High-rise Residential Buildings Research Articles

Учебные заведения в городской среде Тюмени в середине 1950-х - середине 1960-х гг.

The article examines the network of educational institutions in the urban environment of Tyumen within the most dynamic period in the regional center's history - from the mid-1950s till the mid-1960s. We explore the establishment of educational institutions in the city as closely connected to real estate and residential development. We also take the peculiarities of the development of the specific city districts into consideration and focus on the evolution of the interior and exterior design of the educational institutions. A number of specific methods of historical research were applied. Thus, we used the concrete-historical method that allowed us to find out basic features of the state policy in the field of education. Having studied a wide range of different sources, we analyzed the ways this policy used to influence the local formation of the educational institutions network in the territory of the city. The comparative historical method allowed us to evaluate and compare some aspects of urban development (number of population, ways of real estate development) and different characteristics of educational institutions in Tyumen in the mid-1950s - mid-1960s (their number, facilities, architecture, etc.). The analysis of the issue under consideration allowed us to conclude that by the mid-1960s the main complex of high-rise residential buildings was located on the vacant territories in the south-eastern and western parts of the city, not far from plants and factories. New residential areas (microdistricts) were created there. The projects of these areas included not only residential units but also all the necessary social and cultural institutions. It was a real opportunity to form a relevant social environment in the city that allowed raising the living standards of the population. A wide network of educational institutions became one of the most important components of this new structure of urban environment. In the mid1950s - mid-1960s, the number of educational institutions in the city and their diversity substantially increased. For instance, in 1956 the regional center had thirty-three comprehensive schools, three colleges, five vocational-technical schools, and a few part-time schools. By 1965 the number of comprehensive schools increased to forty-one, there were also nine vocational secondary schools, ten vocational-technical schools, and sixteen part-time schools. Within the period of time we researched, three institutions of higher education were founded in the regional center. New educational institutions became training centers to provide qualified workers that were highly demanded due to the quick industrial development of the city and due to the population growth. Intense construction of new buildings in accordance with all the contemporary standard projects granted residents of different districts a better access to education; it also contributed to the quality of the educational process. However, due to a big influx of new residents to the city, the educational institutions network that had been formed by the mid-1960s failed to satisfy all the demands of the population.

Public Landscape Design for Residential Neighborhood in Coastal Areas

The quality of public landscape design for residential neighborhood has a direct impact on the living comfort of the neighborhood and the life quality of the residents. To improve our citizens’ living standards, this paper summarizes the current status and ideas of public landscape design for residential neighborhood in Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China, with the landscape design scheme of Qiaosi-II River as an example, this paper gives a discussion on the strategies for the public landscape design of environmental-friendly residential neighborhood in coastal areas, and the research results show that there are many problems with the public landscape environment in the residential neighborhood of Hangzhou city, to cope with these problems, this paper proposes a few detailed countermeasures for the public landscape design of multi-story and high-rise residential building neighborhood. From a global view, the landscape design scheme of Qiaosi-II River is an integrated design scheme of buildings and landscapes in various regions such as commercial area, health care area, fitness area, green area, and play area for kids, etc. The research in this paper provides a theoretical basis for the public landscape design of safe, comfortable, and livable residential neighborhood in coastal areas.

Perception of Residents in Residential High-rise Buildings in Term of Sustainability in Erbil City

Land price, global icon, and rising population are among the obvious factors to encourage mega structures in Erbil city. Consequently, high-rise and tall buildings have developed and spread in various ways in the city and living in apartments is currently a lifestyle phenomenon. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the high-rise residential satisfaction. Through it, those factors have affected on the satisfaction level of residences in residential high-rise buildings of a subset of subjects are analysed in the elected two residential high-rise buildings in the city. The background, through literature review, focuses on determinants sustainability that have an impact on residential satisfaction as the design of the units, building material qualities, security and safety, confidentiality and privacy, socio-cultural aspects, and community. In another word, this study focuses on the sustainable indicators in high-rise residential buildings. The main method for understanding the perception of residents is questionnaires, which related to the apartment, the building, and the surrounding area, with between 18 and 80 years of age in the sample population. The findings demonstrated general significant factors of satisfaction in the high-rises as architectural designs of apartments, space arrangement, and facilities.

