High-level Resource Research Articles

Collated, Sequential and ML Approaches of Multi-Variant Features of Users on Authentication

In the recent days, gradually essential services and activities are becoming digitally enabled, including banking, electricity, water, etc. The envision is that digital attacks will not be limited to person, but tends to civil, caste or country wars. The authentication schemes allow the valid and original users to access such digital resources. The state-of-the-art study revealed four research questions on the sustainable and vulnerabilities on authentication schemes. These research questions are related to less interaction, resource requirements, coercive verses sequential features, and IT knowledge of users in the authentication process. In this work, comprehensive experimental research is performed with different perspectives in the authentication process. The notion is to allow the users through different level of stringency in the authentication process to access from lower to high level of confidential digital resources. An organization have different impact on different digital resources. In such a context, three approaches different from each other are performed. The first approach coercively validates the authentication process whereas the second approach in sequential order. The objective is to find out the merits and demerits of each one, and in accordance with the level of confidentiality, the policy could be framed within the organization. The last approach uses the machine learning technique for the authentication process with no interactions of users. In all the approaches, the multiple features of users are considered for the experiment.

Dynamic Performance Modeling and Analysis of Power Grids With High Levels of Stochastic and Power Electronic Interfaced Resources

Dynamic Performance Modeling and Analysis of Power Grids With High Levels of Stochastic and Power Electronic Interfaced Resources

Adaptive real-time protection scheme for distribution networks with high penetration levels of renewable energy resources

The increasing demands of electrical power have imposed a necessity to integrate renewable energy power sources (REPS) into electrical power networks. The presence of REPS within electrical distribution networks mandated an update in the settings of the overcurrent protection relays. In this paper, a real-time adaptive protection scheme is proposed to redefine the settings of the overcurrent protection relays by replacing the traditional time multiplier setting (TMS) with a newly proposed real-time adaptive time multiplier setting (ATMS). The proposed ATMS is formulated as the product of two factors namely; the acceleration factor (AF) and the tuning factor (TF). The AF is set as the ratio of the impedance seen by the relay during a fault to the pre-fault impedance. The TF is a multiplication constant that is determined offline prior to operation in order to optimize ATMS. The scheme was tested upon different radial and meshed bench-mark testing systems; the IEEE 34 system and the IEEE 30 bus system employing MATLAB software package. The proposed scheme proved its capability of optimizing the response of overcurrent relays and minimizing total operating time. In addition to its adaptability to different operational and loading conditions during the day.

Application of next generation sequencing in cardiology: current and future precision medicine implications.

Inherited cardiovascular diseases are highly heterogeneous conditions with multiple genetic loci involved. The application of advanced molecular tools, such as Next Generation Sequencing, has facilitated the genetic analysis of these disorders. Accurate analysis and variant identification are required to maximize the quality of the sequencing data. Therefore, the application of NGS for clinical purposes should be limited to laboratories with a high level of technological expertise and resources. In addition, appropriate gene selection and variant interpretation can result in the highest possible diagnostic yield. Implementation of genetics in cardiology is imperative for the accurate diagnosis, prognosis and management of several inherited disorders and could eventually lead to the realization of precision medicine in this field. However, genetic testing should also be accompanied by an appropriate genetic counseling procedure that clarifies the significance of the genetic analysis results for the proband and his family. In this regard, a multidisciplinary collaboration among physicians, geneticists, and bioinformaticians is imperative. In the present review, we address the current state of knowledge regarding genetic analysis strategies employed in the field of cardiogenetics. Variant interpretation and reporting guidelines are explored. Additionally, gene selection procedures are accessed, with a particular emphasis on information concerning gene-disease associations collected from international alliances such as the Gene Curation Coalition (GenCC). In this context, a novel approach to gene categorization is proposed. Moreover, a sub-analysis is conducted on the 1,502,769 variation records with submitted interpretations in the Clinical Variation (ClinVar) database, focusing on cardiology-related genes. Finally, the most recent information on genetic analysis's clinical utility is reviewed.

