High-rise Structures Research Articles

Wind-induced torsional loads and responses of tall buildings

High-rise structures are prone to wind-induced forces. Wind load can be resolved into three parts: along-wind load, across-wind load, and torsional wind load. There are well-developed and reliable methods for calculating wind-induced loads in the along-wind direction for tall buildings. Numerous methods are also available to estimate the across-wind load, but this is not the case for the wind-induced torsional load. Researchers have extensively investigated the torsional behavior of tall buildings using wind tunnel experiments and full-scale investigations. This paper attempts to compile the current understanding of the wind-induced torsional response of tall buildings. The present study contributes to realizing the effects of wind-induced torsional loads on tall buildings and gives an in-depth understanding through a comparison of past studies.

Comparative Study Dynamics Analysis of a Multi-story Building with and without a Floating Column

Parking spaces, lobby areas, terrace gardens, and other amenities are highly sought-after in densely populated urban regions. Although floating columns can be useful and an achievable choice, it is important to research their structural performance and cost-effectiveness in the event of substantial ground motion imposed on by an earthquake. A building’s overall dimensions, geometry, and shape all impact how it acts and acts when subjected to seismic loads. For this reason, it is necessary to assess how well floating column buildings perform in seismically vulnerable places in comparison to conventional buildings. In this work, the performance of structures with floating columns for seismic loading is observed using dynamic analytic techniques in accordance with IS 1893 (2005). This study analyses both the floating columns and the conventional building without floating columns. When compared to a regular building, the research reveals that the floating column buildings exhibit a very quick increase in base shear and story displacement. The horizontal displacements experienced by floating column buildings are proportionally larger due to an increase in the fundamental time period. If the lateral displacement exceeds the codespecified maximum limit, damage to structural and non-structural parts may result. Because of the discontinuity in the load distribution path, seismic base shear and overturning moment are also increasing in the case of buildings with floating columns. Additionally, while asymmetrically introducing floating columns, torsional irregularity has been produced but the modal mass participation ratio has decreased. While it is true that the use of floating columns in high-rise structures allows for continuous open floor plans, they are also dangerous and susceptible in seismically active locations

A Comparison of the Effects of Different Slopes on Building Reaction in Wind Zones

Understanding and analysing wind-induced vibrations is a crucial part of the overall evaluation, design, and construction of high-rise building structures. Developers are exploring and using sloped or steep terrain for construction due to the ongoing trends of urbanisation, the ongoing demand for housing, and the constraints placed on available land resources. This change in the landscape underscores the necessity for considerable research endeavours by requiring a comprehensive grasp of the structural equilibrium of structures positioned on slopes. To investigate how wind speed affects the way building frames respond structurally when situated on sloping terrain is the principal objective of this research project. The study considers alternative frame geometries in combination with varying ground slopes. By highlighting the Taking into account wind loads—especially in different wind zones (like III and IV)—and different slopes— from 0° to 10°—the study seeks to clarify the complex dynamics at play in the relationship between wind forces and multi storey reinforced concrete building frames. As a consequence, it is essential to determine if a hillside can sustain building loads. In order to estimate the factor of safety against the slope’s sliding collapse, this study proposes a method that takes building loads transferred to the slope into account. Wind forces might also be included in the analysis. It is feasible to consider various slopes similar to the formulation provided in the research. Research on the stability of slopes with different building configurations has been conducted. This research has discussed the measures that must be implemented for stepped foundations on hill slopes.

Construction and implementation of a mathematical model for damping vibrations of high-rise buildings and structures using reactive dampers

The problem of developing a computational model of an active vibration damping system of a high-rise building during an earthquake using a simple and suitable calculation scheme for high-rise buildings is considered. An approximate finite element model is presented that adequately describes the dynamic characteristics of a high-rise building. A mathematical model of a steel lattice tower is considered as an example. The ratio equations and displacement difference equations describing the behavior of reactive dampers installed in the tower are presented. An approach to optimizing the parameters of relative motion is presented. The calculation of vibration damping of a tower with reactive dampers installed on one and two levels is shown. The classification of forces with different physical properties and affecting the movement of mechanical systems is presented.