Deformation Behavior of Deep Foundation Pit under Both Overloading and Unloading Conditions

A deep foundation pit in a station of the Hangzhou subway is adjacent to new high-rise residential buildings on the north side and to the Evergrande foundation pit being excavated on the south side. This work considers the excavation of the foundation pit in the subway station as the research subject, focuses on the difference of the deformation and Earth pressure between the north side and the south side of the foundation pit under these special working conditions through the analysis of the measured data, and compares it with an ordinary foundation pit. Analyzing the measured data reveals that the horizontal displacement of the retaining wall and the ground settlement are far larger on the north side than on the south side, and both often exceed the deformation alarm value; the deformation of the ordinary foundation pit is between the deformation of the overloaded (north) side and that of the unloaded (south) side of the foundation pit. Moreover, the maximum rate of the horizontal creep of the soil and the maximum rate of the creep caused by the ground settlement on the north side of the foundation pit are larger than those on the south side of the foundation pit; the maximum rate of the horizontal creep of the ordinary foundation pit is between the two. The active Earth pressure on the pit wall on the north side is higher than that on the south side of the foundation pit, and because of the surrounding unloading, passive Earth pressure is generated at the bottom of the pit wall on the south side of the foundation pit, which causes it to shift to the outside of the foundation pit. The settlement of the surrounding high-rise buildings and the settlement of the columns are all within the range of the alarm values; also, the buildings settle evenly. Due to the excavation and unloading on the south side of the foundation pit, the uplift of the columns is not considerable.

Residual stress measurements and modeling of built-up Box-T sections

Increasing use has been made recently of special-shaped columns (i.e., L-shaped, T-shaped, and cross-shaped) in multistory and high-rise residential and official buildings, due to their advantages in avoiding column protrusion and enlarging the indoor space. The box-T section column, built up by one cold-formed box section and several welded or hot rolled T-sections, is a new special-shaped column type. In this paper we report an experimental investigation of the residual stress distributions of eight box-T sections using the sectioning method, including L-shaped and T-shaped columns. From the experimental results, new residual stress distribution patterns for welded box-T sections and rolled box-T sections are found. Based on the interaction analysis of the residual stresses in different components of box-T sections, reasonable assumptions and simplifications for the residual stress distribution patterns are obtained. Finally, residual stress distribution models are proposed for welded box-T sections and rolled box-T sections and they are verified by finite element (FE) analysis to meet the self-equilibrium condition. The proposed residual stress distribution models can be used in the buckling analysis of box-T section columns and the modeling concepts in this paper may be invoked in the processes for modeling residual stress distributions in other complex built-up sections.

Impact of Technical, Human, and Organizational Risks on Reliability of Fire Safety Systems in High-Rise Residential Buildings—Applications of an Integrated Probabilistic Risk Assessment Model

The current paper presents an application of an alternative probabilistic risk assessment methodology that incorporates technical, human, and organizational risks (T-H-O-Risk) using Bayesian network (BN) and system dynamics (SD) modelling. Seven case studies demonstrate the application of this holistic approach to the designs of high-rise residential buildings. An incremental risk approach allows for quantification of the impact of human and organizational errors (HOEs) on different fire safety systems. The active systems considered are sprinklers, building occupant warning systems, smoke detectors, and smoke control systems. The paper presents detailed results from T-H-O-Risk modelling for HOEs and risk variations over time utilizing the SD modelling to compare risk acceptance in the seven case studies located in Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Singapore, and UK. Results indicate that HOEs impact risks in active systems up to ~33%. Large variations are observed in the reliability of active systems due to HOEs over time. SD results indicate that a small behavioral change in ’risk perception’ of a building management team can lead to a very large risk to life variations over time through the self-reinforcing feedback loops. The quantification of difference in expected risk to life due to technical, human, and organizational risks for seven buildings for each of 16 trial designs is a novel aspect of this study. The research is an important contribution to the development of the next generation building codes and risk assessment methods.

