Higher Risk Of Pregnancy Loss Research Articles

Job loss during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage and stillbirth.

Does the exposure to job loss during pregnancy increase the risk of miscarriage or stillbirth? The experience of own or partner's job loss during the pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of miscarriageand stillbirth. Prior research on the psycho-social aspect of pregnancy loss has investigated the contextual and the individual-level stressors. At the contextual level, natural disasters, air pollution, and economic downturns are associated with higher risk of pregnancy loss. At the individual level, intense working schedules and financial strain are linked with increased risk of pregnancy loss both at early and later stages of the gestation. This work draws on high-quality individual data of 'Understanding Society', a longitudinal survey that has interviewed a representative sample of households living in the UK annually since 2009. Approximately 40000 households were recruited. The analyses use all the available survey waves (1-12, 2009-2022). The final sample consisted of 8142 pregnancy episodes that contain complete informationon pregnancy outcome and date of conception. Ongoing pregnancies at the time of the interview were excluded from the final sample. The outcome variable indicated whether a pregnancy resulted in a live birth or a pregnancy loss whereas the exposure variable identified the women's or their partner's job loss because of redundancy or a dismissal. Logistic regression models were employed to estimate the relation between job loss during pregnancy and pregnancy loss. The models were adjusted for an array of socio-demographic and economic characteristics following a stepwise approach. Several sensitivity analyses complemented the main findings. Baseline models controlling for women's demographic background and prior experience of miscarriage estimated an increased risk of pregnancy loss when women were exposed to their own or their partner's job loss during their pregnancy (odds ratio (OR) = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.32, 2.99). When the models were adjusted for all socio-economic and partnership-related covariates the association remained robust (OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.20, 2.73). First, the pregnancy outcome and the date of conception were self-reported and may besubjected to recall and social desirability bias. Second, although we adjusted for an array socio-demographic characteristics and self-reported health, other contextual factors might be correlated with both job loss and pregnancy loss. Third, owing to the limited sample size, we could not assess if the main finding holds across different socio-economic strata. By showing that exposure to a job loss during pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage and stillbirth, we underline the relevance of pregnancy loss as a preventable public health matter. This result also calls for policy designthat enhances labour market protection and social security buffers for pregnant women and their partners. The authors received the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: H2020 Excellent Science, H2020 European Research Council, Grant/Award Number: 694262 (project DisCont-Discontinuities in Household and Family Formation) and the Economic and Social Research Centre on Micro-Social Change (MiSoC). There are no conflicts of interest to declare.

Clinical and laboratory parameters associated with cycle outcomes in patients undergoing euploid frozen blastocyst transfer

Research questionWhich factors impact on clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) and live birth rates (LBR) in euploid frozen embryo transfer (eFET) cycles? DesignRetrospective observational study including 1660 eFET cycles with 2439 euploid blastocysts, from November 2016 to December 2020. The impact of clinical and laboratory parameters on CPR, biochemical miscarriage rate (BMR), clinical miscarriage rate (CMR) and LBR was evaluated. ResultsCPR per transfer was 63.4%, LBR per transfer 51.6%. CPR and LBR were significantly higher when double embryo transfer (DET) was performed (71.6% versus 57.7%, P < 0.001; 55.2% versus 49.1%, P = 0.016, respectively). However, pregnancy loss was significantly higher in the DET group (28.8% versus 22.8%, P = 0.02). When patients were classified by body mass index (BMI), no differences were observed for CPR, but CMR was lower (P < 0.001) and LBR higher (p = 0.031) for the normal BMI group. The natural cycle protocol revealed lower CMR (P < 0.001) and lower pregnancy loss (P < 0.001); subsequently, higher LBR (57.6%, 48.8%, 45.0%, P = 0.001) compared with hormonal replacement protocol and stimulated cycle. Day of trophectoderm biopsy affected CPR (P < 0.001) and LBR (P < 0.001), yet no differences were observed for BMR, CMR or pregnancy loss. The multivariate analysis showed that day 6/7 embryos had lower probabilities for pregnancy; overweight and obesity had a negative impact on LBR, and natural cycle improved LBR (adjusted odds ratio 1.445, 95% confidence interval 0.519–0.806). ConclusionsDay of biopsy affected CPR, while BMI and endometrial preparation protocol were associated with LBR in eFET. DET should be discouraged as it will increase the risk of pregnancy loss. Women with higher BMI should be aware of the higher risk of pregnancy loss and lower LBR even though a euploid blastocyst is transferred.

Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes by maternal occupational status: A national population-based study in South Korea.

This study examined the association between maternal occupational status and adverse pregnancy outcomes in the general South Korean population. We analyzed 1825 845 employed and non-employed women with a diagnostic code for pregnancy in the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database (2010-2019) of South Korea. Based on their employment status and type of occupation, we calculated risk ratios for three adverse outcomes: early abortive outcomes (miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, and molar pregnancy), stillbirth, and no live birth (diagnosis of pregnancy with no record of live birth thereafter, which include early abortive outcomes and stillbirth) with adjusting for covariates. Overall, 18.0%, 0.7%, and 39.8% ended in early abortive outcomes, stillbirths, and no live births, respectively. The risk of early abortive outcomes and stillbirths was higher in non-employed women than in employed women, while no live births were more frequent in employed women. Those in the health and social work industry showed the highest risk of no live births. Manufacturing jobs (1.030, 95% CI: 1.013, 1.047) and health/social work (1.029, 95% CI: 1.012, 1.046) were associated with an increased risk of early abortive outcomes compared with financial and insurance jobs. Consistently higher risks of no live births were observed in the manufacturing, wholesale/retail trade, education, health/social work, and public/social/personal service occupation. Employment during pregnancy and several occupation types were associated with a higher risk of pregnancy loss. Additional research using detailed job activity data is needed to determine specific occupational causes of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Use of Machine Learning to Estimate the Per-Protocol Effect of Low-Dose Aspirin on Pregnancy Outcomes

In randomized clinical trials (RCTs), per-protocol effects may be of interest in the presence of nonadherence with the randomized treatment protocol. Using machine learning in per-protocol effect estimation can help avoid model misspecification owing to strong parametric assumptions, as is common with standard methods (eg, logistic regression). To demonstrate the use of ensemble machine learning with augmented inverse probability weighting (AIPW) for per-protocol effect estimation in RCTs and to evaluate the per-protocol effect size of aspirin on pregnancy. This secondary analysis used data from 1227 women in the Effects of Aspirin in Gestation and Reproduction (EAGeR) trial, a multicenter, block-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the effect of daily low-dose aspirin on pregnancy outcomes in women at high risk of pregnancy loss. Participants were recruited at 4 university medical centers in the US from June 15, 2007, to July 15, 2012. Women were followed up for 6 menstrual cycles for attempted pregnancy and 36 weeks of gestation if pregnancy occurred. Follow-up was completed on August 17, 2012. Data analyses were performed on July 9, 2021. Daily low-dose (81 mg) aspirin taken at least 5 of 7 days per week for at least 80% of follow-up time relative to placebo. Pregnancy detected using human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels. Among the 1227 women included in the analysis (mean SD age, 28.74 [4.80] years), 1161 (94.6%) were non-Hispanic White and 858 (69.9%) adhered to the protocol. Five machine learning models were combined into 1 meta-algorithm, which was used to construct an AIPW estimator for the per-protocol effect. Compared with adhering to placebo, adherence to the daily low-dose aspirin protocol for at least 5 of 7 days per week was associated with an increase in the probability of hCG-detected pregnancy of 8.0 (95% CI, 2.5-13.6) more hCG-detected pregnancies per 100 women in the sample, which is substantially larger than the estimated intention-to-treat estimate of 4.3 (95% CI, -1.1 to 9.6) more hCG-detected pregnancies per 100 women in the sample. These findings suggest that a low-dose aspirin protocol is associated with increased hCG-detected pregnancy in women who adhere to treatment for at least 5 days per week. With the presence of nonadherence, per-protocol treatment effect estimates differ from intention-to-treat estimates in the EAGeR trial. The results of this secondary analysis of clinical trial data suggest that machine learning could be used to estimate per-protocol effects by adjusting for confounders related to nonadherence in a more flexible way than traditional regressions. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00467363.

