High-speed Reading Research Articles

The Correlation Between Students’ Reading Speed and Their Reading Comprehension in Narrative Text at the Ninth Grade of SMPN 1 Ampek Angkek

This research was due to the problems that were found in SMPN 1 Ampek Angkek. The problems that were found were that students had difficulty in understanding the text, lack of vocabulary, and students were slow reader. Furthermore, the researcher also found that students who read slow scored higher than the students who read fast in reading comprehension. This research was quantitative research. The design of this research was correlational research. The researcher used two variables which they were variables X and variable Y. Variable X was students’ reading speed and variable Y was students’ reading comprehension. The researcher used cluster random sampling technique in this study. This means that the sample was taken randomly based on the class, and class IX 2 and IX 5 were chosen as the sample. There were 51 sample. For the method, the researcher asked the students to read the text. While the students were reading the text, the researcher counted the time by using a stopwatch. After collecting data, then the researcher analyzed students reading speed and the number of correct on the reading comprehension test. Furthermore, the correlation test was done by using SPSS. It was done to see whether there was a correlation between students’ reading speed and their comprehension. Based on the findings and discussions in this research, there were 3 finding of this research. First, there was no significant correlation between reading speed and reading comprehension. Second, there was positive correlation between two variables. Third, the correlation magnitude between two variables was low. It can be concluded that this study against the theory that said close relationship between reading speed and reading comprehension. The data revealed that students with a high level of reading comprehension do not always have a high reading speed, and vice versa.

Matching for realizing high-speed reading in holographic data storage system

In the era of big data, data storage density, and reading speed are becoming increasingly important. Therefore, achieving high-speed data reading in the holographic data storage system is particularly crucial. The key to realizing high-speed data reading in the holographic data storage system is to ensure frame rate matching among key devices. In this paper, we research the frame rate matching of the digital micro-mirror device (DMD), the acousto-optic modulator (AOM), the high-speed camera, and the electric displacement table loaded with materials. We have determined the maximum matching frame rate of the system with respect to changes in the exposure time and resolution of the camera, as well as the phase difference between the AOM and DMD. By finely adjusting the parameters of key devices in the system, we can ultimately achieve a matching frame rate of 18kHz. Under conditions where the electric displacement table speed is 40 mm/s, and the light intensity of the incident materials is 0.6 mW, the holographic data storage system can attain a reading frame rate of up to 8kHz, resulting in a data transfer rate of 5.8GB/s.

Analisis dan Perancangan Sistem Smart Parking Berbasis RFID dengan Penggunaan Kartu Tanda Mahasiswa (KTM) untuk Mengurangi Risiko Pencurian Kendaraan

Parking issues at Universitas Prof. Dr. Hazairin, SH (UNIHAZ) highlight the inefficiency and insecurity of the current manual system. This study proposes an RFID-based smart parking system integrated with IoT technology to enhance security and efficiency. Utilizing the ESP32 microcontroller with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, the system enables real-time data communication and control of parking gates. Students can access parking by tapping their RFID-enabled ID cards (KTM), triggering gate access if registered. Security is bolstered by cameras capturing vehicle images. The RFID system offers high reading speed and durable tags, aiming to mitigate theft risks and improve user convenience. This research focuses on designing a safer, more efficient parking solution for UNIHAZ

Development and validation of the Thai version of MNREAD acuity charts.

To develop and validate MNREAD acuity charts in the Thai language (MNREAD-TH). In total, 180 Thai sentences were generated using words specific to the primary 1-3 students. Each sentence contained 60 characters divided into three lines with even left and right margins and was evaluated by instructors in the education program in Thai. The selected 118 sentences were tested in 20 adults and 20 children by measuring reading time and recording the errors. Sentences with extremely high or low mean reading speeds were excluded. The remaining sentences were selected for contributing to the MNREAD-TH charts. For validation, the charts were tested in another 20 normal-sighted adult groups. In total, 118 sentences were tested on 20 adults (range: 23-58 years) and 20 primary school students (age: 8-9 years). The mean (SD) reading speeds in adult and children's groups were 134.09 (12.45) and 71.33 (10.77) words/min (wpm), respectively. After removing the sentences that deviated by ±1 SD from the mean reading speed, repeatedly had difficulty words, and had low subjective scoring, 60 matched sentences between the groups were selected to develop three versions of the MNREAD-TH chart. The intraclass correlation coefficients between charts were 0.85 for reading acuity, 0.94 for maximum reading speed, and 0.79 for critical print size. The MNREAD-TH charts can be reliably used for evaluating reading performance in Thai people for both children and adults with either normal sight or low vision. These charts are standardized and helpful in clinical trials involving reading.

