High-risk Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus Research Articles

Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection in women from Florianópolis - Santa Catarina, Brazil

Introduction: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection in women. About 80% of sexually active women will have contact with this virus at some age in their lives. Most infections will be transient, but when the infection becomes persistent, associated with high oncogenic risk HPV, there may be progression to cancer, especially cervical cancer. The best way to prevent HPV infection is through the use of vaccines. Objective: To assess which are the most prevalent types of HPV in the city of Florianópolis, Brazil and if the majority of the diagnosed types are contained in the HPV vaccines currently available on the market and in the public health sector. Methods: More than 14,727 HPV tests were evaluated for the diagnosis of genital HPV infection in women from Florianópolis. The prevalence of infection was evaluated according to age of the women. HPV detection was performed using molecular biology tests, such as hybrid capture (for diagnosis of the HPV group, high or low oncogenic risk) and PCR (viral genotyping) techniques. Results: The diagnosis of HPV infection was made for women between one and 102 years of age. The highest positivity of the exams was observed in women aged 20–25 years (51% of the exams). The most prevalent age group was 31–35 years old (23.5%), and the lowest was for women aged 70 and above (0.6%). High oncogenic risk HPV was detected in 94.1% of positive samples and was the most frequent in all age groups. Mixed infection (high- and low-risk HPV) was more prevalent in the 66–70 age group (25.6%). The most frequent genotypes were non-16/18 high oncogenic risk HPV (77% of positive cases). HPV 16 was found in 17.1% of positive cases, and HPV 18 in 6.5%. Conclusion: The most prevalent types of HPV in Florianópolis in the last 6 years are non-16/18 high oncogenic risk HPV types, viral types not covered by the current HPV vaccine available in the public health sector in Brazil.

Detection of Low-Risk and High-Risk Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus in Archived Tissues from ENT Tumors in Burkina Faso

Detection of Low-Risk and High-Risk Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus in Archived Tissues from ENT Tumors in Burkina Faso

Prevalence of HPV infection and cervical intraepithelial lesions in HIV positive and negative women in the city of Florianopolis

Introduction: The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection among women. The HPV of high oncogenic risk, associated with other factors, presents a risk of progressing to a precancerous lesion of the uterus and even cancer. Such an evolution is related to the persistence of the infection and other factors, mainly those that interfere with women’s immunity. The immunosuppression caused by HIV infection is an important factor for viral persistence and the onset of these lesions. Objectives: To compare the prevalence of HPV infection and cervical intraepithelial lesions in HIV-positive and negative women and describe the possible associated risk factors. Methods: The sample consisted of 50 HIV positive women (study group) and 50 HIV negative women (control group) recruited from the public health system of Florianópolis from January to April 2022. Cervical samples were collected for cytological analysis and for the detection of high-risk oncogenic HPV DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test, with a significance level set at 5% Results: HPV infection was more prevalent in the control group; however, HIV positive women presented higher frequency of intraepithelial lesions diagnosed on cytology. Factors such as higher number of sexual partners, depression and smoking were more frequent in the group of HIV positive women. CD4 T cells lower than 200 cells/mm3 was associated with a higher number of altered Pap smears and a positive HPV DNA test. The use of combination antiretroviral therapy and undetectable viral load were associated with more frequent normal cytology and undetected HPV DNA. Conclusion: The prevalence of cervical intraepithelial lesions in HIV-infected women is higher than among women without the infection. The presence of HIV infection was the most important risk factor associated with the development of cervical lesions.

Molecular epidemiology of human papillomavirus in pregnant women in Burkina Faso.

Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is widespread among sexually active individuals. Several factors may contribute to increased risk of infection in pregnant women. The objective of this study was to determine the high-risk (HR-HPV) and low-risk (LR-HPV) oncogenic HPV genotypes among pregnant women in Ouagadougou. In this study, 100 endocervical samples were collected using a sterile swab on the sterile examination glove used during vaginal examination in pregnant women. DNA from each sample was amplified by PCR followed by hybridization using the HPV Direct Flow Chips kit detecting 36 HPV genotypes. Twenty-three percent (23%) of pregnant women had HPV infection. Of the 36 genotypes tested, 29 genotypes had been identified with a predominance of HPV 52 (10.34%), HPV 35 (6.89%), and HPV 82 (6.89%) for high risk and HPV 43 (10.34%), HPV 44/55 (6.90%), and HPV 62/81 (6.89%) for low risk. HPV is common among pregnant women in Burkina Faso. However, the available vaccines do not cover the frequent genotypes found in this study. HPV could therefore constitute a threat for pregnant women and a risk of infection for the newborn.

Distribution of oncogenic high-risk human papillomavirus and other sexually transmitted infections in Paraguayan women with and without human immunodeficiency virus

El virus de papiloma humano de alto riesgo oncogénico (VPH-AR) es causa necesaria pero no suficiente para la ocurrencia de cáncer de cuello uterino (CCU). Mujeres portadoras del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) presentan mayor riesgo de desarrollar lesiones precursoras del cáncer de cuello de útero, por ello, el objetivo del presente trabajo prospectivo de corte transversal fue determinar la frecuencia de VPH-AR y otras infecciones de transmisión sexual-ITS (condilomas, sífilis, virus del herpes simple, gonorrea, citomegalovirus, hepatitis B) en 218 mujeres con y sin VIH que acudieron al Programa Nacional de Lucha contra el SIDA (PRONASIDA) desde julio 2017 hasta marzo 2021. Se encontró que 16/54 (29,6%) mujeres VIH-positivas presentaron infección por VPH-AR en comparación a 41/164 (25%) mujeres VIH-negativas (p>0,05). En relación a la edad, mujeres VIH positivas presentaron una frecuencia comparable de infección por VPH-AR (<30 años: 27,3% vs >30 años 30,2%), a diferencia de mujeres VIH negativas donde hubo una disminución significativa de la infección por VPH-AR luego de los 30 años (<30 años: 33,8% vs >30 años 18,8%, p= 0,028). Esto podría explicarse por la inmunosupresión observada en mujeres VIH positivas que podría favorecer infecciones persistentes, sugiriendo que deben ser controladas más cercanamente. Además, se observó mayor frecuencia de otras ITS en mujeres VIH positivas (29,6% vs 15,8%, p=0,026), lo cual sugiere que aparte del monitoreo más cercano, es fundamental fortalecer la educación sobre factores de riesgo para la ITS sobre todo VPH y VIH, así como la realización de prevención primaria por vacunación contra el VPH

Types and importance of human papilloma virus vaccine and methods in promoting it for cervical cancer prevention

Cervical cancer continues to be a significant global challenge as it is the fourth major cause of mortality among women. Cervical cancer is primarily caused by repeated human papilloma virus (HPV) infections. Although the incidence and death of cervical cancer have declined in high-income nations, the disease still places a heavy burden on low- and middle-income countries. HPV-16Cervical cancer continues to be a significant global challenge as it is the fourth major cause of mortality among women. Cervical cancer is primarily caused by repeated human papilloma virus (HPV) infections. Although the incidence and death of cervical cancer have declined in high-income nations, the disease still places a heavy burden on low- and middle-income countries. HPV-16 is responsible for 50% while HPV-18 is responsible for 10% of cervical cancer cases. The introduction of HPV vaccines is limited in developing areas with greater need, despite the fact that they offer a potential alternative for disease control. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about types and importance of HPV vaccine and methods in promoting it for cervical cancer prevention. Three HPV vaccines for prevention of cervical cancer are available including a quadrivalent vaccine that protects against 4 HPV types, and the second is a bivalent vaccine that protects against 2 high-risk oncogenic HPV types and third is a 9-valent vaccine. All three vaccines provide comparable coverage. Preventative vaccinations against the virus, given to women before HPV infection, have proven to be efficient and have the potential to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer. Thus, it is advised to immunize girls aged 9-14 years. The development of the HPV vaccine has made primary cervical cancer prevention possible. Health promotion and education can potentially contribute to increasing the awareness of community regarding cervical cancer prevention and can lead to better utilization of HPV vaccine.is responsible for 50% while HPV-18 is responsible for 10% of cervical cancer cases. The introduction of HPV vaccines is limited in developing areas with greater need, despite the fact that they offer a potential alternative for disease control. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about types and importance of HPV vaccine and methods in promoting it for cervical cancer prevention. Three HPV vaccines for prevention of cervical cancer are available including a quadrivalent vaccine that protects against 4 HPV types, and the second is a bivalent vaccine that protects against 2 high-risk oncogenic HPV types and third is a 9-valent vaccine. All three vaccines provide comparable coverage. Preventative vaccinations against the virus, given to women before HPV infection, have proven to be efficient and have the potential to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer. Thus, it is advised to immunize girls aged 9-14 years. The development of the HPV vaccine has made primary cervical cancer prevention possible. Health promotion and education can potentially contribute to increasing the awareness of community regarding cervical cancer prevention and can lead to better utilization of HPV vaccine.