Achievement of a 136-day delayed-interval delivery of a second twin with minimum intervention

The rate of multiple pregnancies in the past three decades has increased dramatically. Twin pregnancies have a higher risk of pregnancy loss owing to premature birth. Although the premature delivery of the first twin is usually followed by spontaneous birth of the second twin, there are ways to delay the delivery of the second twin to enhance survival and neonatal outcomes. However, there is insufficient evidence to support the role of any interventions such as cerclage, hospitalization, tocolytics, and/or antibiotics. As a result, the management of delayed interval for the delivery of the second twin varies depending on each case. The purpose of this study was to report the obstetric components of a successful delayed-interval delivery, with an emphasis on the current conflicts around the active management of the delayed interval delivery of the second twin. A case of a 40-year-old, G5P4, woman who had three cesarean sections is presented. She got pregnant with a dichorionic diamniotic twin. At 17 weeks of gestation, she developed sudden severe lower abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and spontaneous expulsion of the first fetus weighing 179 g. After delivery of the first twin, the vaginal bleeding became minimal, and the cervix was reconstituted soon, so cervical cerclage was not offered. The umbilical cord of the first fetus was cut at the level of the external cervical os, and the placenta was retained. She received intravenous fluids, anti-D prophylaxis, paracetamol, and antibiotics. The patient was keen to continue with the pregnancy and was informed about the risks and benefits. The management was mainly an outpatient basis after an initial short hospital stay of 6 days before being discharged (upon her request); during the follow-up, she did not develop any clinical manifestations of maternal infection. She was subjected to ANC at the outpatient clinic every 2 weeks, where vaginal culture, complete blood count, prothrombin time, and C-reactive protein levels and serial ultrasonography were checked consistently. The fetus showed adequate growth. After 136 days, she delivered by elective cesarean section a male baby weighing 2850 g at 37 weeks of gestation with good recovery. In certain situations, delayed delivery of the second twin of diamniotic dichorionic twin pregnancy may be a safe, simple with less interventions, and effective option to improve pregnancy outcome.

Effect of paternal health on pregnancy loss-A review of current evidence.

Pregnancy loss has multifactorial causes, and the maternal risk factors are the most investigated. Therefore, this review investigates the current literature regarding the effect of paternal health on pregnancy loss. This review is conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. The electronic databases PubMed and Medline were the primary sources of information. The online tool covidence.org was used for the screening process. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for assessment of risk of bias across the non-RCT (Randomized Controlled Trials) included studies. Six cohort studies and one randomised clinical trial were included for assessment in this review. Especially three large retrospective studies reported that circulatory paternal health issue, increasing metabolic syndrome diagnoses and paternal age was significantly associated with a higher risk of pregnancy loss. Lower pregnancy loss was also found in couples with diabetes in the man compared to couples without diabetes. One study suggests a connection between varicocelectomy and improved sperm DNA fragmentation and lower abortion rate. This review confirms that paternal age, somatic health and particularly health regarding cardiovascular and metabolic disease are associated positively with risks of pregnancy loss. However, further research may lead to evidence, which are more conclusive.

Mathematical modeling of pregnancy loss with normal embryo karyotype in the first trimester

Introduction. The risk of pregnancy loss in the first trimester comprises 12.5-18.7 %. It is timely and relevant to develop methods for predicting miscarriage.Aim: to develop a predictive model for assessing a risk of miscarriage in case of normal embryo karyotype.Materials and Methods. The single-center cohort retrospective comparative study included 52 women with miscarriage at 6-12 weeks of gestation with normal embryo karyotype (main group) and 126 women with physiologically proceeding pregnancies and favorable perinatal outcomes (control group). All patients underwent general clinical and laboratory examination, analysis of genetic polymorphisms (FGBG -455A, F2 G20210A, F5 G1691A, F7 G10976A, F13 G103A, PAI-1 -675 5G/4G, ITGA2 C708T, ITGB3 T176C, MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C, MTR A2756G, MTRR A66G, NOS3 T-786C, NOS3 C894T), spouse examination.Results. The factors associated with the loss of pregnancy turned out to be presented by a history of infertility, patient adenomyosis, a higher platelet count, as well as abnormal partner spermogram. Significant differences were obtained between the studied groups in the frequency of concurrent polymorphisms PAI-1 -675 5G/4G, MTHFR C677T, MTRR A66G, NOS3 G894T. Based on the identified patterns, a mathematical model has been developed allowing to determine the high risk of pregnancy loss in the first trimester (86.0 % efficiency).Conclusion. A comprehensive assessment of clinical and anamnestic indicators, molecular genetic parameters, spouse-related health indicators, it is possible to determine risk groups of pregnancy loss in case a normal embryo karyotype. Timely prediction provides the basis for optimizing preconception care and conducting timely prevention of miscarriage.

