High-rise Structures Research Articles

Effect of Footing Shape on the Rocking Behavior of Shallow Foundations

Sources such as wind or severe seismic activity often exert extreme lateral loading onto the shallow foundations supporting high-rise structures such as bridge piers, buildings, shear walls, and wind turbine towers. Such loading conditions may cause the foundation to exhibit nonlinear responses such as uplift and bearing capacity mobilization of the supporting soil (i.e., rocking behavior). Previous numerical and experimental studies suggest that while such inelastic behaviors may engender residual deformations in the soil–foundation system, they offer potential benefits to the overall integrity of structures through dissipating energy and reducing inertia forces transmitted to the superstructure, thereby limiting seismic demand on structural elements. This study investigates the effect of footing shape on the rocking performance of shallow foundations in different subgrade densities and initial vertical factor of safety (FSv). To this end, a series of reduced-scale slow cyclic tests under 1 g condition were conducted using a single degree of freedom (SDOF) structure model. The performance of different footing shapes was studied in terms of moment capacity, recentering ratio, rocking stiffness, damping ratio, and settlement. For three foundations with different length-to-width ratios, the results indicate that increasing the safety factor and length-to-width ratio leads to thinner, S-shaped moment–rotation curves, mainly owing to the enhanced recentering capability and the P-δ effect. Moreover, across all foundation types, the repetition of a limited loading cycles with consistent rotation amplitude does not cause stiffness degradation or moment capacity reduction.

Development and implementation of shear wall finite element in OpenSees

Shear walls are widely used as lateral load-resisting systems in high-rise building structures. The design and nonlinear analysis of shear walls under seismic loads for recoverability are complicated and challenging, which demands nonlinear computer modeling procedures. This paper presents a novel finite element named Double Vertical Beam-column with Shell Element (DVBSE) for the nonlinear analysis of complex reinforced concrete shear walls with columns. The DVBSE is implemented in the open-source finite element program OpenSees. The theoretical formulations of DVBSE are described in detail. The accuracy of the developed DVBSE is established by comparing the finite element analysis results with existing experimental data on recoverable steel-GFRP composite bar reinforced concrete shear walls. The comparative study demonstrates that the proposed DVBSE is superior to the commonly used finite element model in simulating the responses of recoverable complex shear walls under seismic loads. These research findings contribute to further advancements in the development of new shear wall elements and lay a solid foundation for the nonlinear numerical simulation of innovative shear walls.

Case Study of Analysis of Wind Load on U and V Shape High Rise Building: A Review

Conclusively, this case study provides an exhaustive and methodical investigation of wind load analysis on U and V-shaped high-rise structures, amalgamating conclusions from diverse scholars in the domain. The comprehensive examination and juxtaposition of current research techniques highlight the complex character of wind load assessment, utilizing a range of methods including wind tunnel testing, empirical observations, and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The research makes a substantial contribution to our comprehension of the complex relationships that exist between wind forces and the unique architectural arrangements of U and V shapes. By assimilating insights from numerous studies, the research successfully unveils commonalities, identifies divergences, and highlights emerging trends in the analysis of wind-induced effects on these high-rise structures. Professionals in high-rise building design, and architects and engineers. The goal of the research is to make a substantial contribution to the ongoing development of wind load analysis techniques.Understanding the building's response to wind rotation at different incident angles is a specific focus of this study. Validation against experimental data ensures the accuracy of CFD simulations, often involving model refinement based on real-world observations. Overall, this research contributes to a comprehensive understanding of building aerodynamics, offering insights into the intricate interplay between structures and wind forces. Keywords: High-rise building, ANSYS CFX, CFD, wind tunnel, pressure coefficient.

Seismic improvement of structures using hybrid self-centring dampers and rocking core

Extensive research on seismic-resistant systems aims to lower earthquake repair costs and downtime. This article presents a novel low-damage self-centring system that aims to improve the seismic resilience of buildings by enabling controlled rocking motion while reducing the risk of overturning. Significantly, the rotational movement can be entirely restored. This system combines a rocking core with damping devices, including disc springs and peripheral slit dampers. In this hybrid system, two damping devices are mounted to both first-floor columns of the rocking bays and the rigid movement of the rocking core triggers the dampers. Firstly, a comparative investigation was conducted to assess the efficacy of the endorsed hybrid system. The cyclic pushover results showed that the hybrid system is superior to other typical bracing systems in energy dissipation, with a five times higher margin. In addition, by employing the suggested system, the frame's drift ratio profile under nonlinear time history analysis (NTH) remained consistent throughout the structure, indicating its ability to withstand the soft storey mechanism. Secondly, a comprehensive assessment was conducted on the proposed system's collapse using incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) took into account various seismic intensities and engineering demand parameters for buildings with different bay lengths and included low, medium, and high-rise structures. The system's flag-shaped behavior and self-centring capability were confirmed by the average residual drift ratio of approximately 0.03% (almost zero) for all examined structures. Also, the collapse performance of the system exhibited a safety margin against collapse, with an average of 1.9 across all buildings and seismic intensities.

