Quantile‐specific heritability of plasminogen activator inhibitor type‐1 (PAI‐1, aka SERPINE1) and other hemostatic factors

Abstract

BackgroundPlasminogen activator inhibitor type‐1 (PAI‐1, aka SERPINE1) is a moderately heritable glycoprotein that regulates fibrin clot dissolution (fibrinolysis). ObjectivesTest whether the heritabilities (h2) of PAI‐1 and other hemostatic factors are constant throughout their distribution or whether they are quantile‐specific (i.e., a larger or smaller h2 depending on whether their concentrations are high or low). MethodsQuantile regression was applied to 5606 parent‐offspring pairs and 5310 full siblings of the Framingham Heart Study. Quantile‐specific heritability was estimated from the parent‐offspring regression slope (βPO, h2 = 2βPO/(1+rspouse)) and the full‐sib regression slope (βFS, h2 = {(1+8rspouseβFS)0.5–1}/(2rspouse)). ResultsHeritability (h2 ± SE) increased significantly with increasing percentiles of the offspring's age‐ and sex‐adjusted PAI‐1 distribution when estimated from βPO (plinear trend = 0.0001): 0.09 ± 0.02 at the 10th, 0.09 ± 0.02 at the 25th, 0.16 ± 0.02 at the 50th, 0.29 ± 0.04 at the 75th, and 0.26 ± 0.08 at the 90th percentile of the PAI‐1 distribution, and when estimated from βFS (plinear trend = 6.5x10−7). There was no significant evidence for quantile‐specific heritability for factor VII (plinear trend = 0.35), D‐dimer (plinear trend = 0.08), tPA (plinear trend = 0.74), or von Willebrand factor (plinear trend = 0.79). ConclusionHigher mean plasma PAI‐1 antigen concentrations tend to accentuate genetic effects (quantile‐dependent expressivity), which is consistent with the greater reported differences in PAI‐1 concentrations between rs1799889 SERPINE1 (4G/5G) genotypes in patients with osteonecrosis, meningococcal sepsis, obesity, prior myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, and polycystic ovarian syndrome than in healthy controls. It is also consistent with the greater increases in PAI‐1 concentrations in 4G‐allele carriers than 5G/5G homozygotes following fibrinolytic treatment, low‐salt intake, and high saturated fat intake.