Fat Research Articles

Chemical Characteristics of Beef Rendang from the Results of Coconut Milk Substitution with Fibercreme

Rendang is one of the original Indonesian dishes originating from Minangkabau, West Sumatra. Making rendang in general uses the main ingredients in the form of beef, coconut milk and various kinds of spices and seasonings. Coconut milk contains high saturated fat which has the potential to cause various degenerative diseases if consumed in excess. Coconut milk can be replaced with FiberCreme. FiberCreme is a non-dairy creamer that can replace coconut milk, the main component of which is dietary fiber. FiberCreme has a taste that is almost similar to coconut milk. Adding FiberCreme to food as a substitute for coconut milk will make it taste delicious and creamy. In fact, FiberCreme has a lower fat and calorie content. The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate substitution treatment of coconut milk with FiberCreme for use in the manufacture of beef rendang. The research material used was gandik beef, coconut milk, FiberCreme, and rendang seasoning. This study used a completely randomized design consisting of P0 (100% coconut milk), P1 (75% coconut milk: 25% FiberCreme), P2 (50% coconut milk: 50% FiberCreme), P3 (25% coconut milk: 75% FiberCreme), P4 (100% FiberCreme) with 4 replications. Data analysis used ANOVA, followed by Duncan's Multiple Distance Test (DMRT) if the results showed significantly different or very significant effects. The values of moisture content, fat content, total calories, free fatty acids (FFA), and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) were used as variables to be analyzed. The substitution treatment of coconut milk with FiberCreme had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the moisture content of rendang, but it had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on fat content, total calories, free fatty acids (FFA), thiobarbituric acid (TBA). It can be concluded that the use of 100% FiberCreme gave the best results on the chemical characteristics of beef rendang.

Assessment of energy and nutrient intakes among undergraduate students attending a University in the North of England.

Background: Unhealthy diets are typical of university students and are often thought to be unrepresentative of the general population. The main aim was to determine the energy and nutrient intakes of a large cohort of undergraduate university students; and to compare to gender-specific dietary reference values (DRVs) and nutrient data from the general population. Methodology: Data was collected from 639 university students aged 18-24 years who completed 4-day diet diaries. The energy and nutrient intake was determined and percentage energy values calculated and compared with dietary reference values (DRVs) and the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) and Family Food Statistics. Logistic regression methods were used to identify micronutrients functioning as predictors of exceeding DRVs. Results: Energy intakes were lower than the DRV. The percentage total energy values for protein, fat, saturated fat and carbohydrate exceeded DRVs but the percentage energy from alcohol was below the maximum 5%. The DRVs were met for vitamin C, thiamin, and sodium/salt. Iron and calcium intakes were met in males but not in females. Intakes for fibre and vitamin A were below the DRV. Student data was comparable to the NDNS, with the exception of alcohol, fibre, vitamin A, calcium and sodium/salt, which were all lower than the NDNS. Conclusions: This study contradicts the stereotypical assumption that students are following a high energy, fat, saturated fat, total sugars, salt and alcohol diet compared with the general population.

Preliminary Results of the Comparison of Social Jetlag, Sleep Hygiene and Diet Quality of Obese and Nonobese Young Adults

ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare social jetlag exposure, sleep hygiene, and diet quality in obese and nonobese young adults. MethodsThis study was conducted with obese and nonobese young adults. To determine the social jetlag, as more than 1h was accepted between the sleep midpoints between school days and holidays. The physical activity levels and sleep parameters were objectively followed for 5 days with an activity tracker on school days and holidays. The sleep hygiene scores were determined by the sleep hygiene index, 3-day 24-hour dietary recall were recorded on both days. The energy and macronutrient intakes during school and holidays were determined by the software, and diet quality scores were determined by Healthy Eating Index-2015(HEI-2015). ResultsThis study includes the preliminary results of 70 individuals (22.06 ± 1.76 years) with an equal number of obese and nonobese individuals. While social jetlag was detected in 57.9% of obese individuals; 21.6% in nonobese individuals (p < 0.001). Obese individuals had more inadequate sleep hygiene status (38.47 ± 6.4 vs 24.92 ± 4.66, p < 0.001). While the difference between the sleep midpoints of obese individuals on school days and holidays were 1:27 ± 00:54 minutes; 00:49 ± 00:32 minutes in nonobese individuals (p < 0.001). Obese individuals had a shorter sleep duration on the school day (–0:42 ± 0:15 min, p < 0.001); on holidays, sleep durations were found to be similar (8:31 ± 1:49 vs 8:14 ± 1.05, p > 0.05). Obese individuals had higher energy intake both on holidays and on school days (school day 1649.4 ± 514 vs 1752.9 ± 467 kcal p < 0.05; holiday 1599.2 ± 406 vs 1867.2 kcal, p < 0.05). Obese individuals had higher saturated fat (25.3 ± 11.4 g vs 37.4 ± 12g, p < 0.05) and carbohydrate intake (177.2 ± 8.2 vs 212.2 ± 18.2 g, p < 0.05) on holidays. According to HEI-2015, obese individuals had lower diet quality on school days (63.6 ± 3.3 vs 69.4 ± 1.5 points, p < 0.05) and holidays (56.9 ± 3.4 vs 73.4 ± 1.5 points, p < 0.05). ConclusionsAs a result, decreased social jetlag exposure and increased sleep hygiene in obese individuals also help improving diet quality and thus may help controlling of body weight. It is necessary to conduct longitudinal studies and to identify vulnerable groups in terms of social jetlag exposure. Funding SourcesThis study was supported by the TUBITAK 2209-Research Project Support Programme for Undergraduate Students.