High genotypic diversity of human papillomavirus among women in Cameroon: implications for vaccine effectiveness

The burden of human papillomavirus (HPV) is high in Cameroon, but knowledge on high-risk oncogenic HPV (HR-HPV) is limited. Our study sought to ascertain the HR-HPV genotypes circulating in Cameroon. A cross-sectional study was conducted among non-vaccinated women in Cameroon. Detection of HR-HPV was performed by real-time PCR on cervico-vaginal swabs. Predictors of HR-HPV were determined following logistic regression analysis, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. In total, 364 women were enrolled, with a median age of 41 (34-50) years. Of these, 3.0% were smokers and 26.09% reported having more than three sexual partners. The overall HR-HPV positivity rate was 21.43% (95% CI 17.21-25.64). Predictors of HR-HPV were young age, i.e < 41 years (aOR (95% CI) 0.408 (0.194-0.862); p=0.018), smoking (aOR 5.199 (1.314-20.575); p=0.018), and having more than three sex partners (aOR: 2.335 (1.133-4.811); p=0.022). Overall, 12 HR-HPV genotypes were identified, with 26.98% women coinfected with at least two HR-HPVs, including one case of a triple coinfection. According to to the circulating genotypes, potential vaccine effectiveness was 47% for the 4-valent vaccine and 70% for the 9-valent vaccine. Within the Cameroonian context, at least one out of five women is likely to be an HR-HPV carrier, especially among young people, smokers, and those with multiple sexual partners. Importantly, HR-HPV infection is highly diversified, with vaccine efficacy ranging from about 47% (4-valent) to 70% (9-valent).

Efficacy of a Coriolusversicolor-Based Vaginal Gel in Human Papillomavirus-Positive Women Older Than 40 Years: A Sub-Analysis of PALOMA Study.

In the PALOMA trial, Papilocare® demonstrated efficacy in repairing low-grade cervical lesions related to human papillomavirus (HPV). This sub-analysis aimed to evaluate its efficacy in repairing these cervical lesions and clearing HPV in women aged older than 40 years. This was a multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, controlled clinical trial. Patients with low-degree HPV-dependent cervical lesions receiving 6-month treatment with the vaginal gel were compared to those with a watchful waiting approach. Among the 41 women analyzed (aged 47.7 years), 31 presented high-risk (HR) oncogenic HPV subtypes, and 14 had 16-18-31 HPV genotypes. After 6 months, normalized cytology and concordant colposcopy were achieved by a greater percentage of treated women. The difference was significant in the total population (92.3% vs. 50.0%, p = 0.007), and HR-HPV subpopulation (90.5% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.003). In the HR HPVs-16-18-31 subpopulation, the values were 75.0% and 40.0% (p = 0.293). In the total population, 61.5% of treated patients obtained HPV clearance, compared to 50.0% in the control group. Regarding the HR-HPV subpopulation, these values were 66.7% and 44.4%, respectively. Papilocare® demonstrated significant efficacy in repairing low-degree HPV-related cervical lesions and a positive trend to clear HPV in women older than 40 years old in comparison to the watchful waiting approach.