To disperse or compete? Coevolution of traits leads to a limited number of reproductive strategies

Reproductive strategies are defined by a combination of behavioural, morphological, and life‐history traits. Reproductive investment and offspring propagule size are two key traits defining reproductive strategies. While a substantial amount of work has been devoted to understanding the independent fitness effects of each of these traits, it remains unclear how coevolution between them ultimately affects the evolution of reproductive strategies, and how this might influence the relationship between dispersal and environmental factors. In this study we explore how the evolution of reproductive strategies defined by these two coevolving traits is influenced by resource availability and spatial structuring of the environment using a simulation model. We find three possible equilibrium strategies across all scenarios: a competitor strategy with high reproductive investment (producing large propagules which disperse short distances), and two coloniser strategies differing in reproductive investment (both producing small propagules which disperse long distances). The possible equilibrium strategies for each scenario depended on starting conditions, spatial structure and resource availability. Evolutionary transitions between these equilibrium strategies were more likely in heterogeneous than homogeneous landscapes and at higher resource levels. Transition from coloniser strategy to competitor strategy was usually a two‐step process, with changes in propagule size following initial evolution in investment. This highlights how the interaction between the two trait axes affects the evolution of reproductive strategies, particularly where fitness valleys preclude the simultaneous evolution of traits. Our results highlight the need to incorporate trait coevolution into evolutionary models to help develop a more integrative understanding of the structure of natural populations and how the interaction between traits constrains or hinders evolutionary processes.

Higher education leadership, quality of worklife and turnover intention among Lebanese academics in COVID-19: a moderated mediation model

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore the human resource development (HRD) implications of perceived higher education (HEd) leadership effectiveness on academics’ quality of worklife (QWL) in the context of COVID-19. Drawing on conservation of resource theory, this study explains the mediating role of resource adequacy (RA); then this study investigates the moderating role of COVID-19-related risk perception (CRP) on the relationship between university leadership (UL) and both academics’ turnover intention (TI) and academics’ QWL.Design/methodology/approachThis study used a quantitative research exploiting the pandemic experiences and perceptions survey, PEPS, to collect data from 300 academic staff in private and public HEd institutions in Lebanon. The analyses include the test of the mediating effect of RA as well as the moderated mediation effect of CRP through regressions, PROCESS and bootstrapping.FindingsThe findings suggest that by enhancing RA, effective UL positively influences the QWL and mitigate the TI in Lebanese HEd. Furthermore, this study found that CRP weakens the direct relationship of UL on RA and the indirect effect of UL on the QWL and TI via RA such that the relationships are weakened when COVID-19 risk perception was high rather than low.Practical implicationsThe results imply that HEd HRD professionals could think of effective human resource interventions of how to maintain good working environment where academics are facilitated to acquire high level of resources which lead to improving their QWL and mitigating the negative outcome (TIs).Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, no research has been made to investigate the moderated mediation model of the “pandemic experience and leadership perceptions” (PEPS) in the HEd sector in Lebanon, addressing academics’ experiences in business schools. This study is unique because it was conducted during the utmost pandemic outbreak (mid academic year 2021) collecting data in real time. This research contributes to the HRD literature by showing empirical evidence of the relationships in the context of Lebanese HEd institutions.

Healthcare resource use for pediatric low-grade glioma care: A cohort of linked electronic health records and claims data.

10038 Background: Pediatric low-grade glioma (pLGG) is the most common brain tumor in children and is associated with persistent long-term tumor- and treatment-related morbidities. This study aims to characterize the costs associated with the treatment of pLGG. Methods: A retrospective study using the Optum de-identified Market Clarity Dataset linked claims (commercial, Medicare Advantage and Managed Medicaid beneficiaries) and electronic health records (EHRs) of cases ≤18 years of age, with an ICD-10 code for brain neoplasm and ≥1 physician notes between January 2017 and June 2018 was performed. Index date was the first claim or EHR with an ICD-10 code for brain neoplasm. Natural language processing was used to identify pLGG-relevant data from physician notes. The observation period included 3 months prior to index date and 6-month segments from index date for 36 months. Cases had either continuous insurance coverage or continuous EHR activity during this period. Results for procedures and medication use were reported as averages throughout the 36-month post-index follow-up period. Results: A total of 154 patients with pLGG were identified. Median age was 11 years (range 2–18). Among the cohort, 49% (n=76) were female; 75% (n=116) were non-Hispanic white, 13% (n=20) Hispanic, 5% (n=7) African American, 1% (n=1) Asian and 6% (n=10) other/unknown. Of benefits, 56% had commercial and 44% Medicaid. Brain imaging and neuropsychological evaluations were performed at least once in 85% and 57% of the cohort, respectively. Among pLGG relevant medications, 57% of the cohort used analgesics, 45% anti-emetics, 32% anxiolytics, and 29% anticonvulsants. A total of 100 patients received ≥1 pLGG disease control treatments: Of these, 53% underwent emergency brain surgery, 24% had planned brain surgery, 14% received chemotherapy, and 6% received targeted therapy. Of the 100 patients who received disease control treatments, 57% relapsed after first-line treatment; 37% of patients received 2 lines of therapy, and 20% of patients received ≥3 lines of therapy. Conclusions: Our findings show that patients with pLGG often require long-term medical care and high levels of healthcare resources to treat their disease and its sequalae. Additionally, a majority will relapse and face a higher burden of disease. Further studies using integrated data sources are warranted to help us understand the burden of pLGG and inform evidence-based health care planning for these patients.