Agent-based model for simulating households’ self-evacuation decision in high-rise buildings under critical infrastructure failures induced by a slow-onset flood conditions – A case study in Paris

Generating well-informed and reliable predictions for disaster evacuation is a large challenge. Crisis and disaster management policymakers have to deal with poor data quality, a limited understanding of households’ behaviour dynamics, and uncertainty regarding the effects of the various actions/measures in place. Agent-based simulation models are frequently used to support decisions when planning disaster evacuation procedures. However, one of the most important aspects of this issue, which is social influence, is not often considered. Most of existing evacuation models largely overlook the importance of the households’ behaviours and social influences, which leads to oversimplified models. Moreover, it is almost impossible to find models in the literature that focus on the extrinsic decision-making factors of some evacuees, such as compromised lifelines, in the case of catastrophic events. In contrast to the existing evacuation models, this paper suggests a probabilistic agent-based model that relies on theloss of different lifelines as factors affecting evacuees’ decision-making in addition to some intrinsic factors that are used to characterise the propensity of households to evacuate and explicitly allow for social contagion as well as uncertainties to be considered. This model, in which all the variables are considered uncertain and Monte Carlo Simulations are run to estimate the confidence range of the predictions, is tailored to estimate the potential number of inhabitants that have not been evacuated in high-rise buildings in the face of critical infrastructure failures induced by a slow-onset flood and/or the actions taken during the related crisis, considering different uncertainties that may affect the reliability of the prediction. The model has been specifically designed to predict the dynamics of households’ self-evacuations in fourteen residential high-rise buildings located in a flood-prone area in Paris. This paper describes the suggested model and also reports the results of an illustrative case study in which three scenarios are simulated to demonstrate the applicability of the model, to test its effectiveness and to explore the uncertainty regarding some modelling assumptions using sensitivity analysis.

Evaluating the effectiveness of transom window in reducing cooling energy use in high-rise residential buildings in Hong Kong

Transom window (TW) has been demonstrated to be effective in enhancing natural ventilation in high-rise residential buildings in tropical climates. However, virtually no work has been done to investigate whether a naturally-ventilated hybrid system (using enhanced ventilation created by TW supplemented with air-conditioning (AC)) is effective in reducing cooling energy consumption and providing the desired thermal comfort. For this purpose, cooling energy usage of an AC only system is compared with that of a hybrid system for achieving the same thermal comfort in high-rise residential buildings in Hong Kong. In this study, a carefully-designed methodology which involves the use of market survey, statistical analyses, site measurements, and integration of CFD and EnergyPlus simulations was adopted. Market surveys and statistical analyses were used to provide reliable input data for simulations. Site measurements of ventilation were used to assess the uncertainty of CFD simulation results. The integration of CFD and EnergyPlus simulations were for accurate predictions of natural ventilation performance (ACH) and air velocities achieved with TWs, hour-by-hour air temperatures, and hour-by-hour cooling energy use of the hybrid and the AC only systems. The simulated air velocities and temperatures were used for thermal acceptability analysis. It was found that depending on the TW design, average improvement in ACH ranges from 117% to 190%, and the associated cooling energy saving from hybrid system ranges from 22.2% to 22.7%. The results confirm the effective use of TW in reducing cooling energy use and providing thermal comfort in high-rise residential buildings in Hong Kong.

Environmental Enhancement through High-Rise Building Refurbishment

Property investment is always enticing, especially the high-rise residential property. The promise of the raising future value of it keeps investors attracted. Urbanisation also contributes to the massive development in this business, and it is hardly ignored. To run the business and to be able to compete with others, developers have to keep the cost attracted for the residents/buyers. The property needs to be well designed to satisfy the economical capital expenditure as well as low operation and maintenance cost. The high density of this development in an urban area makes developers tend to have low awareness of practising sustainability. Inconsistent evaluation, as well as unwell-defined assessment for sustainability, worsen the situation. This research aims to investigate and develop performance evaluation criteria of sustainability for high-rise residential building. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were implemented through surveys. Three main factors, which are the promotion of a healthy environment, comfortability of residents and energy-saving, found to be the main categories of criteria to be considered. Based on validation through a case study, it is found that providing easy access to public transport is the most critical criteria for promoting a healthy environment. Besides, the usage of low Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) paint can give comfort to residents because it provides healthy indoor air quality. Lastly, the usage of LED bulbs and natural light supports energy saving. The criteria are then used to develop the decision-making model in selecting the best alternative for the building refurbishment, by using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Application of the decision model in a case study reveals that repainting the building using low VOC paint become the best fit option for enhancing the environment. Developers may implement this in their policy for the redevelopment of their building. The result is limited to the aggregation value; thus, future research is directing into coalition and negotiation among stakeholders by applying payoff optimum and agreement options and also automation in selecting the best technical solution.