Reading performance in school going children with visual function anomalies

To compare reading performance in children with and without visual function anomalies. This cross-sectional study was carried out from May 2021 to April 2022 in a tertiary eye hospital of Bangladesh. This study included patients with 6-15 years of age who visited at Vision Therapy clinic. CISS-score was used to identify the asthenopia complaints and reading difficulties while having a normal vision and normal retinal function only selected for recruitment. Reading error, accuracy and reading speed were assessed with an N-notation chart with an N6 target size and the time taken to complete the task was recorded with a stopwatch. Both univariate and bivariate tables are used for analysis. Statistics analysis was performed accordingly, and the level of significance used was at 0.05. Out of 200 subjects, 46.5% boys and 53.5% girls. Of the total, 15.5% had NVF. The mean age of the participants was 12.04 (±2.44) years. Children with AVF had a higher number of reading errors and non-significant negative correlation (AVF=7.64 (±5.19); NVF 6.55 (±3.67); (r = -1.00, p=0.157). Lower Reading accuracy was noted in AVF as correlated to NVF and non-significant negative correlation (AVF=86.11 (±14.84); NVF=86.43 (±13.12); (r= -0.008, p=0.912). Similarly, lower reading speed was noted in AVF as correlated to NVF and non-significant negative correlation (AVF=79.47 (±39.20) wpm; NVF=84.51±36.84 wpm; (r= -0.047, p=0.507). A statistically significant difference was seen between AVF and NVF (p=0.001 at a 95% Confidence Interval of the differences). Children in the 1 to 5 grades presented a higher risk of reading impairment than the 6 to 10grades. Higher reading speed (112±20.69wpm) was noted in 10 grade. In this study, it was observed that poor reading performance is linked to abnormal visual function in school-aged children, but visual function and reading performance are not positively related.

3D NAND Based on Conventional Flash Memory Architecture Research and Application Prospects

With the rapid development of computer technology as a whole, the performance requirements of modern computer systems for storage technology are becoming higher and higher. This paper discusses the response to the problems that have arisen with the traditional storage in today's era, that is, the construction principle of the new storage three-dimensional memory (3D NAND) and the future development. Traditional storage in order to enhance the storage space of the plane flash memory, can only be components for shrinking, when shrinking to a certain extent when the flash memory will occur uncontrollable hidden danger, so the invention of 3D NAND. By vertically stacking many layers of memory cells, the storage density per unit area is greatly increased, with high-speed reading and writing, large capacity, low power consumption and other characteristics. Nowadays, 3D NAND is widely used in enterprises, and the industry is hopeful about the long-term prospects of the growing global demand for data generation and storage and the introduction of new technologies. The development of 3D NAND technology provides higher storage density and lower cost for NAND flash memory to meet the growing demand for data storage. This paper provides a systematic summary of existing research on 3D NAND in the hope that it will better enhance the overall technology improvement in the storage industry.

Adolescents’ Digital activity and its Correlation with Cognitive-Emotional Features, School Performance, and Social and Age Factors: Cross-Sectional Study