Increased incidence of spontaneous abortions on exposure to cadmium and lead: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Spontaneous abortions are the most severe complication of early pregnancy and are a major reproductive health problem. Although this could be caused due to various cytogenetic, immunological, or endocrinological reasons, role of environmental toxicants cannot be ruled out. In order to explore the role of cadmium and lead in causing spontaneous abortions, current systematic review and meta-analysis had been carried out. Methodology Literature search was performed using appropriate keywords in PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases up to December 25 2020 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PRISMA). Metananalysis was carried out with the help of RevMan software (version 5.3). Results Meta-analysis of nine studies on cadmium concentrations in blood of women with at least one spontaneous abortions and controls revealed standardized mean difference (SMD)=3.39, 95% CI (2.17, 4.61), with p < .05. Similarly, meta-analysis of eight studies on lead concentrations revealed standardized mean difference (SMD)=6.24, 95% CI (4.34, 8.14), with p < .05. Conclusion Populations exposed to heavy metals such as cadmium and lead are at higher risk of pregnancy loss. Therefore, couples experiencing repeated pregnancy losses may be screened for heavy metal load.

Early embryo losses, progesterone and pregnancy associated glycoproteins levels during summer heat stress in dairy cows.

Objectives of this study were to characterize the effects of heat stress on pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAG) and progesterone and its involvement in embryo survival. In trial 1, blood samples collected from days 29 to 36 post insemination were examined for the comparison of PAG concentrations between winter (n = 3721) and summer (n = 2388). In trial 2, embryo losses were assessed in winter (n = 144) and in summer (n = 133), in days 31 or 32 of pregnancy. Pregnancy diagnosis was carried out by ultrasonography on days 24 or 25, and it was repeated a week later; in the second occasion PAG concentration was also determined. In trial 3 the PAG and progesterone concentrations were assessed in days 33 to 36 in winter and summer. In trial 1 PAG levels did not differ between winter and summer, the conception rate and the proportion of uncertain pregnancies were higher in winter than summer. The likelihood of pregnancy was 10 to 15% higher in winter. In trial 2, the embryo death rate was higher in summer, but the PAG levels of cows that had embryo loss in summer were higher than those in winter. In both seasons, lower PAG levels were associated with higher risk of pregnancy loss, while embryo death was five times more likely to occur in summer than in winter and lower PAG concentrations were positively associated with higher risk of embryo loss. In trial 3, mean PAG levels were higher and of progesterone were lower during the summer than during the winter. We infer that despite the devastating effects of heat stress on cows' fertility, those early embryos that survive under continuous heat stress can form a well-functioning placenta; hence, the high embryo mortality rate observed during the summer months could be mainly attributed to luteal insufficiency.

Association between preconception paternal health and pregnancy loss in the USA: an analysis of US claims data.