Study on air tightness and thermal comfort of high-rise Glulam structure buildings

ABSTRACT Building air tightness, indoor temperature, and humidity moment affect the building indoor personnel’s subjective comfort. Therefore, this article takes a six-story Glulam post and beam with shear wall construction as the main test object, with a light wood frame construction house and a log house in the same area as comparison objects. The research conclusion shows that the air change frequency of the tested building is 4.64 h−1, which is consistent with the normal situation; the air tightness is good. There are thermal bridges at the building nodes of each structure type. The joints of the enclosure structure members have a certain influence on the generation of thermal bridges. Compared with the comparison objects, the building has the best thermal insulation performance, the most stable indoor temperature and humidity, and the best way to keep the indoor environment at a more comfortable stage for the human body.

A novel framework for effective structural vulnerability assessment of tubular structures using machine learning algorithms (GA and ANN) for hybrid simulations

Abstract Seismic vulnerability assessments are conventionally conducted by using sophisticated nonlinear analytical models, leading to aggressive computational demands. Previous attempts were made to reduce computational efforts for establishing vulnerability assessment of structures; however, the area of super tall and tubular structures still faces considerable lack. Advent of efficient machine learning (ML) has enabled engineering practitioners to automate the processes for fragility analysis; however, its application for high-rise tubular structures is not yet exploited, and most implementations are limited to basic ML. In this work, an attempt was made to reduce computational demand for the fragility assessment process for tubular structures by employing genetic algorithms (GAs) for nonlinear structural modeling, and development of artificial neural network (ANN) using deep learning for fragility development. Consequently, a simple lumped parameter model had been developed using open-source code of ZEUS-NL, containing parameters selected by GA to acutely account for convoluted interactive behavior of structural systems and dynamic demands. Subsequently, incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) was performed on the optimized model. A new framework has been established to develop and train ANN architecture by amalgamating Weka’s capability of data preprocessing with deep learning. The established ANN model resulted in correlation coefficient of 0.9972 and R 2 of 0.95, demonstrating adequate performance.

The Effect of Edge Beams in The Static and Dynamic Seismic Analysis of High-Rise Building Structures

The Effect of Edge Beams in The Static and Dynamic Seismic Analysis of High-Rise Building Structures

An Attempt to Design of High-Rise Structures Using ETABS

Abstract: This paper aims to discuss about ETABS (i.e., Extended Three Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems) and its various stages of Design civil engineering structures. Designer will be able to specify the loads and perform the analysis all conveniently and quickly. It helps in understanding the overall behavior of the structure in terms of resulting bending moment, shear forces and deformations which can be viewed or plotted. Define the boundary conditions, assign material properties. Designer will be able to generate the geometry

Pull-out performance of grouting sleeve connection with short studs shear keys in modular steel building

In this paper, a new type of grouting sleeve connection joint with short studs shear key is proposed for the connection of high-rise modular steel structures. To study the tensile properties of the grouting connection in the modular structure, seven groups of 21 specimens were tested by push-out test. The results show that: (1) The axial bearing capacity of the specimen with a diameter of 16 mm studs is between 3549.2 kN and 3922.4 kN, and the anchorage strength is between 15.07 MPa and 16.66 MPa; (2) The bearing capacity of the connection consists of four parts, including the shear capacity of the studs, the shear capacity of the studs weld collar, the friction and bonding force of the interface. The shear capacity of the stud provides about 65 % of the bearing capacity; (3) The ultimate displacement ranges from 4.69 mm to 6.93 mm, and the ductility coefficient is 2.42–3.05. Then, combined with the test and simulation, the force mechanism of the connection is analyzed, and the design suggestion and the calculation method of the bearing capacity of the connections are put forward. Compared with the existing grouting connection joints, the bond strength of the connection proposed in this paper is 26.7 % higher, showing stronger pull-out resistance.