Can’t buy me love: billionaire entrepreneurs’ legitimation strategies in transnational climate governance

ABSTRACT Several billionaires have recently emerged as leaders of climate governance. So far, little research has examined how they legitimize their involvement in climate networks. We argue that billionaire governance entrepreneurs have high levels of resources but low procedural legitimacy. They pursue output legitimacy to support their political action, highlighting their effectiveness in managing climate issues. Their main strategies, depoliticization, outgrouping, and technical solutionism, may give them short-term legitimacy but risk undermining their long-term goals of addressing climate change. We analyze the discursive legitimation strategies of a successful billionaire entrepreneur in transnational climate governance, Michael Bloomberg. Our empirical analysis is based on the study of more than 800 statements, speeches, and news releases related to Bloomberg’s climate action from 2010 to 2021. It contributes to the study of entrepreneurship, leadership, philanthropy, and transnational actors in climate governance.

“Back and forth” between the individual and the group: collaboration and emotional leadership in science

PurposeIn this article, the authors explore the emotional dimension of the strategies that researchers carry out to foster collaboration within research groups in science.Design/methodology/approachThe authors have carried out fieldwork based on semi-structured interviews with members of high-performance research groups, supported by the analysis of ethnographic observations in the local work contexts of several of these groups.FindingsAs a result, the authors start from the representations of the principal investigators interviewed about collaboration, as a dynamic between the individuals involved and the group, to describe two forms of leadership strategies: ego-centered or group. Hence, the authors highlight that the emotional work of IPs consists of combining both strategies by activating and deactivating affection, warmth and spontaneity in interactions. The authors conclude by reviewing the contributions and some potential lines of study.Research limitations/implicationsThe main contributions and conclusions must be regarded considering several limitations of our work. First, the authors have focused on high-performance groups, so it would be expected that the research groups that do not have the support of European Research Council (ERC) do not present the observed dynamics. Concerning the analysis, the authors have focused on the link between situational (personal interaction) and organizational scales. Although the authors have attended social factors that imply the structure and changes of the professional sector of science (Whitley, 2000, 2014), future publications will allow the authors to delve into relationships on a broader scale, associating collaboration patterns and discursive positions. The authors will focus on (1) roles and social profiles and (2) features of scientific culture and its recent configuration.Practical implicationsThe authors affirm that the emotional field is key to understanding how groups and individuals respond to these profound changes. In their work, scientific professionals do not only act based on rational and instrumental criteria but also driven by habits, affective networks and inertia of their organizational cultures. In this paper, the authors provide theoretical and practical keys to understand the complexity that collaboration creates within research groups as a contradictory reality that consists of a constant movement of individuals and the group.Social implicationsAs many of the interviewees expressed, there are no adequate spaces to learn and reflect on leadership and collaboration in science. The authors are science workers who are responsible for imagining and deciding how the authors want their research groups to function. Institutions must ensure the means so that this task can be carried out. Hopefully, this article will contribute to this irrevocable project.Originality/valueThe authors’ aim is to understand how well-known groups operate in their field, with a high level of resources and productivity, in order to identify and promote cutting-edge strategies in different scientific branches. Moreover, the authors want to recognize the importance of institutional infrastructures. For this reason, giving them a place in the framework of management studies allows to submit this issue to public debate for a wide audience of social scientists. Moreover, this permits to inquire about cross-disciplinary subjects, such as social and organizational psychology, sociology of work, studies about science and management studies.