Is preconception paternal health associated with pregnancy loss? Poor preconception paternal health is associated with a higher risk of pregnancy loss as confirmed in sensitivity analyses accounting for maternal age and health. Preconception paternal health can negatively impact perinatal outcomes. Retrospective cohort study of US insurance claims database from 2009 to 2016 covering 958804 pregnancies. US insurance claims database including women, men and pregnancies within the USA between 2007 and 2016. Paternal preconception health status (e.g. metabolic syndrome diagnoses (MetS), Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) and individual chronic disease diagnoses) was examined in relation to pregnancy loss (e.g. ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage and stillbirth). In all, 958804 pregnancies were analyzed. The average paternal age was 35.3 years (SD 5.3) and maternal age was 33.1 years (SD 4.4). Twenty-two percent of all pregnancies ended in a loss. After adjusting for maternal factors, the risk of pregnancy loss increased with increasing paternal comorbidity. For example, compared to men with no components of MetS, the risk of pregnancy loss increased for men with one (relative risk (RR) 1.10, 95% CI 1.09-1.12), two (RR 1.15, 95% CI 1.13-1.17) or three or more (RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.14-1.24) components. Specifically, less healthy men had a higher risk of siring a pregnancy ending in spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and ectopic pregnancies. Similar patterns remained with other measures of paternal health (e.g. CCI, chronic diseases, etc.). When stratifying by maternal age as well as maternal health, a similar pattern of increasing pregnancy loss risk for men with 1, 2 or 3+ MetS was observed. A statistically significant but weak association between timing of pregnancy loss and paternal health was found. Retrospective study design covering only employer insured individuals may limit generalizability. Optimization of a father's health may improve pregnancy outcomes. National Institutes of Health National Center for Advancing Translational Science Clinical and Translational Science Award (UL1 TR001085). M.L.E. is an advisor for Sandstone Diagnostics, Dadi, Hannah and Underdog. No other competing interests were declared. N/A.

Cervical stitch (cerclage) in combination with other treatments for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in singleton pregnancies.

Cervical stitch (cerclage) in combination with other treatments for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in singleton pregnancies.

Plague During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review.

Yersinia pestis continues to cause sporadic cases and outbreaks of plague worldwide and is considered a tier 1 bioterrorism select agent due to its potential for intentional use. Knowledge about the clinical manifestations of plague during pregnancy, specifically the maternal, fetal, and neonatal risks, is very limited. We searched 12 literature databases, performed hand searches, and consulted plague experts to identify publications on plague during pregnancy. Articles were included if they reported a case of plague during pregnancy and at least 1 maternal or fetal outcome. Our search identified 6425 articles, of which 59 were eligible for inclusion and described 160 cases of plague among pregnant women. Most published cases occurred during the preantibiotic era. Among those treated with antimicrobials, the most commonly used were sulfonamides (75%) and streptomycin (54%). Among cases treated with antimicrobials, maternal mortality and fetal fatality were 29% and 62%, respectively; for untreated cases, maternal mortality and fetal fatality were 67% and 74%, respectively. Five cases demonstrated evidence of Y. pestis in fetal or neonatal tissues. Untreated Y. pestis infection during pregnancy is associated with a high risk of maternal mortality and pregnancy loss. Appropriate antimicrobial treatment can improve maternal survival, although even with antimicrobial treatment, there remains a high risk of pregnancy loss. Limited evidence suggests that maternal-fetal transmission of Y. pestis is possible, particularly in the absence of antimicrobial treatment. These results emphasize the need to treat or prophylax pregnant women with suspected plague with highly effective antimicrobials as quickly as possible.

Family history of autoimmune disease in relation to time-to-pregnancy, pregnancy loss, and live birth rate

Several autoimmune conditions have adverse effects on reproductive outcomes, but the relationship between family history of autoimmune disease in women without these conditions and pregnancy is uncertain. The objective of this study was to determine if there is an association between a family history of an autoimmune condition and time-to-pregnancy (TTP), pregnancy loss, and live birth. This was a prospective cohort study from a RCT of 1228 adult women ages 18–40, who were healthy, had no history of infertility, were actively attempting to conceive, and had one or two prior pregnancy losses. Of these, 1172 women had data available regarding family history of autoimmune conditions. Women with an affected first-degree relative had similar TTP when compared to those without a FHx (fecundability odds ratio 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.70, 1.15). Women with an affected first-degree relative had a lower likelihood of live birth (relative risk [RR] 0.83, 95% CI 0.69, 0.99). Among women who achieved pregnancy, FHx of autoimmune disease was associated with a higher likelihood of pregnancy loss (RR 1.49, 95% CI 1.10, 2.03). Women who had a first-degree relative with an autoimmune disease had a similar TTP as unaffected women but a lower likelihood of live birth and higher risk of pregnancy loss. This information may encourage clinicians to evaluate women with a family history of autoimmune conditions prior to pregnancy and highlights the need for further studies to ascertain the effects of autoimmunity and pregnancy.