Genetic polymorphism associated with cervical cancer: a systematic review

Introduction. Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common cancers in women. The CC etiological agent is the high-risk oncogenic human papillomavirus. In the meantime, not all women infected with this virus can develop cancer, thus suggesting that there is genetic predisposition to CC.The aim of the study was to analyze information about single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the CC risk.Materials and methods. The performed search was focused on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and meta-analyses conducted over the last 10 years and addressing the genetic risk of CC in the Caucasian population.Results. The most significant associations with CC were found in the following single nucleotide polymorphisms. Based on the GWAS data, they involve risk alleles rs138446575-T (OR = 2.39) TTC34; rs73728618-T (OR = 1.48) HLA-DQA1; rs3130196-C (OR = 1.4) HLA-DPB1; rs2516448-T (OR = 1.39 and 1.44) MICA and protective alleles rs9271898-A (OR = 0.64) and 9272143-C (OR = 0.65) between HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQA1, rs55986091-A HLADQB1 (OR = 0.66). Based on the meta-analysis data, they involve genotype rs4646903-СС (OR = 4.65) CYP1A1 and protective alleles rs1801133-T (OR = 0.77) MTHFR, rs2333227-AA (OR = 0.57) MPO.Conclusion. The obtained data are critically important for development of laboratory techniques and reagent kits allowing for a personalized approach to identification of risk groups, which could benefit from compulsory vaccination and screening for pre-cancers of the cervix.

Cervical Cancer Screening among Female Refugees in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Cervical cancer (CC) is mainly linked to infection with a high-risk oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV), with 85% of deaths occurring in developing countries. Refugees are less likely to be aware of screening methods and to have routine gynecological examinations. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving a total of 359 women aged 19–64 living in the Jerash camp in Jordan. Data were collected using a carefully developed and validated questionnaire. Results: A total of 359 participants were included in the study, with a mean age of 38.99 ± 10.53. Participants demonstrated fair knowledge of CC risk factors (4.77 ± 2.85 out of 11). Among the participants, 73.5% had heard of the cervical smear test; however, only 12.8% had actually undergone the test, with a mean total number of smear tests performed of 1.48 ± 0.79 and the mean age at the time of the first test was 32.5 ± 7.89. Conclusions: Refugee women have a fair level of knowledge of CC risk factors but are unmotivated to have a Pap smear test to screen for CC. Efforts should be made to raise awareness about the issue and promote testing for underrepresented women in refugee camps.

Update on the Epidemiological Features and Clinical Implications of Human Papillomavirus Infection (HPV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Coinfection.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. Although most HPV infections will spontaneously resolve, a considerable proportion of them will persist, increasing the risk of anogenital dysplasia, especially within certain populations, such as patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Furthermore, high-risk oncogenic HPV types (HR-HPV) are the main cause of cervix and other anogenital cancers, such as cancer of the vagina, vulva, penis, or anus. HIV and HPV coinfection is common among people living with HIV (PLWH) but disproportionally affects men who have sex with men (MSM) for whom the rate of persistent HPV infection and reinfection is noteworthy. The molecular interactions between HIV and HPV, as well as the interplay between both viruses and the immune system, are increasingly being understood. The immune dysfunction induced by HIV infection impairs the rate of HPV clearance and increases its oncogenic risk. Despite the availability of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), the incidence of several HPV-related cancers is higher in PLWH, and the burden of persistent HPV-related disease has become a significant concern in an aging HIV population. Several public health strategies have been developed to reduce the transmission of HIV and HPV and mitigate the consequences of this type of coinfection. Universal HPV vaccination is the most effective preventive tool to reduce the incidence of HPV disease. In addition, screening programs for HPV-related cervical and vulvovaginal diseases in women are well-recognized strategies to prevent cervical cancer. Similarly, anal dysplasia screening programs are being implemented worldwide for the prevention of anal cancer among PLWH. Herein, the main epidemiological features and clinical implications of HIV and HPV coinfection are reviewed, focusing mainly on the relationship between HIV immune status and HPV-related diseases and the current strategies used to reduce the burden of HPV-related disease.