Background. The study of digital activity correlation with cognitive-emotional features, as well as with other parameters of adolescents’ life-activity in non-capital regions of Russian Federation remains relevant.Objective. The aim of the study is to analyze the digital activity structure in adolescents and its correlation with cognitive-emotional features, school performance and social and age factors.Methods. Participants are secondary school students of the 8th–11th grades. Digital activity was examined via online survey among adolescents. We took into account the use of social media, information search, watching videos on the Internet, using of messengers, playing games with electronic devices. Cognitive features (memory, thinking, executive functions, sensory information procession, reading and speech, understanding of emotions, decision-making) and emotional state of adolescents (anxiety) were evaluated by clinical psychologists via various tests. School performance was determined by the recent results of the school quarters/semester finished by the time of the survey. Social and age factors included regular out-of-school physical activity and family structure (complete/ incomplete).Results. We have examined 438 teenagers. 53 (12%) respondents spend more than 5 hours a day with digital devices on weekdays, 133 (30%) — on weekends, 147 (34%) — during the holidays. Structure of digital activity during weekdays (≥ 1 hour) among adolescents was the following: activity in social media prevailed (63.5% of respondents), fewer teenagers searched for information or watched videos on the Internet (47.3 and 42.9%, respectively), about a third (34.9%) played via electronic devices. Structure of digital activity changed over the weekend and during the holidays. We have revealed differences between the information search activity and the volume of short-time memory, understanding the verbal messages, and verbal-logical operations level. Adolescents with different levels of computer gaming activity have shown diversity in sensomotor reaction speed, visuospatial memorization accuracy, number of errors in high-speed reading, reading pace, and understanding text basic meaning.Conclusion. The greater time of digital activity among 8th–11th grades students is associated with negative results of cognitive activity and school performance.

Ultra-Flexible Organic Electronics for Biomedical Application

Since biometric sensing using light can noninvasively measure biological information from the outside of the body, various information can be obtained from dynamic things such as blood oxygen concentration and heart rate to static things such as fingerprints and veins. Among them, a flexible organic imager can be attracted to the body, so it is used as wearable electronics. Utilizing its flexibility, imagers capable of imaging fingerprints and veins, pulses that can be directly applied to the skin, blood oximeters, muscle contraction sensors, etc. have been reported.In this study, we have developed ultra-flexible and lightweight highly efficient, ultra-flexible, air-stable, three-color, polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) The total thickness of the devices, including the substrate and encapsulation layer, is only three micrometers, which is one order of magnitude thinner than the epidermal layer of the human skin. Due to the very thin substrate and neutral position, our device shows the highly flexibility and conformability. The PLEDs are directly laminated on the surface of skin and are used as indicators/displays. And also, we have developed a sheet-type image sensor that enables high-resolution and high-speed reading. Our conformable imager has pixel pitches as small as 50 µm, with resolutions of up to 508 dpi. Using our conformable imager, we succeed to take a high-resolution image of fingerprints and veins used for biometric authentication.

Cloud Based QR Code for Confidential Message

The QR code was created to be used for data storage and high-speed reading applications. QR codes are used to connect important world products that have been tagged with a QR code to the internet. A new QR code with two storage cloud layers is proposed: a private cloud and a public cloud. The private cloud is imperceptible to typical QR code perusers. It can also be utilized for archive verification. It comprises data encoded utilizing QR code with a blunder revision limit, which assists with further developing the first record from a duplicate and the QR code storage limit. The public cloud is, in many cases, perused by many. While the public level is created by replacing dark modules with clear finished designs, the private level is created by replacing dark modules with clear finished designs. This confirmation is addressed by being aware of the print-and-scan process's used finish. The acknowledgement method is commonly used in both private message exchange and confirmation situations. The capacity limit is frequently worked on by increasing the number of code letters in order Q or increasing the size of a two-level QR code for secret messages. When the coding alphabet QR is increased or the pattern size is increased, the storage capacity is frequently significantly increased.

Domain wall motion driven by a wide range of current in coupled soft/hard ferromagnetic nanowires.

Racetrack memory with the advantages of small size and high reading speed is proposed based on current-induced domain wall (DW) motion in a ferromagnetic (FM) nanowire. Walker breakdown that restricts the enhancement of DW velocity in a single FM nanowire can be depressed by inter-wire magnetostatic coupling in a double FM nanowire system. However, this magnetostatic coupling also limits the working current density in a small range. In the present work, based on micromagnetic calculation, we have found that when there is a moderate difference of magnetic anisotropy constant between two FM nanowires, the critical current density for triggering the DW motion can be reduced while that for breaking the inter-wire coupling can be enhanced significantly to a magnitude of 1013 A m−2, which is far above the working current density in current electronic devices. The manipulation of working current density is relevant to the modification of DW structure and inter-wire magnetostatic coupling due to the difference of the anisotropy constants between the two nanowires and paves a way to develop racetrack memory that can work in a wide range of current.