Analysis of risk factors and predictors of pregnancy loss and strategies for the management of cervical insufficiency in pregnant women at a high risk of preterm birth

Aim To identify risk factors and predictors of pregnancy loss and to compare the efficacy of Arabin’s pessary with cervical cerclage in women at a high risk of pregnancy loss. Materials and methods This was a two-center retrospective case-control study that included 240 women at a high risk of preterm delivery. Group I (n = 161) included women who underwent insertion of the Arabin’s pessary between 14 and 24 weeks of pregnancy. Group II (n = 79) included women who had undergone circular cervical cerclage during the current pregnancy. All women included in the study received micronized vaginal progesterone at the dose of 200 mg/day until and including 34 weeks of gestation. Results Threatened pregnancy loss defined as spotting or vaginal bleeding in the first trimester was diagnosed in 29.8% (48/161) of patients in Group I versus 37.9% in Group II (p = .448). Postpartum bleeding occurred in 8.1% (13/161) in women in Group I versus 22.8% in Group II (χ 2 = 6.500; p = .011). Our study showed that cervical cerclage was most suitable for patients with history of obstetric complications, cervical length <15 mm, and large isthmic uterine fibroids. The use of the Arabin’s pessary reduced the rate of preterm births by 1.7-fold. A cluster analysis demonstrated that predictors of preterm birth in women with a high risk of pregnancy loss included: threatened pregnancy loss associated with chorionic/placental abruption, cervical incompetence, uterine fibroid growth to a large size, history of multiple spontaneous pregnancy losses, cervical tears during past labor, and gestational diabetes diagnosed for the first time during the current pregnancy. Conclusions Women with a high risk of pregnancy loss treated with Arabin’s pessary or cerclage plus vaginal progesterone had a term delivery rate of 70.4% (169/240). The combined strategy of pregnancy management allowed to markedly reduce the number of preterm births.

PREGNANCY LOSS IN WOMEN WITH HIV IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH HIV MARKERS: DATA FROM A NATIONAL STUDY IN ITALY, 2001-2018

BackgroundThere is limited information on pregnancy loss in women with HIV, and it is still debated whether HIV-related markers may play a role.Objectives: To explore potential risk factors for pregnancy loss in women with HIV, with particular reference to modifiable risk factors and markers of HIV disease.MethodsMulticenter observational study of HIV-positive pregnant women. The main outcome measure was pregnancy loss, including both miscarriage (<22 weeks) and stillbirth (≥22 weeks). Possible associations of pregnancy loss were evaluated in univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsAmong 2696 eligible pregnancies reported between 2001 and 2018, 226 (8.4%) ended in pregnancy loss (miscarriage 198, 7.3%; stillbirth 28, 1.0%). In multivariate analyses, only older age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] per additional year of age: 1.079, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.046–1.113), HIV diagnosis before pregnancy (AOR: 2.533, 95%CI 1.407–4.561) and history of pregnancy loss (AOR: 1.625, 95%CI 1.178–2.243) were significantly associated with pregnancy loss. No significant association with pregnancy loss was found for parity, coinfections, sexually transmitted diseases, hypertension, smoking, alcohol and substance use, CD4 cell count, HIV-RNA viral load, and CDC HIV stage.ConclusionsOlder women and those with a previous history of pregnancy loss should be considered at higher risk of pregnancy loss. The severity of HIV disease and potentially modifiable risk factors did not increase the risk of pregnancy loss.