Analysis and Design of an Unsymmetrical Multi-storey building with floating columns in a seismic zone using ETABS

Most high-rise structures today are designed with floating columns for aesthetic purposes and the need for efficient use of space. Lattice columns are vertical load-bearing elements that do not extend the entire height of the building, they are usually located on one or more intermediate floors and support beams. These design innovations have benefits such as increased architecture and space allocation. Loads include load and side load. Heavy loads, including dead loads and live loads, are evaluated to determine the overall load distribution. Lateral loads resulting from earthquakes and wind forces are calculated based on local building codes. In seismic design, multistorey buildings with floating columns are analysed at different levels on curved planes to determine safe floating column locations. Structures can be analysed with symmetric information and dynamic analysis methods such as response spectrum or potential time. Preliminary analysis and equivalent static analysis using ETABS 2022. A 3D structural model was created to accurately represent the geometry of the building and its behavior under different load combinations was used to compare the building's response to seismic forces. The result is the behavior of the structure: shear strength, bending moment, deflection, and displacement. The results are obtained in the form of tables and graphs. The structures were built with M30 concrete and various types of steel. Reinforcement spacing and detailing is done in CSI Detail.

Retracted: Deformation Detection Model of High-Rise Building Foundation Pit Support Structure Based on Neural Network and Wireless Communication

Retracted: Deformation Detection Model of High-Rise Building Foundation Pit Support Structure Based on Neural Network and Wireless Communication

Analysis of Paint Properties According to Expandable Graphite and Fire Simulation Research on Firewall Penetration Part.

In this research, we attempted to develop paints that can be applied to various fields such as high-rise building structures and electric vehicle batteries. To minimize damage to life and property in the event of a fire, we attempted to manufacture a highly elastic paint material that can block flames and control smoke spread, and that has additional sound insulation and waterproofing functions. A high-elasticity paint was manufactured by mixing a flame-retardant polyurethane dispersion (PUD) with an acrylic emulsion binder and adding different mass fractions of expandable graphite (EG). The thermal, physical, and morphological properties of the prepared mixed paint were analyzed. The thermal properties of the mixed paint were analyzed and intended to be used as input data (heat transfer coefficient, specific heat capacity) for fire simulation. Output data were used to predict how much the temperature would change depending on the time of fire occurrence. The reason for conducting simulations on the fire stability of paint materials is that the fire stability of paints can be predicted without conducting fire tests. Two hours after the fire broke out, the thermal temperature distribution was analyzed. The temperature distribution was compared with and without mixed paint. Two hours after a fire broke out in a virtual space, it was found that when the mixed paint was applied, the surrounding temperature of the penetration area was lower than when the mixed paint was not applied. Development costs for developing excellent paints can be reduced. Since fire safety can be predicted without actually conducting tests, the time required for product development can be reduced. We are confident that this is a very groundbreaking technology because it allows fire safety simulations for developed products to be conducted in a virtual space by creating an environment similar to actual fire test standards.

Conditions for Implementing Windowless Offices in High-Density Urban Centers of Malaysia: A Bibliometric and Systematic Review

The dearth of land in high-density urban centres necessitates constructing structures with deep interiors, with little or no connection to the external environment. Additionally, the negative relationships between high-rise structures in the city centres in recent times are increasingly making contact with the outdoor environments undesirable. Whether in the built environment, decision sciences, healthcare, or technological disciplines, there is a need to understand the factors necessary for windowless office implementation, its prominent researchers, and geographical contexts, among other conditions for practical application. These background variables could assist in arriving at emerging themes, problems and gaps for concrete windowless office development in Malaysia. In this systematic review, the bibliographic information of title, abstract and keywords was mined from 255 documents on the Scopus database to generate scientometric maps and links showing relationships on co-authorship, co-citation, co-occurrences, and bibliometric coupling. The top trending variables in windowless office research are COVID-19, energy efficiency, indoor air quality, heart rate variability, performance assessment, visual reality, and workplace environment. Like other advanced economies in Asia, Malaysia is seen to attain a satisfactory level of development to implement the windowless office design module, with stable electricity power, technological advancement, and psychological stability of the people. The emerging variables in this review will give novel directions in exploring the developmental, psychological and health conditions for effective windowless office implementation in the country and similar economies in Asia, Africa and South America, where metropolises are fast becoming compacted due to ever-growing city centres

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Research on seismic design methods for high-rise building structures

In recent years, with the increase of the number of high-rise buildings and the increase of the frequency of earthquakes, the requirement of seismic design of high-rise buildings is getting higher and higher. Therefore, this paper mainly studies the requirements of the existing seismic design code and the basis of designing the seismic performance of high-rise buildings. The results of this paper show that the performance-based seismic design method is the most popular and practical seismic design method at present. It also concluded that the seismic capacity of high-rise buildings can be improved by changing the calculation method of bearing capacity and adopting stable lightweight materials. In addition, this paper also introduces the new seismic methods such as preset yield mode, so as to improve the seismic ability of tall buildings as a whole. In the future, more new and innovative technologies will be applied to the seismic design of high-rise buildings to provide a stable and safe environment for peoples production and life.