Recognition of printed small texture modules based on dictionary learning

Quick Response (QR) codes are designed for information storage and high-speed reading applications. To store additional information, Two-Level QR (2LQR) codes replace black modules in standard QR codes with specific texture patterns. When the 2LQR code is printed, texture patterns are blurred and their sizes are smaller than0.5{mathrm{cm}}^{2}. Recognizing small-sized blurred texture patterns is challenging. In original 2LQR literature, recognition of texture patterns is based on maximizing the correlation between print-and-scanned texture patterns and the original digital ones. When employing desktop printers with large pixel extensions and low-resolution capture devices, the recognition accuracy of texture patterns greatly reduces. To improve the recognition accuracy under this situation, our work presents a dictionary learning based scheme to recognize printed texture patterns. To our best knowledge, it is the first attempt to use dictionary learning to promote the recognition accuracy of printed texture patterns. In our scheme, dictionaries for all kinds of texture patterns are learned from print-and-scanned texture modules in the training stage. And these learned dictionaries are employed to represent each texture module in the testing stage (extracting process) to recognize their texture pattern. Experimental results show that our proposed algorithm significantly reduces the recognition error of small-sized printed texture patterns.

(Invited) Integration of Organic Photodiode with Low Temperature Poly Silicone Thin Film Transistors for a Conformable Image Sensor

With the rapid aging of Japanese society, how to increase quality of life (QoL) while controlling rising medical expenses has become an urgent issue. To solve this difficult issue, the acquisition and utilization of biological information using new technologies such as wearable devices is more expected. In particular, self-care and home medical care, in which patients and their families are responsible for their own health, are considered as one of the way to solving the issues of a super-aging society. Indeed, wearable sensors that can constantly monitor health conditions and home-use blood pressure monitors with communication functions are being introduced to the market one after another to prepare for the advent of a self-care era.On the other hand, when designing a new insurance system or incentive system using biometric information from wearable sensors, it is important issue how to confirm whether data measured at home is the patient's own. Furthermore, the risk of patient mix-ups must be reduced as more wearable devices come to be used in hospitals and welfare facilities in the future. Therefore, measuring vital signs simultaneously with biometric authentication of the user is an urgent issue.We have developed a sheet-type image sensor that enables high-resolution and high-speed reading. This sheet-type image sensor can take the high-resolution image of fingerprints and veins used for biometric authentication. In addition, the same sheet-type imager can measure the pulse wave which is one of the vital signs, and its distribution.Although there are many reports of sheet-type image sensors, it has not been achieved both high-resolution imaging and high-speed readout, and static biometric data and dynamic vital signs cannot be measured by one sheet-type image sensor. This is because high-sensitivity photodetectors and high-speed switching elements could not be integrated on a polymer substrate without damaging of the switching elements.The developed sheet-type image sensor is fabricated by densely integrating a high-efficiency readout circuit using an active matrix of a low-temperature polysilicon thin film transistor and a photodetector that uses a highly efficient organic semiconductor as a photosensitive layer. The resolution of the image sensor achieves 508 dots per inch (dpi) required for fingerprint authentication, and the organic photodetector consists of bulk hetero structure organic layer which has high photosensitivity to near infrared light with a wavelength of 850 nanometers (external quantum efficiency of 50% or more). It it easy to integrate the sheet-type image sensor into equipment and attach it to curved surfaces due to the thickness of the polymer base material is 10 micrometers, and the total thickness of the sheet-type image sensor is 15 micrometers (Figure 1). By developing a process technology that integrates photodetectors and thin-film transistors without damage to each other, it has become possible to realize a sheet-type image sensor that achieves both high-resolution imaging and high-speed reading.Evaluation of vein and fingerprint images taken by this sheet-type image sensor showed that the contrast difference of the veins was less than 5% compared to images using a general CMOS imager. We confirmed that the conformable imager has high image quality equivalent to that of conventional CMOS imagers.Since the sheet-type image sensor is thin and bendable, it can be easily integrated into wearable devices, and it is possible to measure health condition and perform biometric authentication at the same time. As a result, it is expected that prevention of “spoofing” and patient from being mixed up.

The impact of skim reading and navigation when reading hyperlinks on the web.