Effects of Partial Butter Replacement With Avocado Puree in Chocolate Muffins

ObjectivesBaked goods contain high amounts of saturated fat from butter. High saturated fat intake has been shown to lead to negative health outcomes. Decreasing the saturated fat content of baked goods may be nutritionally beneficial. However, it may also lead to adverse outcomes since it retains moisture, tenderizes, and creates a rich aroma and taste. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of replacing 50% of the butter with avocado puree in chocolate muffins to improve the fat profile.MethodsThe control recipe contained 100% butter (65 g) and the variation contained 50% avocado puree (32.5 g) and 50% butter (32.5 g). Un-trained panelists (n = 4) rated the external and internal appearance, aroma, flavor, and texture for both the control and variation. An overall product score was calculated based on the average of the five different characteristics rated. The key characteristics to be compared were external appearance, flavor, and texture. A t-test was performed to assess the differences between the control and variation. Personal preference questions were used to determine which muffin the panelist would eat again. Total fat and saturated fat were calculated using Cronometer.ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences between the control muffin and the variation in any of the key characteristics. The mean scores for flavor were 4.0 ± 0.0 (control) and 4.5 ± 0.6 (variation), P = 0.13. The mean scores for texture were 4.0 ± 0.8 (control) and 4.3 ± 0.5 (variation), P = 0.62. There were also no significant differences in overall product score: 4.4 ± 0.3 (control) and 4.4 ± 0.5 (variation), P = 0.89. The mean ratings for the external appearance were 4.8 ± 0.5 (control) and 4.3 ± 0.5 (variation), P = 0.270. All four of the panelists indicated that they would eat the avocado puree variation again and preferred it over the control. Total fat decreased from 9.7g in the control to 7.9 g in the variation and saturated fat decreased from 5.5 g in the control to 4.2 g in the variation.ConclusionsThe results from this experiment demonstrated that a 50% partial substitution of avocado puree was acceptable in chocolate muffins, which may be due to the chocolate masking the flavor, color, appearance, and aroma of the avocado puree. Other baked goods with a robust flavor would be candidates for partial substitutions with avocado puree.Funding SourcesFramingham State University.

27-OR: Fatty Acid Uptake and Metabolism in Human Adipose Tissue Is Decreased upon Consuming an Isocaloric High–Saturated Fat Diet and Partially Genetically Determined