Non-Linear Pushover Analysis Of RCC Framed Structure By Providing Fluid Viscous Dampers At Different Locations

The increasing need of shelter in urban cities due to overpopulated spaces and land inadequacy people are forced to keep space and their needs strictly limited. High-rise buildings are the best solution for providing people spaces for living and to work on. In this age of urban development and rapid modernization the need of high-rise structures is rapidly increasing. As structures have become higher, structural engineering has become more difficult to achieve appropriate stability criteria. In tall buildings, stiffness is the key to sustainability. Fluid Viscous Dampers (FVD) are one of the efficient solutions for tall structures. These are hydraulic devices that, when stroked, dissipate the energy placed on a structure by seismic events. The viscous dampers convert the kinetic energy of the structural movement into heat and then dissipate that energy into the air, thereby obeying the laws of physics through the conservation of energy. To determine effectiveness of FVDs as well as determine best location for FVDs in high-rise buildings subjected to seismic loads, the current research is being carried out.In this study twelve (12) RCC framed structures of 15 storeys of which four (4) are square shaped in plan, four (4) are rectangle shaped in plan with sides of ratio 1.5:1 and the other four (4) are rectangle shaped in plan with sides of ratio 2:1. These three (3) different shaped buildings considered are having approximately same plan area and damper positions. A floor-to-floor height 3m is taken. The buildings are located in Zone III. By using ETABS 2017 software, which helps to analyse and design the models, the analysis method used for this study is the Push Over analysis. This research work presents the results of an investigation on different parameters like Base shear, Modal mass participation, Time period, Storey Drift, Storey Shear and Storey Stiffness.

Computer modeling of the interaction of the building underground part with the soil foundation during the karst cavity formation on the example of the administrative and business center construction

In restrained urban conditions of Moscow, the accomplishment of complex urban construction projects is complicated by the choice of construction sites, as well as by lack of methods for computer modeling of the interaction of high-rise and unique buildings and structures with the probable formation of karst cavities in the current regulatory documents. The overall profitability of the project is under the great impact of it, therefore a reliable accounting of karts-suffusion processes is a priority issue in designing buildings and structures, especially if it concerns the unique and high-rise ones. The authors analyze the results of the calculations of the forecast assessment of the impact of a karst cavity probable formation on the subsurface parts of building of the administrative and business center construction in flat and spatial formulation. In spatial formulation different positions of the potential karst cavities are considered; their locations were chosen according to standard procedures and were guided by the results of geological and geophysical research. It has been reviewed the formation of arch over a karst cavity in a 2D and 3D formulation in the condition of different location of the karst cavities in plan and by depth of occurrence. It has been made methodological recommendations for determining the predicted bore of the karst cavity, for taking into account the frame stiffness of the aboveground part of the building, for defining the principles of a karst cavity modeling, as well as for the choice of assessment criteria of stability of cover mass above the potential cavity. The discovered differences in the results of 2D and 3D settings permit to make a conclusion that solving the problem in a flat formulation contributes to the overestimation of karst processes danger and, therefore, to the excess in anti-karst measures included in the project.

Shaking table test of vertical isolation performances of super high-rise structure under metro train-induced vibration

Metro systems are integral to improving transportation efficiency and providing convenience to the public; however, they cause environmental vibrations. To analyze the metro vibration propagation law and vibration isolation performance of a 120 m super high-rise structure positioned directly above two metro tunnels, a shaking table test at a 1/30 scale ratio is conducted in this study. First, a model for the shaking table test is designed and manufactured, and measurements of metro train-induced ground vibrations obtained on site are input into the model. Subsequently, vertical vibration tests are performed on the models with and without laminated rubber isolation bearings. Finally, their dynamic characteristics, vibration propagation law, and vibration isolation effect are analyzed, and the vertical vibration isolation mechanism of the structure is discussed. The results indicate that the metro vibration exerts a resonance effect on non-isolated super high-rise structures, thus resulting in the progressive amplification of the metro vibration response along the floors of the structure. The vibration isolation layer formed by the laminated rubber isolation bearings significantly reduces the vertical modal frequency and increases the vertical damping ratio of the super high-rise structure, thus effectively attenuating the vertical metro vibration. Unlike the non-isolated structure, the vibration-isolated structure can avoid severe structural resonance responses in the dominant frequency band of the metro vibration. This study aims to offer insightful considerations for evaluating metro vibrations in super high-rise structures and may serve as essential reference for vertical vibration isolation.