It has been shown that readers spend a great deal of time skim reading on the Web and that this type of reading can affect lexical processing of words. Across two experiments, we utilised eye tracking methodology to explore how hyperlinks and navigating webpages affect reading behaviour. In Experiment 1, participants read static Webpages either for comprehension or whilst skim reading, while in Experiment 2, participants additionally read through a navigable Web environment. Embedded target words were either hyperlinks or not and were either high-frequency or low-frequency words. Results from Experiment 1 show that while readers lexically process both linked and unlinked words when reading for comprehension, readers only fully lexically process linked words when skim reading, as was evidenced by a frequency effect that was absent for the unlinked words. They did fully lexically process both linked and unlinked words when reading for comprehension. In Experiment 2, which allowed for navigating, readers only fully lexically processed linked words compared to unlinked words, regardless of whether they were skim reading or reading for comprehension. We suggest that readers engage in an efficient reading strategy where they attempt to minimise comprehension loss while maintaining a high reading speed. Readers use hyperlinks as markers to suggest important information and use them to navigate through the text in an efficient and effective way. The task of reading on the Web causes readers to lexically process words in a markedly different way from typical reading experiments.

Differential Power Processing for Ultra-Efficient Data Storage

This article presents the hardware, software, and power codesign of an ultra-efficient data storage server with differential power processing (DPP). DPP can reduce the power conversion stress, improve the efficiency, and enhance the functionality of modular power electronics systems. The power inputs of a large number of hard disk drives (HDDs) were connected in series and supported by a multiport ac-coupled differential power processing (MAC-DPP) converter through a multiwinding transformer. Methods for controlling the multi-input multi-output power flow in the multiwinding transformer while avoiding core saturation were investigated. A ten-port MAC-DPP prototype with 700-W/in <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^3$</tex-math></inline-formula> power density was built to support a 450-W HDD storage system with ten series-stacked voltage domains. The prototype was tested on a 50-HDD server testbench, and the overall system loss is below 1 W (99.77% system efficiency). The server was able to maintain high-speed reading and writing operation of all 50 HDDs against the worst hot-swapping scenarios. A variety of hardware/software configurations and many cloud storage techniques were tested on the fully functioning server. Experimental results show that the energy efficiency of large-scale information systems (CPU/GPU clusters, memory banks, HDD arrays, etc.) can be greatly improved by software, hardware, and power codesign.

The unique contribution of working memory, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and intelligence to reading comprehension and reading speed

ABSTRACTThere are several studies showing that executive functions such as working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility are related to reading abilities. However, most of these studies did not simultaneously take different executive functions and intelligence into account. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate if working memory, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and fluid intelligence uniquely contribute to reading. Furthermore, we tested the hypothesis that reading comprehension and reading speed are correlated but separable reading abilities with different relations to other cognitive functions. To test this assumption, we examined if executive functions and fluid intelligence unequally relate to reading comprehension and reading speed. A total of 186 school children (mean age = 9.31 years) participated in our study and performed a complex span task (working memory), task switching (cognitive flexibility), a stroop-like task (inhibition), raven matrices (fluid intelligence), a reading speed task and three reading comprehension tasks. Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that working memory, inhibition, cognitive flexibility and fluid intelligence differently contributed to reading speed and reading comprehension. Working memory, inhibition and fluid intelligence were related to reading speed, indicating that a higher working memory capacity, better inhibitory abilities and higher fluid intelligence were associated with higher reading speed. Moreover, cognitive flexibility and fluid intelligence were related to reading comprehension, suggesting that higher cognitive flexibility and fluid intelligence were associated with better reading comprehension. Thus, our results point to differential contributions of executive functions to reading comprehension and reading speed.

A two-level QR code scheme based on polynomial secret sharing

Quick Response codes (QR codes) are common two-dimensional machine readable codes used extensively in all walks of life due to their high reading speeds, high data density, and strong error correction capabilities. However, public encoding using QR codes poses a threat to information security. In this paper, we introduce a Two-Level QR code that protects private data by using the recognition patterns of QR codes and by use of polynomial secret sharing algorithms. On a public level, QR codes are decodable by any standard QR reader. For secure use, QR codes simultaneously store private information, allowing transmission of secret information via an open channel. Experimental results and analysis demonstrate that this proposed approach is both feasible and reasonable. It reduces the probability of attracting the attention of potential attackers. The secret image format can accommodate either binary or grayscale. In addition, the data capacity of the secret payload of this approach is much higher than other methods.