CD36 transports fatty acids (FA) into adipocytes and is increased in white adipose tissue (WAT) in obesity. In rodents, however, it was shown that CD36 knock out is protective for diet induced adiposity. In humans a hypocaloric high fat diet decreased CD36 gene expression in WAT. This study investigated the response of gene expression of FA uptake and metabolism in sub cutaneous WAT after a sudden switch from a healthy isocaloric low fat diet to an isocaloric high fat diet (HF) in healthy human twins. 35 monzyogotic and dizygotic healthy pairs of twins (women and men, age 18 - 70) were investigated for 12 weeks. An isocaloric diet rich in carbohydrates (55% carbohydrates, 30% fat, 15% protein, LF) was applied for 6 weeks, followed by an isocaloric diet rich in saturated fat (40% carbohydrates, 45% fat, 15% protein, HF) for another 6 weeks. Body weight (BW) , BMI, serum FA and gene expression of CD36, PDK4, PGC1α and CPT1α by qPCR were analyzed after the LF period, after one week (HF1) and at the end (HF6) of the HF period. BW did not change during the study. Serum FA were unchanged at HF1 but decreased at HF6 by 18% (P&amp;lt;0.compared to LF) . Gene expression of CD 36 was strongly decreased by 33% at HF1 and by 26% at HF6, respectively, compared to LF (both P&amp;lt;0.001) . A significant decrease of gene expression of PDK4 by 18% was observed at HF1 and by 27% at HF6 (both P&amp;lt;0.0compared to LF) . Gene expression of PGC1α and CPT1α were not changed at HF1 but decreased both at HF6 by 14% (both P&amp;lt;0.0compared to LF) and were highly heritable: 64% for PGC1α and 48% for CPT1α. Gene expression was positively correlated with BMI for CD36 at HF1 and for PDK4 at LF, HF1 and HF6 (P&amp;lt;0.05) . These data indicate that gene expression of transport (CD36) and re-esterification (PDK4) of FA are not only dependant on the amount of nutritional fat, but also on energy content. Moreover, expression of genes controlling mitochondrial (PGC1α) and FA (CPT1α) metabolism appear to be genetically determined. Disclosure M.Kruse: None. A.Ost: None. S.Hornemann: None. D.Hoffmann: None. T.Frahnow: None. A.Busjahn: None. A.F.Pfeiffer: None. Funding German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (0315424)

T Cells Contribute to Lipid Deposition in Male and Female Dahl Rats Fed a High Saturated Fat Diet

BackgroundThe Dahl rat has been used as a model of high fat diet (HFD)‐induced hypertension and adiposity. Genetic deletion of T cells blunts HFD‐induced hypertension. However, it is not clear if deletion of T cells can also reduce the adiposity caused by the HFD. T cells have been shown to play a role in many inflammatory conditions which are characterized by dyslipidemia. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to test the hypothesis that deletion of T cells prevents lipid deposits in the liver and adipose tissue.Methods5‐week‐old male and female wildtype Dahl (WT; n=9‐19/group) or Dahl rats lacking T cells (CD247 knock out [KO] rats; n=3‐7/group) were randomized to either a control normal fat diet (NF; 7.2% calories from fat) or a high fat diet (HF; 36% calories from saturated fat) for 10 weeks. Following treatment, a subset of livers were processed for hematoxylin and eosin staining and liver steatosis was scored. Gonadal adipose tissue was extracted and weighed.ResultsTen weeks of HFD increased liver steatosis in WT males and females (PInteraction=0.84, PDiet=0.01, Psex=0.75, Table 1), but not in T cell deficient animals (PInteraction=0.35, PDiet=0.29, Psex=0.04). While HFD increased gonadal adipose tissue weight in both males and females, this weight was increased more in the females (PInteraction=0.006, PDiet&lt;0.0001, Psex&lt;0.0001). T cell deletion abolished the HFD‐induced weight gain in gonadal adipose tissue (PInteraction=0.98, PDiet=0.14, Psex=0.01).DiscussionThese data confirm the hypothesis that T cell KO prevents the HFD‐induced increases in adiposity in the liver and gonadal adipose tissue. Lipid deposits in these areas are detrimental for cardiovascular health. Lipid deposition in the liver is a strong predictor of insulin resistance. Furthermore, chronic ingestion of a HFD increases adipose tissue expansion, which promotes inflammation and oxidative stress. Since the majority of Americans are consuming large amounts of fat, investigating the mechanisms underlying HFD‐induced adiposity will help identify targets to improve cardiovascular health.

Association of Gut Microbiota with Dietary-dependent Childhood Obesity

To evaluate the taxonomic profile of the gut microbiota using metagenomics and the association with diet-dependent childhood obesity. A cross-sectional study of a subsample of 46 children was conducted. The children were classified as normal-weight, overweight, and obese according to their age and sex and the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Dietary patterns were determined through principal component analysis. The profile of the human gut microbiota was determined by bioinformatic analysis using whole metagenome shotgun sequencing. The association of gut microbiota and z-BMI, waist circumference and hip circumference, and the possible modifying effect of diet were analyzed using multiple regression models. Children with an abundance of Holdemania spp. and high protein and complex carbohydrate consumption had a lower z-BMI (β -19.06, p=0.011), waist circumference (β -171.92, p=0.003), and hip circumference (β -157.57, p=0.004). In contrast, observed a positive association between Coprococcus catus and the low intake of this dietary pattern with hip circumference (β 147.87, p=0.025). Furthermore, the presence of Bilophila spp. and Paraprevotella xylaniphila with high saturated fat and simple carbohydrate consumption we observed a positive association between z-BMI (β 47.5, p=0.002), hip circumference (β 44.54, p=0.025), and waist circumference (β 44.34, p=0.004). We suggest that the synergism between diet and the profile of children's gut microbiota can be a factor that could be associated with the development of obesity and its complications in childhood.