Socialidad y entorno residencial. El caso de los edificios residenciales de altura en Santiago de Chile.

La noción de socialidad hace referencia a las tendencias asociativas que se constituyen en respuesta a las tensiones contingentes de los entornos. Basado en observaciones etnográficas, el presente texto describe las tendencias de socialidad de ciertos edificios de altura en Santiago de Chile, que dan cuenta de las contingencias externas e internas de la operación residencial. A partir de esto se identifica y explica el carácter infraestructural que la socialidad asume en los edificios residenciales de altura, y se describen dos tendencias que la organizan: una especulativa, genérica y abstracta, que se calificó como preobjetual; y otra situada, singular y localmente realizada, que se calificó como contingente. Entendida como una cualidad infraestructural de los entornos sociotécnicos, la socialidad da cuenta de los vínculos de responsabilidad presentes en las comunidades que los habitan y puede ser considerada como un fenómeno específico dentro de la gobernanza de los entornos construidos.

Are high-rise residential buildings rising to future weather scenarios?

Evaluating the energy and thermal performance of existing buildings during their lifetime brings about uncertainty, since there is strong evidence suggesting that climate change (CC) will affect indoor environment quality. CC has been reflected, among other phenomena, in a temperature rise that is necessarily related to the indoor temperature of buildings. Recognizing possible future climate scenarios and their possible effects will allow improving the resilience of existing buildings.Today’s buildings are sources of high energy demand. In the case of Chile, an ordinary house, due to its poor thermal performance, requires between 40% and 60% of its energy consumption for heating or cooling, depending on the location. On the other hand, a constructive phenomenon has been seen in Latin American cities over the last three decades, where city centres are densified with high-rise residential buildings. These are characterized by very small apartments, which affect indoor environment quality, solar gains, ventilation, etc. Thus, the proposal of this paper is to evaluate this residential typology. The aim of this research is to prospectively study the effects produced by CC on the energy-thermal performance of high-rise residential buildings, using an exploratory research, in three different thermal zones of Chile through to 2080. The analysis consists in comparing the performance of the same case built in three cities, using the Design Builder software for dynamic simulations. The results show a temperature increase that affects apartments in different ways. In the northernmost city, Iquique, the heating demand would disappear in 60 years; in Santiago, it will be reduced by half and in the south, while in Puerto Montt, it will represent only 62% of current demand; however, the cooling demand will increase in all cases. While hours within the comfort range will increase in the southernmost cities, in the northernmost and central cities, the risk of overheating will increase significantly This provides great challenges in terms of improving thermal comfort for the coming years, incorporating possible CC impacts into housing design to prevent negative results, such as overheating.

Developing a heating and cooling demand prediction model for residential buildings in the cold climate zone of China

The performance-oriented design method requires that architects should have the ability to calculate the energy performance of the design solutions and improve the design scheme accordingly. However, energy simulation is complex and time-consuming, which hinders architects to perform the optimization.The study aims to deduce a forecasting model and develop a simple tool for the energy demand of high-rise residential buildings in the cold climate zone of China. Firstly, a representative of residential building in cold climate zone was selected as the prototype. Then sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify significant variables. Finally, Multiple Linear Regression and Multilayer Perceptron methods were used to obtain the prediction models. The tool, based on statistical analysis and without modelling interface, is easy to assist architects to calculate the heating and cooling demand at schematic design stage.

Comparison of the greenhouse gas emissions of a high-rise residential building assessed with different national LCA approaches – IEA EBC Annex 72

Introduction: The international research project IEA EBC Annex 72 investigates the life cycle related environmental impacts caused by buildings. The project aims inter alia to harmonise LCA approaches on buildings. Methods: To identify major commonalities and discrepancies among national LCA approaches, reference buildings were defined to present and compare the national approaches. A residential high-rise building located in Tianjin, China, was selected as one of the reference buildings. The main construction elements are reinforced concrete shear walls, beams and floor slabs. The building has an energy reference area of 4566 m2 and an operational heating energy demand of 250 MJ/m2a. An expert team provided information on the quantities of building materials and elements required for the construction, established a BIM model and quantified the operational energy demand. Results: The greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impacts of the building were quantified using 17 country-specific national assessment methods and LCA databases. Comparisons of the results are shown on the level of building elements as well as the complete life cycle of the building. Conclusions: The results of these assessments show that the main differences lie in the LCA background data used, the scope of the assessment and the reference study period applied. Despite the variability in the greenhouse gas emissions determined with the 17 national methods, the individual results are relevant in the respective national context of the method, data, tool and benchmark used. It is important that environmental benchmarks correspond to the particular LCA approach and database of a country in which the benchmark is applied. Furthermore, the results imply to include building technologies as their contribution to the overall environmental impacts is not negligible. Grant support: The authors thank the IEA for its organizational support and the funding organizations in the participating countries for their financial support.