A survey of knowledge, attitudes and awareness of the HPV and HPV vaccine among obstetricians and gynecologists across Poland.

The objective of this study was to assess general knowledge regarding human papillomavirus (HPV) and the attitude to primary prevention in form of HPV vaccination (HPVv) among Polish obstetricians and gynecologists (OBGYNs). In addition, we wanted to study the willingness of physicians to promote the HPVv among patients, based on their general attitude to vaccinations as well as HPV-related knowledge. The gynecologists were also asked to assess their patients' awareness of HPV infection. A questionnaire consisting of 25 questions was used to collect the data and with support of the Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (PTGiP) and the Polish Society of Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (PTKiPSM) sent via their mailing lists to all members and beyond. The total amount of 213 fully filled questionnaires were gathered and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Most of the surveyed OBGYNs showed a good knowledge of HPV and HPVv. They were able to correctly identify the high-risk oncogenic HPV types (hrHPV) and admitted to using HPV genotyping in their daily practice and actively promoting HPVv, being in majority supporters of mandatory vaccinations in general. Almost 90% confirmed the importance of informing patients about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). On the other hand, there was a group of OBGYNs with clearly insufficient knowledge about the HPV and its prevention. General knowledge of Polish physicians about HPV is good, independent of gender and age. The acceptance of all vaccines is high, but the low availability of the HPV vaccines seems to be the biggest problem stopping patients from getting them.

Genital infection by Human papillomavirus (HPV) in women from Santa Catarina/Brazil

Introduction: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection in women. About 80% of sexually active women will have contact with this virus at some point in their lives. Most infections will be transient, but when the infection becomes persistent and associated with a high oncogenic risk of Human Papillomavirus, there may be progression to cancer, especially cervical cancer. The best way to prevent Human Papillomavirus infection is through the use of vaccines, which have been available to the public in Brazil since 2014. Objective: This study aimed to assess the most prevalent types of Human Papillomavirus in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, and its mesoregions and if the majority of diagnosed types are contained in the Human Papillomavirus vaccines currently available on the market. Methods: A total of 20,000 Human Papillomavirus tests were evaluated for the diagnosis of genital Human Papillomavirus infection in women from the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The prevalence of infection was evaluated according to age and the city of origin of the exams. Human Papillomavirus detection was performed using molecular biology tests, such as hybrid capture (for diagnosis of the Human Papillomavirus group, high or low oncogenic risk) and polymerase chain reaction (viral genotyping) techniques. Results: The diagnosis of Human Papillomavirus infection was performed on women between 1 and 102 years of age. The age with the highest Human Papillomavirus positivity, as expected, was 20–25 years (45.6%) and the lowest after 70 years (7.1%). The highest Human Papillomavirus positivity of the exams was observed in the Serrana region of Santa Catarina state (58.9% of the exams). A high-oncogenic-risk Human Papillomavirus was detected in 93% of positive samples and was the most frequent in all age groups. Mixed infection (high- and low-risk Human Papillomavirus) was more prevalent in the 66–70 age group (29.3%) and in the Southern Region of Santa Catarina (26.4%). The most frequent genotypes in the state of Santa Catarina were non-16/18 high oncogenic risk Human Papillomavirus (76.9% of positive cases). Human Papillomavirus 16 was found in 17.1% of positive cases and Human Papillomavirus 18 in 6.6%. Conclusion: The most prevalent types of Human Papillomavirus in the state of Santa Catarina in the past 6 years are the non-16/18 high oncogenic risk Human Papillomavirus types, which are viral types not covered by the current Human Papillomavirus vaccines available in Brazil.