Nutritional Profiles of Non-Dairy Plant-Based Cheese Alternatives

With the growing interest in non-dairy products, there has been a surge of interest in consumers seeking plant-based cheese alternatives spurred by a desire to improve individual health and achieve a more sustainable food supply. The aim of this study was to conduct a cross-sectional survey of non-dairy cheese alternatives available in the United States and to evaluate their nutritional content. A total of 245 non-dairy plant-based cheese alternatives were analyzed using their nutritional facts labels. The various cheese alternatives were based upon coconut oil (n = 106), cashews and coconut (n = 61), cashews (n = 35), oats (n = 16), almonds (n = 7), soy (n = 6), palm fruit oil (n = 5), and other blends (n = 9). Only 3% of these cheese alternatives had 5 g or more of protein, while 19%, 14%, and 1% were fortified with calcium, vitamin B12, and vitamin D, respectively. Almost 60% had high levels of saturated fat, while 15% had low sodium levels. The products based on cashews alone more commonly had the highest protein levels and the lowest sodium and saturated fat levels. Those containing coconut oil more commonly had higher saturated fat and sodium levels and were most frequently fortified with vitamin B12. Few of these products could be considered good dietary sources of either protein or calcium.

DIETARY ASSESSMENT OF MARWARI COMMUNITY OF JORHAT, INDIA

Nutritionally animal proteins are better for its superior bioavailibity, however due to the presence of high saturated fat content in food of animal origin, vegetarian diets are widely considered as healthy. But due to lack of proper information the nutritional adequacy of vegetarian diet followed by different communities is still uncertain. The Marwari is a strict ethnic vegetarian community of Indian, originated from Rajasthan, India. Due to business purpose a fraction of the Marwari community migrated to and residing at Jorhat, India. In view of lack of information on nutritional status of this particular community, a study was conducted to determine their nutrient intakes and variability in diets and dietary risk factors; weighing against similar values among Marwaries residing in Rajasthan. Total 200 samples were randomly selected and information on demographic profile, anthropometry, dietary habit and health status of the sample population were collected with the help of an interview schedule and a pre tested food frequency questionnaire. Findings were presented as percentage or mean with standard error. The food culture of the Assamese Marwari community is established within the traditional Marwari diet frame with strict vegetarianism and high fat diet, mostly contributed by clarified butter or desi ghee. However, the diet of the sample population was influenced by dissimilarity in agro climatic condition between Rajasthan and Assam. This study evaluates the dietary pattern, influence of environmental factor on traditional diet pattern due to migration and prevalence of risk factors of coronary heart and/or other non-communicable diseases among the sample population.

A Comparison of Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status between Aged Care Residents Consuming Texture-Modified Diets with and without Oral Nutritional Supplements.

Oral nutritional supplements (ONS) are high-energy and protein-rich nutrition drinks that are commonly prescribed to individuals with compromised nutritional status. Aged care residents requiring texture-modified diets are exposed to poor oral intake and malnutrition. This study aimed to investigate the dietary intake and nutritional status of residents consuming texture-modified diets with and without ONS. This multicentre cross-sectional study included 85 residents consuming texture-modified diets (86.0 ± 8.7 y; n = 46 requiring ONS and n = 39 without ONS). A one-day dietary record was completed using a validated visual plate waste estimation method. To determine the adequacy, nutrition intake was then calculated using FoodWorks (Xyris Ltd., Brisbane, Australia) and compared to the recommended dietary intake for Australia and New Zealand. The Mini-Nutritional Assessment Short Form was collected to assess nutritional status. Residents receiving ONS had significantly higher energy, protein, carbohydrates and fat intake than those who did not consume ONS (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in saturated fat, fibre or sodium intake. With the administration of ONS, residents were able to meet their protein requirement but fell short of their energy and carbohydrates requirements. Both groups had inadequate fibre intake and a high saturated fat intake. A total of 48% of the residents were at risk of malnutrition and 38% were malnourished. Aged care residents requiring texture-modified diets are at high risk of malnutrition as a result of inadequate dietary intake. Administration of ONS may be an effective strategy to optimise nutrition intake.