Renewable energy resource assessment for rural electrification: a case study in Nepal

Abstract Renewable energy could mitigate remote area energy crises through rural electrification. Karnali province, one of the seven federal provinces of Nepal, is such a remote location and is most deprived in terms of electricity access. Around 67% of the population of the Karnali province is not connected to the national grid electricity supply. High altitude, mountainous topography makes it difficult to provide grid access to the region. This study summarizes the current electricity access status in Nepal and Karnali province specifically. The paper discusses the energy, economic and environmental (3E) analysis of different renewable energy resources like solar and wind energy for the grid-isolated region in Mugu and Jumla district of Karnali province. The study investigates the feasibility of a 200-kW solar power plant installation in Gamghadi, the capital of Mugu district and a 100-kW wind power plant installation in Tila village, Jumla district. The study suggests whether a similar installation of the distributed energy plant is a solution to mitigate the energy crisis problem in the high Himalayas regions, like Karnali province of Nepal. Based on the high-level resource assessment, the study estimates an investment cost ranging from 7 to 9 million USD would be necessary for the installation of such distributed solar PV and wind turbines.

Renewable resource and harvesting cost in a simple monetary overlapping generation economy

The literature has shown that the long-term preservation of renewable resources is ensured in two situations: (1) when the resource can be used as a store of value, and (2) when households are altruistic. This article shows that there is a third situation in which renewable resources are preserved in the long term: when harvesting is costly. To prove this, a monetary overlapping-generations economy is developed, in which a renewable resource is held by a representative household living through two periods. In his youth, he inherits the resource from his parents and decides how much to harvest. Income from the sale of the harvest is saved entirely in fiat currency to finance consumption in old age. It is assumed that harvesting takes time (harvesting cost), and so the young household has to trade off leisure for harvesting. In this simple context, we show that the resource level can be different from zero in the long term (resource preservation). In particular, we observe that two stationary states can coexist: one with a low resource level (overexploitation) and the other with a high resource level (underexploitation). Moreover, with a sufficiently productive harvesting technology, cycles of period two can emerge around each stationary state (flip bifurcation), as well as local indeterminacy around the stationary state with the highest resource level. In this sense, the cost of harvesting seems to be both a source of preservation and a source of resource fluctuations.JEL classification: E32, O44, Q20.

Дихотомия «элита–массы» в идеологии внесистемной оппозиции современной России

The article aims to identify the features of the social opposition between the population and the nonsystemic opposition based on an analysis of the ideology of the latter. The methodological basis of the work was the proposition that a certain social position corresponds to certain points of view and type of thinking (total ideology). Therefore, similar ideological intentions of various groups of non-systemic opposition in relation to the described dichotomy leads to the idea that their social position is also similar. Apparently, these are groups of professional politicians seeking to occupy higher social positions or return to the ones they previously occupied. These groups can also be characterizsed by a high level of qualification resources, which makes it possible to formulate certain ideological constructs, a relatively high level of economic resource, which excludes from their discourse the problem of scarcity of material means of subsistence, inherent in the majority of the population of modern Russia, as well as social isolation, which does not allow them to articulate the interests of other groups to which they do not belong. This leads to the conclusion that the non-systemic opposition represents people from the urban intelligentsia, including the near-elitist intelligentsia, with inflated expectations of their social status. From «to have or to be» they choose the former. Despite their being in opposition, these groups do not seek to blow up or substantially reconstruct the existing social order. Their ideologies cannot be classified as utopias, and the limit of the aspirations of the non-systemic opposition is its own upward vertical social mobility.

The Serra Spanish mackerel fishery (Scomberomorus brasiliensis - Teleostei) in Southern Brazil: the growing landings of a high trophic level resource.

In fisheries, the phenomenon known as fishing down food webs is supposed to be a consequence of overfishing, which would be reflected in a reduction in the trophic level of landings. In such scenarios, the resilience of carnivorous, top predator species is particularly affected, making these resources the first to be depleted. The Serra Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus brasiliensis, exemplifies a predator resource historically targeted by artisanal fisheries on the Brazilian coast. The present work analyzes landings in three periods within a 50-year timescale on the Parana coast, Southern Brazil, aiming to evaluate whether historical production has supposedly declined. Simultaneously, the diet was analyzed to confirm carnivorous habits and evaluate the trophic level in this region. Surprisingly, the results show that from the 1970's to 2019 Serra Spanish mackerel production grew relatively to other resources, as well as in individual values. The trophic level was calculated as 4.238, similar to other Scomberomorus species, consisting of a case where landings increase over time, despite the high trophic level and large body size of the resource. The results agree with a recent global assessment that has demystified a necessary correlation between high trophic level and overexploitation, but possible factors acting on the present findings are discussed.