Lateral Load Behavior of Self-centering Frame with Y-Eccentrically Braced Substructure: An Experiment and Numerical Analysis

A novel self-centering frame with Y-eccentrically braced structure (SC-YEBFs) has been proposed in this paper to solve the problem that the storey drift of structure may exceed the specified limit in standards when self-centering beam-column joints are applied in high-rise and larger spans buildings, and the SC-YEBFs not only has the self-centering performance of self-centering frame system, but also has the high lateral stiffness and energy dissipating capacity of Y-Eccentrically braced frame. To study the lateral load behavior and influencing factors of SC-YEBFs, cyclic loading tests of two scaled specimens of SC-YEBFs substructure (SCS) were conducted, and seven finite element models corrected by the experiment were established to perform parametric analysis. The experiment and finite element analysis results indicated that the shear link has greatly increased the lateral stiffness and energy dissipating capacity of the self-centering structure, at the same time, it has maintained a good self-centering performance and replace ability. With an increase in the cross-sectional area and initial prestress of post-tensioned steel strands, the lateral load capacity and self-centering performance can be improved. The self-centering performance can be effectively improved by reducing the friction coefficient at the rotation connections. SC-YEBFs further extending the application field of self-centering structural systems, and making it possible to be applied to high-rise and larger spans structures.

Analysis and Application of Double Steel Plate Concrete Composite Shear Wall in the R&D Building of Zhanjiang Bay Laboratory

The R&D Building of Zhanjiang Bay Laboratory is a high-rise structure with multiple irregular items exceeding the specification limit, employing a steel frame-shear wall structural system. The outer frame consists of square steel tube concrete columns and solid-web steel beams, while the core shear wall uses a double steel plate concrete composite shear wall. This paper employs the architectural structural calculation software YJK-EP to perform a dynamic elastic-plastic time-history analysis under rare earthquake action. The shear and bending resistance of the shear wall at the maximum shear force and bending moment are checked to meet the requirements of the “Technical Specifications for Concrete Structures of High-rise Buildings”. The maximum inter-story displacement angle meets the requirements of the “Code for Seismic Design of Buildings”. The double steel plate concrete composite shear wall Wall-1, connected to a large-span and heavy-load transfer truss, was verified under significant seismic action using the ABAQUS software. The results indicate that Wall-1 can meet the design target requirements under major earthquake conditions. Finally, a dynamic nonlinear analysis method was employed using MIDAS-GEN software to study the structure’s anti-progressive collapse performance. The results show that under seven different scenarios, the maximum rotational angle of the remaining structural horizontal members is 2.02°, far less than the limit set by GSA, indicating that a progressive collapse did not occur. In the scenario where the corner column is removed, both the maximum shear and bending moment values for Wall-1 are far below its shear and bending resistance capacities, satisfying the load-bearing requirements. The removal of the corner column has a significant impact on the displacement of the columns on the same level nearby, with the peak displacement change rate reaching 702.65%.

Seismic performance of high-strength steel plate-concrete composite shear walls

The application of high-strength steel plate-concrete composite shear walls in super high-rise frame-core tube structure can significantly increase the bearing capacity, reduce the dimensions of the core tube and the frame part, and harmonize the stiffness ratio of frame and core tube, therefore improve the economic efficiency. In order to study the seismic performance of the high-strength steel plate-concrete composite shear walls, pseudo-static tests on three composite shear wall specimens with an aspect ratio of 1.43 were conducted, the failure mechanism, strength, ductility and energy dissipation capacity of specimens with Q355B, Q460B, Q550B steel were studied. Experimental results showed that the crushing of concrete and the failure of vertical reinforcement at the corner leaded to the flexural failure of specimens; hysteresis curves of specimens showed good energy dissipating capacities without pinching phenomena; with the increase of the steel strength, the yield strength, yield displacement, peak strength and ultimate displacement of specimens increased, while ductility decreased. Finite element analysis was conducted using OpenSees, the modeling method had been proven accurately simulate the performance of the specimens, and was subsequently used for parametric study to investigate the impact of axial compression ratio, thickness of the embedded steel plate, and aspect ratio (height to width) on the performance of high-strength steel plate-concrete composite shear walls.