Hepatic galectin-3 is associated with lipid droplet area in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in a new swine model

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently a growing epidemic disease that can lead to cirrhosis and hepatic cancer when it evolves into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a gap not well understood. To characterize this disease, pigs, considered to be one of the most similar to human experimental animal models, were used. To date, all swine-based settings have been carried out using rare predisposed breeds or long-term experiments. Herein, we fully describe a new experimental swine model for initial and reversible NASH using cross-bred animals fed on a high saturated fat, fructose, cholesterol, cholate, choline and methionine-deficient diet. To gain insight into the hepatic transcriptome that undergoes steatosis and steatohepatitis, we used RNA sequencing. This process significantly up-regulated 976 and down-regulated 209 genes mainly involved in cellular processes. Gene expression changes of 22 selected transcripts were verified by RT-qPCR. Lipid droplet area was positively associated with CD68, GPNMB, LGALS3, SLC51B and SPP1, and negatively with SQLE expressions. When these genes were tested in a second experiment of NASH reversion, LGALS3, SLC51B and SPP1 significantly decreased their expression. However, only LGALS3 was associated with lipid droplet areas. Our results suggest a role for LGALS3 in the transition of NAFLD to NASH.

Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on insulin-resistant dyslipoproteinemia—a randomized controlled feeding trial

ABSTRACTBackgroundCarbohydrate restriction shows promise for diabetes, but concerns regarding high saturated fat content of low-carbohydrate diets limit widespread adoption.ObjectivesThis preplanned ancillary study aimed to determine how diets varying widely in carbohydrate and saturated fat affect cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors during weight-loss maintenance.MethodsAfter 10–14% weight loss on a run-in diet, 164 participants (70% female; BMI = 32.4 ± 4.8 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to 3 weight-loss maintenance diets for 20 wk. The prepared diets contained 20% protein and differed 3-fold in carbohydrate (Carb) and saturated fat as a proportion of energy (Low-Carb: 20% carbohydrate, 21% saturated fat; Moderate-Carb: 40%, 14%; High-Carb: 60%, 7%). Fasting plasma samples were collected prerandomization and at 20 wk. Lipoprotein insulin resistance (LPIR) score was calculated from triglyceride-rich, high-density, and low-density lipoprotein particle (TRL-P, HDL-P, LDL-P) sizes and subfraction concentrations (large/very large TRL-P, large HDL-P, small LDL-P). Other outcomes included lipoprotein(a), triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, adiponectin, and inflammatory markers. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for intention-to-treat analysis.ResultsRetention was 90%. Mean change in LPIR (scale 0–100) differed by diet in a dose-dependent fashion: Low-Carb (–5.3; 95% CI: –9.2, –1.5), Moderate-Carb (–0.02; 95% CI: –4.1, 4.1), High-Carb (3.6; 95% CI: –0.6, 7.7), P = 0.009. Low-Carb also favorably affected lipoprotein(a) [–14.7% (95% CI: –19.5, –9.5), –2.1 (95% CI: –8.2, 4.3), and 0.2 (95% CI: –6.0, 6.8), respectively; P = 0.0005], triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, large/very large TRL-P, large HDL-P, and adiponectin. LDL cholesterol, LDL-P, and inflammatory markers did not differ by diet.ConclusionsA low-carbohydrate diet, high in saturated fat, improved insulin-resistant dyslipoproteinemia and lipoprotein(a), without adverse effect on LDL cholesterol. Carbohydrate restriction might lower CVD risk independently of body weight, a possibility that warrants study in major multicentered trials powered on hard outcomes. The registry is available through ClinicialTrials.gov: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02068885.

Digitally characterizing the dynamics of multiple health behavior change.