СТРАТЕГУВАННЯ ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ В КОНТЕКСТІ ВИХОДУ НА ЗОВНІШНІ РИНКИ

The article substantiates the strategy of foreign economic activity in the context of entering foreign markets. As a result, we applied a statistical regression to predict the relationship between dependent and independent variables, the main purpose of which is to predict the probability of proposed factors (firm size, International Experience, Innovation, Network, Product Characteristics, assets, export intensity, and industry) affecting the level of resource utilization obligations in firms ' choice of entry modeThe article also explains that the size of SMEs strongly and positively affects the extent to which firms participate in the choice of entry method.International experience also has a significant impact on firms ' decisions regarding participation in certain ways of entering the market. As expected, network relationships significantly influence the choice of ways to enter the foreign market. The intensity of assets and exports is indicated as positive and very important. Empirical results show that innovations not only significantly influence the firm's choice of a way to enter the foreign market, but also correspond to the forecast direction.Also, the product characteristic factor has a strong positive effect. In addition, firms that engage in higher levels of advertising are more likely to choose high-level resource commitments, such as joint ventures or direct investment. The high level of export intensity also encourages firms to choose high-level resource commitments. The industry also positively correlates with the probability of choosing high-level resources in the selected mode of entering the foreign market.

Application-Aware Analysis of Network Neutrality: A Scalable Real-Time Method

Internet access subscribers expect a satisfying quality of experience for any accessed service, independently from time, place, and service- and content-type. Besides the everincreasing amount of Internet data, the spectrum of video service platforms offering sharing and streaming also got significantly more comprehensive. Internet access providers try to avoid the exhaustion of network bandwidth by investing in network capacity or setting up higher-level resource management within their infrastructure. The primary question in this domain is how resource management constrains the subscriber to access an arbitrary service and experience good service quality.This question directly relates to network neutrality fundamentals. This paper presents a real-time full-reference objective method to assess network neutrality. It contributes three novelties to support user-centric analysis of potential restraints affecting Internet access quality: i) the proposal supports application-specific measurements and involves real content and real traffic, ii) the measured traffic originates from the content provider’s cloud infrastructure, iii) reference is created in real time. Accordingly, the proposal introduces a novel measurement layout. The key component is the emulated client that provides the real-time reference by emulating the access properties of the real client and accessing the same content simultaneously. We demonstrate the method’s feasibility with an applicationaware proof-of-concept use case: video streaming from a public VoD provider. We have validated the method against the emulated network parameters using an extensive series of laboratory measurements.

Factors influencing informal trail conditions: Implications for management and research in Urban-Proximate parks and protected areas

With growing urban populations in close proximity to natural environments, recreation resource managers in parks and protected areas (PPAs) are increasingly confronted with challenges such as high levels of visitation and severe resource impacts. Additionally, urban-proximate PPAs, particularly informal trails in these areas, have received little research attention relative to more remote PPAs and formal trails. The formation of informal trail networks in urban-proximate PPAs can lead to extensive resource impacts such as loss of vegetation cover and soil erosion. Use-related, environmental, and managerial factors have been found to influence trail conditions and degradation on formal trails. We use a well-established rapid assessment field protocol and GIS-derived calculations to analyze informal trail conditions, and the factors influencing those conditions in a high alpine urban-proximate PPA. We find informal trail networks are extensive and that informal trails are influenced by use-related, environmental, and managerial factors in a similar fashion as formal trails. Additionally, results from predictor effect plots allow us to derive valuable management implications focused on where to concentrate use and minimize environmental impacts. Our study concludes with implications to further advance research related to informal trails, such as the need for sound sampling designs and the potential of trail research as a basis for further analysis on environmental susceptibility.