Coagulation Biomarkers in Women with Recurrent Miscarriage and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Introduction Pregnant women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) have high risk of pregnancy loss. Pathophysiological mechanisms appear to be associated with obesity, hormonal factors, or blood clotting disorders. Our aim is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on the relationship between coagulation disorders and risk of recurrent miscarriage (RM) in patients with PCOS and to identify coagulation biomarkers for this condition. Material and Methods PubMed and MEDLINE databases were searched for publications in English language. The search terms used included “RM”, “polycystic ovary syndrome”, “coagulation disorders”, and “thrombophilia”. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for miscarriage in different RM groups (with and without PCOS). Results A total of 575 publications including the search terms were identified. Six studies were included for qualitative analysis, and five were included for quantitative analysis (meta-analysis). We found no association between RM and inherited thrombophilias in patients with PCOS: (1) Factor V Leiden (OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.38 – 1.45; p = 0.38); (2) C677T methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism (MTHFR) (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.64 – 1.59; p = 0.97); and (3) A1297C MTHFR polymorphism (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.62 – 1.89; p = 0.77). Other potential biomarkers were identified, with emphasis on plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1. Conclusion Data available in the current literature revealed that there was no association between RM and inherited thrombophilias in patients with PCOS. RM patients with PCOS have a high risk of thromboembolic events.

Порівняльний аналіз перебігу вагітності, пологів і стану новонароджених при двійнях з монохоріальним типом плацентації

The objective: to analyze the peculiarities of pregnancy, labour and condition of newborn twins with monochorionic type of placentation. Materials and methods. A comparative analysis of pregnancy, labour and perinatal consequences in 110 cases in monochorionic twins pregnancies (MT) was conducted. The I group consisted of 92 patients who did have obstetric complications specific for multiple pregnancy during pregnancy; in group II 18 pregnant women with specific complications during multiple pregnancy were included. Additionaly, ultrasound fetometry, placentalography, doplerometry, cardiotocography were used. Results. Pregnancy with monochorionic twins is a risk factor for the development of pregnancy complications, and specific complications due to this type of placentation are extremely unfavorable in relation to perinatal outcomes. Even with pathogenetic treatment, there is a high risk of pregnancy loss, premature birth, and the development of pathology in newborns. Analysis of perinatal outcomes showed that in the absence of specific complications of MC type of placentation in 49.0% cases normotrophic children were born, according exceeds the percentage of patients whose children were born with hypotrophy varying severity - 51.0% respectively. In both subgroups pregnancies were characterized by high risk of abortion (61.4% and 67.1% respectively), preeclampsia various severity in 33.3% and 44.6%, gestational anemia in 43.4%, and 39.8%, premature birth, which occurred in 66.7% and 46.8% respectively. This explains the high incidence of operative delivery 44.4% and 52.1% respectively, while the incidence of planned abdominal delivery in subgroup 1b was 3.3 times higher than in subgroup 1a. Perinatal loss in patients with MC twins in subgroups were 4.4% and 5.3% respectively. Conclusion. Pregnancy and delivery of monochorionic twins with specific complications has a higher risk for fetus and newborn, which lead to higher rates of perinatal mortality and morbidity in this group of infants. So searching for effective methods of prevention and treatment of these complications is required. The results should be considered during making algorithm of diagnostic and preventive measures in multiple pregnancies. Key words: monochorionic twins, labour, perinatal consequences.

Neospora caninum infection in cattle: Not only an economic problem

Neosporosis is an infectious disease of cattle and other species with a worldwide distribution. In Poland, the seropositivity rate for N. caninum among dairy cattle varies between 6% and 80%, with the highest number of seropositive cows in central and north-eastern voivodeships. In the United States, in 2003 the total annual cost of N. caninum infections was 657 million dollars, and in Great Britain in 2014 it was nearly 14 million pounds. N. caninum results in severe economic losses caused by a decreased milk yield, an increased number of culled cows, a higher newborn calf mortality rate and occasional birth defects. However, the most common result of this disease is abortion, which usually occurs between the 5th and 7th month of gestation. The risk of aborting is 3 times as high for seropositive cows as it is for seronegative cows; up to 21.6% vs. 7.3%, respectively. Cattle can become infected by consuming food and water contaminated with N. caninum oocysts, but the principal route is transplacental transmission usually between the 70th and 210th day of gestation. The ELISA test is most often used to detect the presence of specific antibodies in blood serum. PAG-2 level in the bloodstream can be a good marker for predicting Neospora-induced abortions – in seropositive cows, a level of more than 4.5 ng/ml on the 120th day of gestation means a 7-fold higher risk of pregnancy loss. According to research, live attenuated vaccines are highly efficacious in preventing neosporosis. Unfortunately, the currently available methods of prevention are based on the elimination of seropositive cows from the herd and the limitation of contact with the final hosts of N. caninum.