Optimal control of high-rise building structures against earthquake excitations using independent stories as TMD

In this paper, in order to control the behavior of tall building structures against vibrations caused by earthquakes, the parameters of a new passive control system named “independent story” are optimized. This control system is installed like a large tuned mass damper in the main story of the building. Moreover, in order to improve the performance of this control system, six liquid viscous dampers connected from the roof of an independent story to the main story of the building, have also been used to increase damping of the system. The main goal of the present research is to optimize the parameters of this system, including selecting the optimal story/stories of the building to install the independent story/stories, such that the maximum reduction in the mean values of the maximum displacement and maximum acceleration responses of different stories of the building can be obtained, simultaneously. To evaluate the performance of the proposed control system, as a numerical example, a 3-D model of a twelve-story steel building structure is selected for which three degrees of freedom in each story have been considered. Then, a deep search is conducted to find the story/stories of the building at which the independent story control system along with the related supplemental liquid viscous dampers can be constructed/installed such that the best performance of this control system in response reduction of the building can be obtained. Finally, the optimal values of the mass and damping of the supplemental dampers of this system are found to be about 6% of the total mass of the building, and 13 kN-sec/mm, respectively; and the eighth and twelfth stories of the building are the best places for implementation of the proposed control system. By applying the optimal values of all the design parameters of the IS control system, the mean values of the building roof story response reductions were obtained to be about: 28.60% and 26.67% reduction on maximum displacement responses in x and y directions, respectively; and those of the maximum acceleration responses as 43% and 48.89%.

Exploring the Different Types of Loads in Structures

Abstract: Structural engineering relies heavily on loading. It is imperative that structural engineers or their relevant peers possess knowledge of the various loading types and their effects on structural elements. The structure cannot be constructed if the loading notion is not understood. Building a structure is impossible without comprehending this step. For instance, the analysis might not be correct and the building might collapse if there is no wind load conduction in a high-rise structure. This document covers the idea of loading, different types of loading, and how they affect structural parts.

Study on the Influence of Transfer Floor on Dynamic Response of Building Structure under Subway-Induced Vibrations

In order to meet the functional requirements, it is often necessary to set the transfer floor in the high-rise building structure. From the perspective of the influence of transfer floor on the subway-induced vibration response characteristics of building structure, the finite element method is used to calculate the floor vibration response of the building with transfer floor under the excitation of subway train based on the actual project. Through the above analysis, the influence of the position of transfer floor on the subway-induced vibration response of the building is analyzed. The results show that the vibration level of the transfer floor roof decrease obviously when the position of the transfer floor moves up gradually, and the vibration levels of most other floors are increased to varying degrees. The third floor, that is the roof of the original transfer floor, has the most significant change in vibration.

ARCHITECTURAL SPECIFICATION OF SERVICE FACILITIES LOCATED AT TRANSPORT AND TRANSFER NODES

The article examines the advantages of high-rise construction at significant transport and interchange nodes at the entrance to cities using the example of the analysis of the Urban Planning Concept for the Placement of High-rise Buildings and Structures in Kyiv, developed by the Ukrainian Academy of Architecture and Projects of Kyiv Architects. According to the concept developed under the leadership of the president of UAA V.G. Stolka, the placement of new high-rise dominants should be aimed first of all at creating a clear architectural and urban planning and volume-spatial composition of the main urban planning nodes at the intersection of city highways.
 The method of forming the dominant composition of the buildings of the transport and transfer hub is considered, using the example of the environment of the metro station "Livoberezhna". Brovarsky Avenue is an important highway for entering and leaving Kyiv. Modern investors in Ukraine consider increasing the number of floors of buildings in order to rationally develop territories. In the urban planning aspect, high-rise compositions emphasize important planning nodes. The construction regularities of the volumetric-spatial composition of high-rise buildings are divided into types and the characteristics of each of them are given. The historical aspect of the formation of compositional ensembles is taken into account on the example of the Livoberezhna metro station in Kyiv. The regularities of the construction of the volumetric-spatial composition of high-rise buildings are divided by type: a single object; a high-rise complex with several tower-type buildings connected by horizontal volume-spatial parts; a building in a group of volumes of different shapes and heights, spatially connected and located at a certain distance from each other. The search for iconic compositional and artistic qualities of high-rise buildings and optimal functional and planning solutions requires architects to use and combine various planning techniques, one of which is the design of atriums in the structure of high-rise buildings in extended stylobates, etc. The historical analysis of one of the nodes showed how the relationship to the stylistic characteristics of architecture changes in connection with the development of certain stylistic currents in the world.