Vertical expansion in the making: Planning against deindustrialization by promoting “Industry’s Going Upstairs” in Shenzhen

In recent years, industrial metropolises in China have experienced a surge in proactive planning initiatives aimed at developing high-rise industrial structures, commonly known as “Industry’s Going Upstairs (IGU).” This study argues that the IGU represents a distinct form of urban verticality that is neither motivated by capitalist speculation nor sustainability prompts but rather by local states’ intervention to ensure economic resilience and enhance innovation capabilities. This study presents the case of Shenzhen to demonstrate how the adoption of the IGU initiative is catalyzed by concerns over manufacturing sectors’ out-migration and the effects of volatile US-China relations on the city’s competitiveness. In light of these circumstances, Shenzhen has embraced the ambitious IGU initiative as a practical approach to reverse the trend of deindustrialization while sidestepping the lengthy process of industrial land redevelopment. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for a comprehensive understanding of political-economic factors that drive urban vertical expansion and their potential consequences.

Seismic Performance of U-Shaped Connection for Prefabricated Steel Plate Shear Wall

In this investigation, a U-shaped connection (U-C) was introduced for a prefabricated steel plate shear wall with beam-only connections. This design replaces a portion of shear bolts with tension bolts to enhance bolt efficiency and reduce the overall bolt count, and it is suitable for a prefabricated high-rise steel structure. Four 1/3 scale specimens were designed, and an array of performance aspects including failure modes, hysteretic behavior, skeleton curves, energy dissipation capacity, stiffness degradation, and key performance indicators were systematically investigated through a combination of quasi-static tests and finite element analyses. The results showed that the combination arrangement of tensile and shear bolts in U-C effectively reduced the usage of bolts used and reduced installation costs; under low cycle reciprocating loads, the ultimate bearing capacity and energy dissipation capacity of a beam-only-connected prefabricated steel plate shear wall with U-shaped connection (BPSW-U) had slightly decreased compared with the prefabricated steel plate shear wall with discontinuous cover-plate connection (DCPC). Nevertheless, the BPSW-U excelled in preserving the integrity of the frame beams, channeling structural plastic deformations primarily into the infilled steel plate. This design feature ensures that post-earthquake functionality recovery can be achieved by simply replacing the infilled steel plate.

On the Performance of Solar Thermophotovoltaics (STPVs) and Wavelength-Selective Thermophotovoltaics (TPVs): Case Study of a High-Rise Residential Building in a Hot and Semi-Arid Climate

Utilizing integrated solar systems and renewable energy sources has the potential to not only decrease the CO2 emissions of buildings but also provide access to more affordable energy alternatives compared to fossil fuels, especially considering the recent rise in prices. Nevertheless, many designers and project decision makers are hesitant to embrace solar technologies due to the uncertainty surrounding the cost–benefit balance. This paper presents a case study of the design process, highlighting the energy-saving and cost–benefit aspects of a solar façade featuring solar thermophotovoltaics (STPVs) and wavelength-selective thermophotovoltaics (TPVs) in a high-rise residential building situated in the semi-arid climate of Tehran, Iran. The simulation methodology consists of EnergyPlus Engines in Rhino, along with the Ladybug and Honeybee plugins throughout the solar façade design process. The solar façade incorporating STPV yielded energy savings of 25 kWh per square meter, marking a 34% reduction compared to a standard façade. In contrast, the TPV demonstrated energy savings of 35 kWh per square meter, indicating a 48% decrease in energy consumption compared to a regular façade. This research indicates that, particularly in semi-arid climatic conditions, TPV systems exhibit a superior performance when integrated into the façades of high-rise structures; yet, due to the low electricity prices in the region, neither STPVs nor TPVs are financially viable. The study contributes to raising awareness, fostering technological innovations, influencing policy discussions, and promoting the adoption of sustainable practices in the field of energy and architecture.

Failure Probability and Economic Loss Assessment of a High-Rise Frame Structure under Synthetic Multi-Dimensional Long-Period Ground Motions