Influencing factors of pregnancy loss and survival probability of clinical pregnancies conceived through assisted reproductive technology

BackgroundPregnancies following assisted reproductive technology (ART) may have elevated potential risk of pregnancy loss (PL) when compared to natural conception. However, rare studies comprehensively analyzed the IVF/ICSI cycle-dependent factors for loss of clinical pregnancy. Therefore, we aimed to determine the ART subgroup-specific risks of PL throughout pregnancy and explore different risk factors for early miscarriage and late miscarriage among pregnancies conceived through ART.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was launched in two infertility treatment centers in Nanjing and Changzhou including 5485 IVF/ICSI embryo transfer cycles with known outcomes after clinical pregnancy by the end of 2015. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to estimate the hazard ratios and their 95% confidence intervals. The associations between survival time during pregnancy and demographics and clinical characteristics of clinical pregnancies were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Log-rank test.ResultsThe overall PL rate in current ART population was 12.5%. Among the 685 pregnancy loss cycles, a total of 460 ended as early miscarriage, 191 as late miscarriage. We found couples in ART pregnancies demonstrated a significantly increased risk of PL as maternal age (HR = 1.31, Ptrend < 0.001) grows. Pregnancies received controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) protocol like GnRH antagonist protocol (HR = 3.49, P < 0.001) and minimal stimulation protocol (HR = 1.83, P < 0.001) had higher risk of PL than GnRH-a long protocol. Notably, in contrast to fresh cycle, women who received frozen cycle embryo had a significant increased risk of early miscarriage (P < 0.001), while frozen cycle was linked with lower risk of late miscarriage (P = 0.045). In addition, four factors (maternal age, COH protocol, cycle type and serum hCG level 14 days after transfer) had independent impact on miscarriage mainly before 12 weeks of gestational age.ConclusionsWith these findings in this study, clinicians may make it better to evaluate a patient’s risk of PL based on the maternal age at the time of treatment, COH protocol, cycle type and serum hCG level 14 days after transfer and the gestational week of the fetus, and we hope that it contributes to future study on its etiology and guide the clinical prevention and treatment.

Diminished ovarian reserve as measured by means of baseline follicle-stimulating hormone and antral follicle count is not associated with pregnancy loss in younger in vitro fertilization patients

To assess the relationship between diminished ovarian reserve and pregnancy outcomes in a large cohort of women achieving pregnancy through invitro fertilization (IVF). We evaluated antral follicle count (AFC) and baseline FSH as a measure of ovarian reserve. Secondarily, we assessed whether diminished ovarian reserve was associated with aneuploidy among spontaneous abortions. Retrospective cohort study. Multicenter private practice. All patients aged 21-44years undergoing fresh autologous IVF cycles during 2009-2013 that resulted in positive serum hCG with recorded baseline FSH levels. None. Live births per early pregnancy, biochemical pregnancies, clinical pregnancy losses, and aneuploidy rates in products of conception among pregnancy losses. A total of 9,489 cycles among 8,214 patients were analyzed. There was no association between live birth and ovarian reserve among pregnant IVF patients under the age of 35years. Among patients 35years of age and older, elevated baseline FSH was associated with a higher risk of pregnancy loss, which increased with increasing age. AFC was not significantly associated with pregnancy loss at any age. No associations were found between ovarian reserve measures and aneuploidy in products of conception in age-adjusted analyses, although the power to effectively evaluate this was limited. Diminished ovarian reserve is not associated with an increase in miscarriage among younger women achieving pregnancy through IVF. Elevated FSH is associated with a higher risk of IVF pregnancy loss among older patients. We found no evidence to confirm that diminished ovarian reserve is associated with increased aneuploidy among spontaneous abortions.