Readable racetrack memory via ferromagnetically coupled chiral domain walls

Current-induced motion of domain walls (CIMDWs) with the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) in heavy metal (HM)/ferromagnetic (FM) metal multilayers has attracted attention owing to their potential applications in novel magnetic memories. In recent years, the CIMDW at ultrahigh speed has been observed in a synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) multilayer with a high storage density because of the weak stray field. However, due to the zero net magnetization, the reading of information from the SAF multilayer is still challenging. In this work, we propose a readable racetrack memory consisting of a synthetic ferromagnetic multilayer composed of two FM layers with an interlayer FM coupling. One FM layer had an isotropic DMI, while the other had an anisotropic DMI. This difference of DMIs resulted in the opposite tilting directions of the DW planes in the two layers. This tilting was inhibited by a strong interlayer FM coupling, resulting in an increase in the DW velocity and the reduction of the minimum allowed spacing between two adjacent DWs. In addition, the FM coupling enhanced the stray field, and the stored information could be read conveniently using a conventional reading head. Therefore, our proposal paves the way for the fabrication of a racetrack memory with high reading speed, large storage density, and good readability.

Considering High-Performance Near-Field Reader Antennas: Comparisons of Proposed Antenna Layouts for Ultrahigh-Frequency Near-Field Radio-Frequency Identification

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is being widely used in supply chain and logistics applications for wireless identification and the tracking and tracing of goods, with excellent performance for the long-range interrogation of tagged pallets and cases (up to 4-6 m, with passive tags). Item-level tagging (ILT) has also received much attention, especially in the pharmaceutical and retail industries. Low-frequency (125-134 KHz) and high-frequency (HF) (13.56 MHz) RFID systems have traditionally been used for ILT applications, where the radio-frequency (RF) power from the reader is delivered to the passive tags by inductive coupling. Recently, ultra-HF (UHF) (840-960 MHz) near-field (NF) RFID systems [1] have attracted increasing attention because of the merits of the much higher reading speed and capability to detect a larger number of tags (bulk reading). A UHF NF RFID system is a valuable solution to implement a reliable short-range wireless link (up to a few tens of centimeters) for ILT applications. Because the tags can be made smaller, RFID-based applications can be extended to extremely minuscule items (e.g., retail apparel, jewelry, drugs, rented apparel) as well as the successful implementation of RFID-based storage spaces, smart conveyor belts, and shopping carts.

Buffer-Aware Data Migration Scheme for Hybrid Storage Systems

Since solid-state drives (SSD) have high read speed, they are integrated into a traditional hard disk drive (HDD)-based storage systems for improving the overall performance. The data migration, which is responsible for moving the data between the HDD and SSD so as to maximize the I/O performance, may result in the overhead in terms of unnecessary page migrations. To deal with it, we develop a novel buffer-aware data migration scheme to boost the performance for hybrid storage systems consisting of HDD and SSD by exploiting the content information in the buffer cache. It first introduces two new data states to reclassify the data, which are placed on the hybrid storage systems equipped with HDD and SSD. Then, it tries to improve the efficiency of data migration by copying the newly updated data in the buffer cache instead of the old version in the HDD or SSD into the other device. We also model the process of data migration operation and assess the effectiveness of the buffer-aware data migration scheme theoretically. Experimental results reveal that the buffer-aware data migration scheme can reduce the runtime time by up to 18% and the write count by up to 14% over the buffer-unaware data migration scheme under three benchmarks and a real workload.

OB-tree: a new write optimisation index on out-of-core column-store databases

The column-store database is a representative of next generation databases featuring a high reading speed. Write optimisation in the out-of-core column-store database remains a well-known challenge. Timestamped binary association table (or TBAT) and asynchronous out-of-core update (or AOC update) have shown improvements in write performance. However, a common restriction shared by the timestamp-based approaches is that, after a time period of updates, the searching performance will gradually decrease. In this work, we introduce a new index, called Offset B+-tree (or OB-tree), to further improve the data retrieval speed after many updates have taken place. OB-tree is a flexible and robust index that employs a special pointer elimination strategy to reduce the storage costs. Succinctly designed, OB-tree can be easily integrated into existing timestamp-based column-store databases. Extensive experiments show that OB-tree can be efficiently constructed and significantly improves the data retrieval speed on the TBAT even when a large number of updates occurred.