Multiple research studies and seismic data analyses have shown that multi-directional long-period ground motion affects crucial and intricate large-scale structures like oil storage containers, long-span bridges, and high-rise buildings. Seismic damage data show a 3–55% chance of long-period ground motion. To clarify, the chance of occurrence is 3% in hard soil and 83% in soft soil. Due of the above characteristics, the aseismic engineering field requires a realistic stochastic model that accounts for long-period multi-directional ground motion. A weighted average seismic amplification coefficient selected NGA database multi-directional long-period ground motion recordings for this study. Due to the significant low-frequency component in the long-period ground motion, this research uses empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to efficiently decompose it into a composite structure with high- and low-frequency components. Given the above, further investigation is needed on the evolutionary power spectrum density (EPSD) functions of high- and low-frequency components. Analyzing the recorded data will reveal these functions and their corresponding parameters. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is needed to simulate samples of high- and low-frequency components in different directions. These samples can be combined to illustrate multi-directional long-period ground motion. Representative samples exhibit the seismic characteristics of long-period multi-directional ground motion, as shown by numerical examples. This proves the method’s engineering accuracy and usefulness. Moreover, this study used incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) to apply seismic vulnerability theory. This study investigated whether long-period ground motions in both x and multi-directional directions could enhance the seismic response of a high-rise frame structure. By using this method, a comprehensive seismic economic loss rate curve was created, making economic loss assessment clearer. This study shows that multi-directional impacts should be included when studying seismic events and calculating structure economic damages.

A case study of industrial heritage buildings at the Rjukan and Notodden site in Norway

The UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) site of Rjukan and Notodden in Norway consists of unique industrial heritage values because of its architecture and engineering from the first decades of the twentieth century. During this period, construction technology experienced speedy developments in Norway, and many different building systems influenced the construction industry. Today, the preserved site with 24 selected industrial buildings offers great insight into the diversity of industrial heritage but bears also substantial conservation challenges. This presents a unique research opportunity, and this case study, which is part of a larger research project, aims to establish an overview of industrial building systems and architecture. The study revealed that industrial and high-rise structures have many commonalities despite very different architectural expressions and functions. Progression from craft-driven to prefabricated mass construction was not an isolated incident but a result of global industrialisation. This affected construction technology and influenced the evolution of both building typologies. Studying and analysing how case buildings resist loads and how that relates to system development helps understand the industrial heritage of this site. Through findings, this research intends to support heritage conservation schemes where practising architects, engineers and contractors can apply them for forthcoming project work.

Quantifying the Impact of Urban Growth on Urban Surface Heat Islands in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand

The urban built environment, comprising structures, roads, and various facilities, plays a key role in the formation of urban heat islands, which inflict considerable damage upon human society. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced in urban areas characterized by the rapid growth and concentration of populations, a global trend, notably exemplified in megacities such as Bangkok, Thailand. The global trend of urbanization has witnessed unprecedented growth in recent decades, with cities transforming into megametropolises that profoundly impact changes in urban temperature, specifically the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon induced by the rapid growth of urban areas. Elevated urban concentrations lead to increased city density, contributing to higher temperatures within the urban environment compared to the surrounding areas. The evolving land-use surface has assumed heightened significance due to urban development, necessitating accelerated efforts to mitigate urban heat islands. This study aims to quantify the influence of urban growth on urban surface temperature in Bangkok and its surrounding areas. The inverse relationship between urban temperature and land surface temperature (LST), coupled with urban area density, was examined using Landsat 5 and 8 satellite imagery. The analysis revealed a positive correlation between higher temperatures and levels of urban growth. Areas characterized by high-rise structures and economic activities experienced the most pronounced impact of the heat island phenomenon. The city exhibited a notable correlation between high density and high temperatures (high–high), signifying that increased density contributes to elevated temperatures due to heat dissipation (significant correlation of R2 = 0.8582). Conversely, low-temperature, low-density cities (low–low) with a dispersed layout demonstrated effective cooling of the surrounding area, resulting in a significant correlation with lower local temperatures (R2 = 0.7404). These findings provide valuable insights to assist governments and related agencies in expediting planning and policy development aimed at reducing heat in urban areas and steering sustainable urban development.

A Building Information Modeling-Based Life Cycle Assessment of the Embodied Carbon and Environmental Impacts of High-Rise Building Structures: A Case Study