The Economic Well-Being of Nonresident Fathers and Custodial Mothers Revisited: The Role of Paternal Childcare

Based on panel data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for the years 1998 to 2018, we investigate the association between paternal childcare and parental economic well-being after separation in Germany. Referring to the post-separation year, we explore a sample of 176 separated couples with resident mothers and nonresident fathers, where fathers differ in their childcare involvement during weekdays. We propose equivalized annual net household income after exchange of alimony and child maintenance payments among the ex-partners as a novel indicator of parental economic well-being. Our study reveals the importance of considering both paid and received alimony, and child maintenance payments in analyzing post-separation economic well-being. Fathers’ childcare engagement during weekdays is not significantly associated with maternal post-separation income. Resident mothers take up the major or even full childcare burden. On the other hand, fathers with non-zero childcare hours manage to combine some paternal engagement with intensified employment. Mothers, however, fail to gain substantial ground on the labor market, which is unlikely to be due to differences in human capital, but rather due to persistently high maternal childcare involvement. We conclude that neither high levels of own resources, nor receiving help with childcare during the week shield resident mothers from economic deterioration after separation.

Self-Regulated Learning and Scientific Research Using Artificial Intelligence for Higher Education Systems

Self-regulated learning (SRL) is a very significant ability for students in the learning process, and SRL strategies are used to assist students in learning efficiently in higher education. Many SRL environments face challenges and barriers, including less immediate feedback and guidance, a high level of self-personalization, environment, and resources from teachers or learner designers. Hence, in this paper, the artificial intelligence framework for self-regulated learning (AIF-SRL) overcame the SRL environment's challenges in higher education. Self-regulated students are active participants in their learning and may select from a strategic portfolio and monitor their progress towards the objective. The proposed artificial intelligence-based solution has been used to monitor student behavior through students' feedback and responses. The experimental results show that the proposed AIF-SRL method improves the student's self-evaluation, self-regulation behavior, self-efficacy, learning gain, and self-satisfaction compared to other existing methods.

Formation Mechanism of a Coastal Zone Environment Collaborative Governance Relationship: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis Based on fsQCA.

The coastal zone is an area where terrestrial and marine ecosystems intersect. This region may be subject to outstanding environmental issues, as influenced by many stakeholders. Based on the framework of collaborative governance, the starting conditions for forming a coastal zone environment collaborative governance relationship are proposed as follows: coastal zone environment, balanced level of power and resources, superior-level government participation, and previous cooperation experience. The coastal environmental governance practices of 14 cities along the continental coastal zone of the East China Sea are selected as cases, in order to test the interactions between and influence mechanisms of the starting conditions. As qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), based on set theory and Boolean algebra, is a popular tool to explain complex collaboration situations in small-N cases; and as fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) allows for fine classification of the membership degree (where the condition can be allocated any number between 0 and 1), we use fsQCA to analyze the collaborative governance relationships. The results of the analysis demonstrate that three combination configurations promote the formation of medium–high intensity collaborative governance relationships: high balance level of power and resources × high previous cooperation experience, high pollution of coastal zone environment × high balance level of power and resources × low superior-level government participation, and high pollution of coastal zone environment × high superior-level government participation × high previous cooperation experience. Based on this conclusion, we determine three types of relationship formation modes: wheel-, echo state network-, and umbrella-shaped modes. Notably, under certain conditions, superior-level government participation is not necessary for the formation of a medium–high intensity collaborative governance relationship.

Presenting a method to detect intrusion in IoT through private blockchain

Blockchain (BC) has been used as a new solution to overcome security and privacy challenges in the Internet of Things (IoT). However, recent studies have indicated that the BC has a limited scalability and is computationally costly. Also, it has significant overhead and delay in the network, which is not suitable to the nature of IoT. This article aims at implementing BC in the IoT context for smart home management, as the integration of these two technologies ensures the IoT's security and privacy. Therefore, we proposed an overlay network in private BC to optimize its compatibility with IoT by increasing scalability and reducing network overhead and response delay. Devices with high-level resources (Computer, Mobile, etc.), named block managers, establish a two-dimensional overlay network that helps block managers to communicate with their neighbors' block managers. Their communication aims at managing the BC according to the trust and voting mechanism. Trust, encouragement, and penalties help the blocks to ensure accurate transactions. Our proposed private BC model provides the first solution for managing IoT transactions in overlay networks. Our experimental results showed that the proposed mechanism reduces packet overhead and delay in service delivery while increasing the BC's scalability in comparison to the state-of-the-art BC models. By limiting the number of effective block managers in voting, we could significantly reduce the average approval time of the blocks.