A sustainable multi-criteria decision making framework to select interior walls

With an increasing number of different materials, choosing the best one has become an arduous task. The vast domain of alternatives and decision criteria has led to the complexity of decision making in the conceptual phase for designers. On the other hand, due to the importance of environmental and energy concerns, considering the sustainability principles through the decision process is significantly important. Although sustainable material selection as a strategy leads to some general and main assessment criteria, identification of sub-criteria not only depends on general criteria but also pertains to the specific type of elements in buildings. Interior walls are one of those elements in construction with a complex decision making process due to their great variety of types and features. This paper aims to provide a sustainable multi-criteria decision making framework for choosing the proper interior walls in buildings. A qualitative research method using literature review, unstructured interviews and questionnaires was adopted to achieve the aims of this research. The initial data, including the criteria and sub-criteria, were collected through literature review. A framework consisting of four main components related to environmental, financial, social and technical aspects was finally developed and validated through unstructured interviews held with 23 experts in the construction industry in Iran. By dividing the main criteria into sub-criteria, in total, 23 sub-criteria were identified; to calculate their weight, questionnaires were distributed among 143 experts in the construction industry in Tehran and the analytic hierarchy process method was applied. High-rise residential buildings in Tehran were selected as a case to apply the framework, and finally the results are discussed.

Construction Management Solutions to Mitigate Elevator Noise and Vibration of High-Rise Residential Buildings

In high-rise residential buildings (HRBs), elevators run at a high speed, which causes problems such as change of atmospheric pressure, noise, and vibration. Elevator noise and vibration (ENV) of HRBs causes both mental anxiety and a consistently negative effect for promoting a comfortable residential area. Therefore, a solution for alleviating the ENV of HRBs is essential. To date, studies related to ENV have been mostly conducted in the approach of mechanical and electric aspects. There have been few cases conducted from the perspective of construction management (CM), which integrates design and construction. Therefore, the aim of this study is to propose CM solutions to mitigate the ENV of HRB. For this study, the CM solution is presented after identifying the ENV problems of HRBs through documented research and case measurement. By measuring the noise of HRB that the solution was applied to, the noise level, especially in a range of >125 Hz, was extensively reduced. The result of this study will be used as sustainable guidelines that alleviate ENV problems in the process of design and construction of HRB elevators. It is expected that studies for improving ENV problems that occur in high-rise elevators will increase on the basis of the results of this study.

Towards zero-energy residential complexes in high-density conditions

Carbon dioxide is the largest component of the human footprint and one of the major components of all greenhouse gases. The expected increase in population will lead to growth in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The building industry has the highest potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, buildings should become not only efficient consumers but also energy producers, not a simple task in dense cities. The paper describes the feasibility and limitations of near zero energy design in highly dense urban conditions. The study was carried out by examination and comparison of various density design, alternatives of an existing urban plot in the coastal climate zone of Israel. Increased dwelling units’ number leads to higher total energy use on the one hand and mutual shading of new high-rise residential buildings on the other. Preserving solar rights for PV systems installation become more complex. The relation between urban density and solar rights in urban design, energy consumption and energy generation within plot borders and their implications are presented and discussed in the paper.