High-rise buildings represent technological, urban, and life-style trends of the modern urban landscape, yet there are limited data regarding their embodied carbon and environmental impacts, particularly when compared to low- or mid-rise buildings. Given that the projected growth of the global urban population by 2050 requires cities with higher density and potentially a greater number of high-rise buildings, it is crucial to develop a clear understanding of the embodied carbon and environmental impacts of high-rise buildings. The primary structural materials used in high-rise buildings are reinforced concrete and structural steel. As of today, over 99% of tall buildings’ structures are built from those two materials. This article utilizes a building information modeling (BIM)-based life cycle assessment (LCA) in Revit and Tally to examine the embodied carbon and environmental impacts of an actual high-rise building structure case study in Chicago that uses a hybrid concrete steel structure. The results show that the embodied carbon and environmental impacts of the high-rise building structure are dominated by the impacts of the product stage in the building’s life cycle and by concrete being the main structural material. Specifically, this study reveals that concrete constitutes a substantial 91% share of the total mass of the building structure, with a 74% contribution to the life cycle global warming potential, 53% to the acidification potential, 74% to the eutrophication potential, 74% to the smog formation potential, and 68% to the non-renewable energy usage. On the other hand, steel accounts for 9% of the building’s structure mass, estimated to constitute 26% of the global warming potential, 47% of the acidification potential, 26% of the eutrophication potential, 26% of the smog formation potential, and 32% of the non-renewable energy usage.

Performance Evaluation of Inerter-Based Dynamic Vibration Absorbers for Wind-Induced Vibration Control of a Desulfurization Tower

High-rise flue gas desulfurization towers are susceptible to wind loads, which can cause instability and failure in the along-wind and across-wind directions. The tuned mass damper (TMD) has been widely applied in the wind-induced vibration control of high-rise structures. To enhance the control performance and reduce the auxiliary mass of TMD, this study focuses on inerter-based dynamic vibration absorbers (IDVAs) for controlling the vibration response of a desulfurization tower. The dynamical equations of the tower–IDVA systems are established under wind loads, and a parameter optimization strategy for IDVAs is proposed by using the genetic algorithm. The performance of the traditional TMD and six IDVAs in the vibration control of the tower are systematically compared. Numerical simulations demonstrate that both the TMD and IDVAs can substantially mitigate the vibration response of the tower. However, compared to the TMD with the same response mitigation ratio, more than 34% of the auxiliary mass can be reduced by two optimal IDVAs. In addition, the energy dissipation enhancement and lightweight effect of the two IDVAs are explained through parametric studies.

Use of in-situ tests like flat plate dilatometer (DMT) andSeismic Dilatometer (SDMT) vis-à-vis finite element-based software to examine the efficacy of ground improvement work at a high rise residential project in Kolkata

ABSTRACT Rapid urbanization in India, particularly in Kolkata, has led to a scarcity of suitable land, necessitating effective ground improvement techniques. A case study was evaluated using 500mm diameter, 10m long plain cement concrete (PCC) piles installed at 2m c/c spacing to enhance subsoil for a high-rise residential structure. Initial Dilatometer (DMT) tests showed the subsoil was unsuitable for shallow foundations. Post-PCC piling, DMT tests revealed a 30-40% improvement in subsoil stiffness. The factor of Safety against liquefaction was calculated using DEEPSOIL software. Further analyses with DMT Settlement software and PLAXIS 2D confirmed that post-piling, the raft foundation settlement remained within permissible limits, proving the effectiveness of the ground improvement measures.

Rescue system for people evacuation for highrise buildings

The article deals with the issues of ensuring fire safety of multifunctional high-rise buildings and structures. Measures are given to ensure fire safety of multifunctional high-rise buildings and structures. Effective modern methods of improving the safety of using constructive solutions that prevent the spread of fire and the evacuation of people from places covered in flames and smoke by combustion products and blocking access to stairwells are reflected. Since in some cases it is not possible to save people from a burning building in traditional ways, structural solutions are additionally presented that contribute to the safe evacuation of residents of the house. When reviewing existing designs, their shortcomings were identified. The authors proposed a new design of an effective, non-traumatic and safe device for saving people, especially those with low physical fitness and limited physical abilities. It allows you to simplify the design, provide the necessary speed, ensure the availability of evacuation of people with physical disabilities, avoid the presence of auxiliary equipment on a stationary ground object, ensure manufacturability in use, which does not allow, if necessary, to save people from windows and balconies, increase productivity in the “descent-ascent” mode.

Wind-induced torsional loads and responses of tall buildings

High-rise structures are prone to wind-induced forces. Wind load can be resolved into three parts: along-wind load, across-wind load, and torsional wind load. There are well-developed and reliable methods for calculating wind-induced loads in the along-wind direction for tall buildings. Numerous methods are also available to estimate the across-wind load, but this is not the case for the wind-induced torsional load. Researchers have extensively investigated the torsional behavior of tall buildings using wind tunnel experiments and full-scale investigations. This paper attempts to compile the current understanding of the wind-induced torsional response of tall buildings. The present study contributes to realizing the effects of wind-induced torsional loads on tall buildings and gives an in-depth understanding through a comparison of past studies.