We applied the ORBIT model to digitally define dynamic treatment pathways whereby intervention improves multiple risk behaviors. We hypothesized that effective intervention improves the frequency and consistency of targeted health behaviors and that both correlate with automaticity (habit) and self-efficacy (self-regulation). Study 1: Via location scale mixed modeling we compared effects when hybrid mobile intervention did versus did not target each behavior in the Make Better Choices 1 (MBC1) trial (n = 204). Participants had all of four risk behaviors: low moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and fruit and vegetable consumption (FV), and high saturated fat (FAT) and sedentary leisure screen time (SED). Models estimated the mean (location), between-subjects variance, and within-subject variance (scale). Treatment by time interactions showed that location increased for MVPA and FV (Bs = 1.68, .61; ps < .001) and decreased for SED and FAT (Bs = -2.01, -.07; ps < .05) more when treatments targeted the behavior. Within-subject variance modeling revealed group by time interactions for scale (taus = -.19, -.75, -.17, -.11; ps < .001), indicating that all behaviors grew more consistent when targeted. Study 2: In the MBC2 trial (n = 212) we examined correlations between location, scale, self-efficacy, and automaticity for the three targeted behaviors. For SED, higher scale (less consistency) but not location correlated with lower self-efficacy (r = -.22, p = .014) and automaticity (r = -.23, p = .013). For FV and MVPA, higher location, but not scale, correlated with higher self-efficacy (rs = .38, .34, ps < .001) and greater automaticity (rs = .46, .42, ps < .001). Location scale mixed modeling suggests that both habit and self-regulation changes probably accompany acquisition of complex diet and activity behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Pecan-enriched diets increase energy expenditure and fat oxidation in adults at-risk for cardiovascular disease in a randomised, controlled trial.

Research indicates that diets enriched with unsaturated fatty acids improve energy metabolism, although studies on tree nuts, which are a rich source of those fats, are limited. The present study aimed to examine the impact of daily pecan consumption for 8 weeks on energy metabolism in adults with hypercholesterolaemia or at higher risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) (body mass index ≥ 28 kgm-2 ). For this randomised, controlled trial, 56 sedentary adults were randomised into one of three treatments for an 8-week intervention: two pecan groups and a nut-free control group (n = 18). The ADD group (n = 16) consumed pecans as part of a free-living diet, whereas the SUB group (n = 18) substituted the pecans for isocaloric foods from their habitual diet. At baseline and 8 weeks, a high saturated fat meal was consumed along with indirect calorimetry measurements at fasting and for 4 h postprandially to determine changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR), diet induced thermogenesis (DIT) and substrate utilisation (primary outcomes). Forty-seven participants completed the trial and were included in analyses. In the SUB group, there was an increase in fasting RMR (1607 ± 117 to 1701 ± 114 kcalday-1 ; p = 0.01) and fasting fat oxidation (0.83 ± 0.08 to 0.99 ± 0.08 g/15 min; p = 0.009) and a decrease in fasting respiratory exchange ratio (0.85 ± 0.01 to 0.83 ± 0.01; p = 0.05) from pre- to post-intervention. In the ADD group, there was an increase in postprandial DIT (p < 0.001). There were no changes within the control group or between groups for any outcome measure. Daily consumption of pecans may increase select measures of energy expenditure and fat oxidation in adults at-risk for CVD.

Abstract 11296: Short-Term Low-Saturated Fat Diet Compared to High-Saturated Fat Diet in Patients with Hypertriglyceridemia: Lipids and Lipoproteins Associated with Monocyte Phenotypic Changes

Background: Monocyte phenotypic changes play a pivotal role in atherogenesis and can be induced by plasma lipids. We analyzed associations of monocyte phenotypes with lipid profiles and the potential of predicting monocyte phenotypes by lipid variables in subjects with hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) after short-term intake of low-saturated fat diet (LSFD) and high-saturated fat diet (HSFD). Method: Subjects with HTG (n=19, 10 men and 9 women, aged 53.9±13.7 years) received isocaloric LSFD (~25% of calories from fat, 5% from saturated fat) and HSFD (~52% of calories from fat, 25% from saturated fat) in randomized order for 4 days (days 1-4) and a test meal on day 5, separated by a 4- to 6-week washout period. Blood was taken on day 1 fasting before the diets and on day 5 fasting and 4 and 6 hours after the test meal to examine lipoprotein profile by enzymatic assay, fatty acids by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and monocyte phenotypes by flow cytometry. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression models were built to identify influential lipid variables for key monocyte markers that responded differently to the two diets. Results: LSFD, compared to HSFD, induced lower plasma levels of postprandial total triglyceride (TG), VLDL-TG, and LDL-TG and fasting and postprandial total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and altered fatty acid composition, with reduced saturated fatty acids (SFAs) but increased polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Compared to HSFD, LSFD reduced monocyte lipid accumulation and levels of several surface markers involved in monocyte adhesion and migration including CD11c, a β2 integrin, on intermediate monocytes. Using the LASSO regression models, we identified that total cholesterol, LDL-TG, and apoB were positively correlated and n-3 PUFAs negatively correlated with lipid accumulation in intermediate monocytes and that total TG, LDL-TG, and apoCIII were positively correlated with CD11c levels on intermediate monocytes. Conclusions: In subjects with HTG, short-term LSFD compared to HSFD improves lipid profiles and monocyte phenotypes. We also identified specific plasma lipid parameters that may be reliable predictors for and contribute to specific monocyte phenotypic changes in HTG.