The modern features of optimal therapy of cervical neoplasia on the background of bacterial vaginosis

Research objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of vaginal decametoxinum in preparation for cervix excision (conization) in women with HSIL (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II) against the background of infection with high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) in bacterial vaginosis (BV) and effectiveness of vaginal gel with decametoxinum and hyaluronic acid to improve repair in the postoperative period.Materials and methods. 60 women with HSIL (CIN II) were examined against the background of high-risk oncogenic HPV infection and BV, who underwent loop cervix excision (conization). The main group (n = 30) on the eve of surgery was prescribed BV therapy with decametoxinum solution and oral metronidazole for up to 7 days, after cervical excision used vaginal gel with decametoxinum and hyaluronic acid for 14 days. The control group (30 patients) used oral metronidazole for 7 days for the BV treatment.Visual cervix inspection was performed by colposcopy. Vaginal biocenosis was assessed by PCR. Elimination of oncogenic HPV strains was assessed by PCR.Results. Decametoxinum in the combination therapy of HSIL (CIN II) caused faster and complete epithelialization of the wound surface than standard therapy (relative risk (RR) 0.27, 95% CI 0.10 – 0.71, p = 0.008). 3 months after decametoxinum use was determined by a significant increase in cases of vaginal microbiota normalization (RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.09 – 0.98, p = 0.047), an increase in the lactobacilli number in vaginal secretions (RR 0.31, 95% CI 0.11 – 0.84, p = 0.02). There was a statistically significant effect of decametoxinum on the oncogenic HPV elimination (RR 0.22, 95% CI 0.05 – 0.94, p = 0.04) after 6 months of combination therapy. No side effects of decametoxinum were noted either during therapy or at a later date.Conclusions. Vaginal use of decametoxinum before and after loop cervix excision in women with HSIL (CIN II) on the background of high-risk HPV and BV showed acceleration of cervical reparative processes, pronounced antimicrobial effect, elimination of oncogenic HPV and safety.

Increased PD-1 Level in Severe Cervical Injury Is Associated With the Rare Programmed Cell Death 1 (PDCD1) rs36084323 A Allele in a Dominant Model.

The high-risk oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) has developed mechanisms for evasion of the immune system, favoring the persistence of the infection. The chronic inflammation further contributes to the progression of tissue injury to cervical cancer. The programmed cell death protein (PD-1) after contacting with its ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2) exerts an inhibitory effect on the cellular immune response, maintaining the balance between activation, tolerance, and immune cell-dependent lesion. We evaluated 295 patients exhibiting or not HPV infection, stratified according to the location (injured and adjacent non-injured areas) and severity of the lesion (benign, pre-malignant lesions). Additionally, we investigated the role of the promoter region PDCD1 -606G>A polymorphism (rs36084323) on the studied variables. PD-1 and PDCD1 expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and qPCR, respectively, and the PDCD1 polymorphism was evaluated by nucleotide sequencing. Irrespective of the severity of the lesion, PD-1 levels were increased compared to adjacent uninjured areas. Additionally, in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I, the presence of HPV was associated with increased (P = 0.0649), whereas in CIN III was associated with decreased (P = 0.0148) PD-1 levels, compared to the uninjured area in absence of HPV infection. The PDCD1 -606A allele was rare in our population (8.7%) and was not associated with the risk for development of HPV infection, cytological and histological features, and aneuploidy. In contrast, irrespective of the severity of the lesion, patients exhibiting the mutant PDCD1 -606A allele at single or double doses exhibited increased protein and gene expression when compared to the PDCD1 -606GG wild type genotype. Besides, the presence of HPV was associated with the decrease in PDCD1 expression and PD-1 levels in carriers of the -606 A allele presenting severe lesions, suggesting that other mediators induced during the HPV infection progression may play an additional role. This study showed that increased PD-1 levels are influenced by the -606G>A nucleotide variation, particularly in low-grade lesions, in which the A allele favors increased PDCD1 expression, contributing to HPV immune system evasion, and in the high-grade lesion, by decreasing tissue PD-1 levels.

HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV)-ASSOCIATED ORAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA: A CASE REPORT

<h3>Background</h3> Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oral intraepithelial neoplasia is a subset of oral dysplastic lesions with the presence of transcriptionally active high-risk oncogenic HPV subtypes 16 and 18. There is limited evidence in the literature regarding the potential rate of transformation of this entity to oral squamous cell carcinoma. <h3>Case Report</h3> A 51-year-old male patient with a heavy smoking (35 pack-year) and alcohol consumption (6 standard drinks a day) history presented with widespread oral leukoplakia. Initial biopsies demonstrated the following:SiteHistopathology findings1.Floor of mouthKeratosis with moderate to focally severe epithelial dysplasia2.Left lower lipActinic keratosis with mild to moderate epithelial atypiaSubsequent mapping biopsies (sites 3, 4) and wide local excision (site 5) demonstrated:3.Left ventral tongueHPV-associated intraepithelial neoplasia4.Lower lipcarcinoma in situ5.Right anterior ventral tongue/floor of mouthHPV-associated intraepithelial neoplasia, with excision margins free of dysplasia <h3>Investigations</h3> For sites 3 and 5, immunoperoxidase stains demonstrated diffuse, positive p16 staining of dysplastic epithelium and HPV-16 in situ hybridization showed positive nuclear staining. Both sites demonstrated hyperkeratosis, basal cell hyperplasia, increased numbers of mitoses (including suprabasal), and interspersed apoptotic cells. <h3>Follow-Up</h3> Wide local excision of the anterior ventral tongue and floor of mouth demonstrated HPV-associated intraepithelial neoplasia with involved margins (p16 and HPV-16-ISH positive). The lower lip vermilionectomy showed carcinoma in situ with clear margins. There is ongoing 3 monthly mucosal surveillance. <h3>Discussion</h3> Further studies are required to evaluate the behavior and prognosis of this subset of HPV-related oral dysplastic lesions.

Wide Spectrum Analysis of Human Papillomavirus Genotypes in External Anogenital Warts

External anogenital warts (EGW) are primarily associated with the low-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes 6 and 11, though coinfection with other low-risk and oncogenic high-risk HPV genotypes also occurs. Although there have been many studies on HPV-associated disease, the prevalence of HPV genotypes associated with EGW is not well characterized. The objective of our retrospective study was to determine the prevalence of HPV genotypes among patients diagnosed with EGW in the south-west of Hungary. Archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 94 patients were processed in our study. HPV genotypes were determined, applying HPV Direct Flow CHIP test. The overall prevalence of HPV DNA in the EGW samples was 100%, yielding 131 infections among the 94 samples. Of these cases, 72.3% were mono while 27.6% were multi-infections. Out of the 131 infections, the cumulative prevalence of HPV 6 and 11 was 71%. A total of 98.9% of the samples were carrying at least one of these genotypes, while 19.1% of the cases occurred with at least one high-risk genotype. Data from our study could provide invaluable information concerning the prevalence of HPV types among patients with EGW, enabling improved assessment of the actual and future efficacy of vaccination programs, vaccine development, and forecast changes in infection patterns.