Energy planning of renewable applications in high-rise residential buildings integrating battery and hydrogen vehicle storage

This study presents a robust energy planning approach for hybrid photovoltaic and wind energy systems with battery and hydrogen vehicle storage technologies in a typical high-rise residential building considering different vehicle-to-building schedules. Multiple design criteria including the supply performance, grid integration and lifetime net present value are adopted to size the hybrid system and select the optimal energy management strategy. Four decision-making strategies are further applied to search the final optimum solution for major stakeholders with different preferences. The study result indicates that the energy management strategy with battery storage prior to hydrogen storage is suitable for hybrid systems with large photovoltaic, wind and battery installation capacities to achieve the optimum supply-grid integration-economy performance. The energy management strategy with hydrogen storage prior to battery storage has a wider applicability, and this strategy should be selected when focusing on the supply-grid integration or supply-economy performance. The annual average self-consumption ratio, load cover ratio and hydrogen system efficiency are about 84.79%, 76.11% and 77.06% respectively in the end-user priority case. The annual absolute net grid exchange is about 4.55 MWh in the transmission system operator priority case. The lifetime net present value of the investor priority case is about 3.64 million US$, 29.88% less than the equivalent priority case. Final optimum solutions show positive environmental impacts with negative annual carbon emissions. Such a techno-economic-environmental feasibility analysis of the hybrid system provides major stakeholders with valuable energy planning references to promote renewable applications in urban areas.

Survey of indoor radon (Rn-222) entry and concentrations in different types of building in Kalisz, Poland

Indoor radon (222Rn) was surveyed in a total of 141 individual houses and apartments used precalibrated passive PicoRad Detectors. The radon activity in the soil gas around the dwellings was simultaneously measured. The arithmetic mean values of indoor radon concentrations for detached houses, old buildings (up to four-stories), prefabricated blocks of flats (mostly five stories) and high-rise residential buildings (10-stories) were:, 70.9; 46.5; 38.4, and 56.6 Bq m−3, respectively. The average arithmetic mean value for all measured rooms equals 51.8 Bq m−3. The calculated average effective dose from indoor radon for the local population was equal to 2.2 mSv.

Research on the Efficiency of Composite Beam Application in Multi-Storey Buildings

Over the past decade, several types of composite slim floor constructions have been used in multi-storey buildings in Lithuania. In order to study the efficiency of composite beam application in steel-framed multi-storey buildings, Thorbeam (A1), Deltabeam (A2), slim floor beam (A3) and asymmetric slim floor beam (A4) were chosen and evaluated according to nine assessment criteria (beam cost (K1), initial preparation on site (K2), installation time (K3), complexity of installation technology (K4), labour costs (K5), fire resistance (K6), load bearing capacity (K7), beam versatility (K8), and availability of beams (K9)). First, the significance of the rating criteria was selected and the order of the ranking criteria was obtained (K1˃K7˃K3˃K6˃K4˃K5˃K2˃K8˃K9) by means of a survey questionnaire. Second, the beams were ranked according to the points given by the questionnaire respondents as follows: 160 points were given to A2, 144 points to A1, 129 points to A4, and 111 points to A3. Deltabeam is considered to be the most rational alternative of the four beams compared. Calculations done using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) analysis method revealed that composite beam A2 was the best slim floor structure alternative for an eight-storey high-rise commercial residential building frame, A1 ranked second, A4 ranked third, and A3 ranked fourth. In addition, the four composite beams were compared to a reinforced concrete beam (A5) according to three assessment criteria (beam cost including installation (C1), beam self-weight (C2) and fire resistance (C3)). Deltabeam was found to be efficient for use as a slim floor structure in a multi-story building due to having the lowest cost, including installation, and self-weight, and the highest fire resistance compared to other composite beams studied. Although Deltabeams are 1.4 times more expensive than reinforced concrete beams, including installation costs, they save about 2.5% of the building’s height compared to reinforced concrete beams.

Noise reduction of plenum windows on the façade of a high-rise residential building next to heavy road traffic

Extensive traffic noise transmission loss measurements were carried out inside selected residential units of a standalone 32-storey housing block located next to a very busy and noisy main trunk road in the present study. A total of 35 units, which were all equipped with plenum windows, was surveyed. These plenum windows are intended to help reduce noise exposure of the residents and at the same time allow for a reasonable level of natural ventilation. The results show that the traffic noise transmission losses of the unit façades installed with the plenum windows adopted in this housing block vary between 10.6 and 13.0 dBA and are only weakly dependent on elevation from the trunk road. The results also validate in-situ the prediction model established previously by the authors using laboratory and site mockup data. Generalized models for both empirical and experimental estimation of the traffic noise transmission loss across a residential flat unit façade installed with multiple plenum windows are developed. The differences between their estimations are well within engineering tolerance.