Diet Effects on Cerebrospinal Fluid Amino Acids Levels in Adults with Normal Cognition and Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Background:Exploration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amino acids and the impact of dietary intake on central levels may provide a comprehensive understanding of the metabolic component of Alzheimer’s disease.Objective:The objective of this exploratory study was to investigate the effects of two diets with varied nutrient compositions on change in CSF amino acids levels in adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and normal cognition (NC). Secondary objectives were to assess the correlations between the change in CSF amino acids and change in Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers.Methods:In a randomized, parallel, controlled feeding trial, adults (NC, n = 20; MCI, n = 29) consumed a high saturated fat (SFA)/glycemic index (GI) diet [HIGH] or a low SFA/GI diet [LOW] for 4 weeks. Lumbar punctures were performed at baseline and 4 weeks.Results:CSF valine increased and arginine decreased after the HIGH compared to the LOW diet in MCI (ps = 0.03 and 0.04). This pattern was more prominent in MCI versus NC (diet by diagnosis interaction ps = 0.05 and 0.09), as was an increase in isoleucine after the HIGH diet (p = 0.05). Changes in CSF amino acids were correlated with changes in Alzheimer’s disease CSF biomarkers Aβ42, total tau, and p-Tau 181, with distinct patterns in the relationships by diet intervention and cognitive status.Conclusion:Dietary intake affects CSF amino acid levels and the response to diet is differentially affected by cognitive status.

Impact of High Fat Diet and Bolus Feeding on Chyle Accumulation in a Mouse Model of Generalized Lymphatic Anomaly.

Background: Generalized lymphatic anomalies (GLA) are complex vessel malformations that can impair lymphatic function. Potential GLA complications include lipid-rich lymph in the thoracic space or peritoneal cavity, respectively chylothorax and chylous ascites. To reduce the potential for chyle accumulation, GLA patients limit dietary fats. We hypothesized that dietary fatty acid composition impacts the potential for lymphatic dysfunction and chyle accumulation in GLA. Methods and Results: Adipose-specific overexpression of lymphatic growth factors has demonstrated lethal chylothorax in mice. Here, we utilized mice with inducible adipocyte overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VD mice) to mimic lymphatic proliferation in GLA and assessed the incidence of chyle accumulation on a mixed high fat diet (HFD), high saturated fat diet (HSFD), or high unsaturated fat diet (HUSFD). Lipid transport was assessed by uptake rates of bolus oral triglyceride load and mesenteric fat analysis. Lymphatic expansion and inflammation were determined by whole mount immunofluorescence and gene expression. Body composition was assessed by MRI. HSFD 2-month wildtype groups resulted in an increase in TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 expression compared with chow-fed controls. The chyle accumulation incidence was highest in HFD-fed mice compared with either HSFD or HUSFD. Strikingly, increased mortality was observed irrespective of which high fat diet was consumed after administration of a bolus lipid load. Conclusion: Chronic HFD increases risk of chyle accumulation, however increased mortality was driven particularly by a bolus lipid load in VD mice. These findings suggest that although chronic HFD increases chyle accumulation risk, a single large meal feeding may increase risk of lethal chylothorax instances for GLA patients.

Beet (Beta vulgaris) Improve Blood Glucose and AKT2 Gene Expression in High Fat and Fructose-induced Rats

ABSTRACT&#x0D; Background: Diet components significant effects on glucose homeostasis. A diet contains high saturated fat and fructose induces insulin resistance and enhanced blood glucose. In contrast, food containing flavonoids such as beet can improve glucose homeostasis via modulation of gene expression, e.g., AKT2, involving glucose metabolism.&#x0D; Aims: This study were to evaluate the benefit of beet on AKT2 gene expression and fasting glucose.&#x0D; Methods: Twenty wistar male was divided into five groups: Normal were fed a normal diet, group HFFD was given a diet containing high fat and fructose, and three groups (HFB1, HFB2, HFB3) were given a diet containing high fat and fructose for eight weeks and continuous fed beet-contained normal diet for six weeks. The percentage of beet in the diet for each 6%, 9%, and 12%, respectively.&#x0D; Results: The fasting glucose was measured before and after the intervention, whereas the gene expression of AKT2 at skeletal muscle tissue was determined after the intervention. A diet high in fat and fructose increased fasting glucose levels, and a beet-contained diet decreased it.&#x0D; Conclusions: The beet 9% substituted diet can improve glucose homeostasis from the effects of a high fat and fructose diet, and the expression of the AKT2 gene may have a role in the process.&#x0D; Keywords: AKT2, Antioxidant, Beet, Fat, Fructose.