Prevalence of Human Papilloma virus in women with Abnormal Cervical Smears from Sarawak, Malaysia

Introduction: Cervical cancer is common cancer and ranked in fourth place in both incidence and mortality worldwide. It is 3rd most common female cancer in Malaysia with a lifetime risk of 1 in 116. Infection with high-risk oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as one of the substantial risk factors for the development of cervical cancers. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted to determine the prevalence of HPV infection and its subtypes among women with various degrees of abnormal smears, who were seen in the colposcopy clinic of Sarawak General Hospital within six months’ period from January to June 2018. We recruited 56 participants. There were 23 each for an atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance (ASC-US) and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) and 10 high- grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). DNA was extracted, and HPV genotypes were determined via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using two primer pairs MY09/MY11 and GP5+/GP6+. Results: The age ranged from 23 to 56 years, with a mean age of 42.96 years. HPV was detected in 20 out of 56 (35.7%). There were 6 high-risk oncogenic HPVs (18, 51, 52, 56, 58, 68) detected in participants and the most prevalent subtypes were 18, 52, and 58 (20% each). Four low-risk HPVs detected were 6, 53, 70, and 84. There was a significant association between the severity of cervical lesions and HPV positivity (P &lt; 0.004). HSIL had the highest positive predictive value to have HPV infection as 70% compared to 43.4% of LSIL and 9.3% of ASC-US. Conclusion: Distribution of HPV subtypes from women with abnormal smears from Sarawak indicated a high prevalence of HPV 18, 52, and 58. We also identified HPV 70, which has never been reported in West Malaysia. These findings could contribute valuable information for HPV vaccination strategies, particularly for Sarawakian women.

Long non-coding RNAs regulate the hallmarks of cancer in HPV-induced malignancies.

High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most frequent sexually transmitted agent worldwide and is responsible for approximately 5% of human cancers. Identifying novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for these malignancies requires a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved in the progression of HPV-induced cancers. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial in the regulation of biological processes. Importantly, these molecules are key players in the progression of multiple malignancies and are able to regulate the development of the different hallmarks of cancer. This review highlights the action of lncRNAs in the regulation of cellular processes leading to the typical hallmarks of cancer. The regulation of lncRNAs by HPV oncogenes, their targets and also their mechanisms of action are also discussed, in the context of HPV-induced malignancies. Overall, accumulating data indicates that lncRNAs may have a significant potential to become useful tools for clinical practice as disease biomarkers or therapy targets.

INVESTIGATION OF THE FREQUENCY, GENOTYPE DISTRIBUTION AND PROBABLE RISK FACTORS OF HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) AMONG WOMENS ATTENDING TO FAMILY HEALTH CENTER

It is important to understand the frequency of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and the factors associated with HPV infections, to determine prevention, control and measures to be taken. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the HPV prevalence, genotype distribution and possible risk factors in women applying to the Family Health Center. Sexually active, clinically asymptomatic fifty women aged 30-65 who applied to Safranbolu Family Health Center between October 2018 and March 2019 were included in the study. In order to compare HPV-DNA positivity and socio-demographic characteristics, the education status, number of pregnancies, age of first sexual intercourse, presence of chronic disease, pap smear test and HPV vaccine status, etc. information was recorded and cervical swab samples were taken for detection of HPV-DNA. Viral DNA was isolated with the QIAamp® Viral DNA Kit (QIAGEN, Germany) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The presence of HPV-DNA was investigated using the MY09 / MY11 primers by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method, positive samples were amplified using type-specific primers by PCR method and HPV typing was performed. HPV-DNA positivity was detected as 6% (3/50) in the study. Two samples were typed as HPV16; and one samples was typed as HPV31. It was observed that all HPV DNA positive samples were high risk oncogenic HPV types. When the probable risk factors are examined; It was observed that the first sexual intercourse age of patients was 16-21 years, and the number of pregnancies was ≥3 among the HPV-DNA positive women. A statistically significant relation was found with HPV-DNA positivity between the age of first sexual intercourse and the number of pregnancies (p &lt;0.05). HPV-DNA positivity was not observed in any woman protected by a condom, which is considered to be the safest in terms of to protect sexualy transmission infections. It was observed that any women participating in the study knew the availability of HPV vaccine and did not get the HPV vaccine. It is necessary to perform studies showing the prevalence of HPV and common genotypes in a region at certain time intervals; it is thought that the results will guide cervical cancer prevention and vaccination.