Associations of Binge Drinking and Heavy Alcohol Use on Sugar and Fat Intake in a Cohort of Southern People Living with HIV.

To assess whether binge drinking and heavy alcohol use are associated with increased sugar and fat consumption among a Southern cohort of people living with HIV (PWH). This was a cross-sectional analysis of PWH enrolled in the New Orleans Alcohol use in HIV (NOAH) Study (n = 215). Binge and heavy drinking were identified through a 30-day Alcohol Timeline-Followback and dietary intake was assessed through a 24-hour dietary recall. Participants were 65.4% male, 83.3% Black, with a mean age of 49.2 ± 9.9. Heavy drinkers consumed more total calories than abstainers (P = 0.035) and low-to-moderate drinkers (P = 0.024), and binge drinkers consumed more calories than non-binge drinkers (P = 0.025). Binge and heavy drinkers had significantly higher intake of total and saturated fat in grams. However, substantially increased caloric intake among these participants led to non-significant associations for alcohol use with high total and saturated fat intake as a percent of total energy intake (%TEI). Binge drinkers had lower odds of consuming high sugar as a %TEI (odds ratio: 0.31 [0.14, 0.68]). Additionally, sugar intake predicted total and saturated fat intake, and this association was slightly higher among binge drinkers (total fat P-value: 0.12). In this population of PWH, while binge and heavy drinking predicted higher caloric and fat intake in grams, binge drinkers were less likely to consume a high-sugar diet. This analysis suggests that interventions focused on reduced alcohol use may be especially beneficial in reducing metabolic disease burden in PWH if supplemented with information on incorporating lower energy-dense foods with reduced fat.

Quantile‐specific heritability of plasminogen activator inhibitor type‐1 (PAI‐1, aka SERPINE1) and other hemostatic factors

BackgroundPlasminogen activator inhibitor type‐1 (PAI‐1, aka SERPINE1) is a moderately heritable glycoprotein that regulates fibrin clot dissolution (fibrinolysis). ObjectivesTest whether the heritabilities (h2) of PAI‐1 and other hemostatic factors are constant throughout their distribution or whether they are quantile‐specific (i.e., a larger or smaller h2 depending on whether their concentrations are high or low). MethodsQuantile regression was applied to 5606 parent‐offspring pairs and 5310 full siblings of the Framingham Heart Study. Quantile‐specific heritability was estimated from the parent‐offspring regression slope (βPO, h2 = 2βPO/(1+rspouse)) and the full‐sib regression slope (βFS, h2 = {(1+8rspouseβFS)0.5–1}/(2rspouse)). ResultsHeritability (h2 ± SE) increased significantly with increasing percentiles of the offspring's age‐ and sex‐adjusted PAI‐1 distribution when estimated from βPO (plinear trend = 0.0001): 0.09 ± 0.02 at the 10th, 0.09 ± 0.02 at the 25th, 0.16 ± 0.02 at the 50th, 0.29 ± 0.04 at the 75th, and 0.26 ± 0.08 at the 90th percentile of the PAI‐1 distribution, and when estimated from βFS (plinear trend = 6.5x10−7). There was no significant evidence for quantile‐specific heritability for factor VII (plinear trend = 0.35), D‐dimer (plinear trend = 0.08), tPA (plinear trend = 0.74), or von Willebrand factor (plinear trend = 0.79). ConclusionHigher mean plasma PAI‐1 antigen concentrations tend to accentuate genetic effects (quantile‐dependent expressivity), which is consistent with the greater reported differences in PAI‐1 concentrations between rs1799889 SERPINE1 (4G/5G) genotypes in patients with osteonecrosis, meningococcal sepsis, obesity, prior myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, and polycystic ovarian syndrome than in healthy controls. It is also consistent with the greater increases in PAI‐1 concentrations in 4G‐allele carriers than 5G/5G homozygotes following fibrinolytic treatment, low‐salt intake, and high saturated fat intake.