High-ranking Government Officials Research Articles

Mimicry of Marginality in Soft Authoritarian Identity Politics

This study examines soft authoritarian identity politics, a political phenomenon which portrays struggles for minority rights as a threat to the majority population. Employing Critical Discourse Analysis and focusing on the mainstream discourse in France, this article analyzes presidential speeches, discourse from high-ranking government officials, and media. It reveals the normalizing effects of reversing discursive positions and the growing ideological convergence between far-right stances and government rhetoric.

Examining of E-readiness in the Local Government toward Smart City A Study from Balangan Regency

Many local goverment in Indonesia faces challenges in implementing the Smart City program due to limited technology, infrastructure and human resources. This research aims to analyze inhibiting factors and provide suggestions for increasing government technology readiness (e-readiness) towards a Smart City. The locus of research is Balangan Regency, South Kalimantan. The research method involves interviews and observations of relevant Stakeholders. Data was collected from interviews with high-ranking government and community officials, as well as observations of infrastructure and technology services in Balangan Regency. The research results show that limited internet services, inadequate hardware and software infrastructure, limited budget, and lack of competent human resources are the main obstacles. These factors are influenced by geographic constraints, budget priorities, and lack of public awareness of the importance of technology. To overcome this, it is recommended that the government collaborate with the private sector, increase budget allocations, provide training to human resources, and carry out regular monitoring and evaluation of community readiness. In conclusion, efforts to increase government technology readiness towards a Smart city in Balangan Regency require collaboration between the government, private sector and society, as well as increased investment in infrastructure and human resources.

Barriers and facilitators to implementation of the Ethiopian national cancer control plan strategies: Implications for cervical cancer services in Ethiopia.

Following an upsurge in cervical cancer incidence and mortality, Ethiopia developed its first National Cancer Control Plan (NCCP) to support efforts toward the prevention and control of cancer. The NCCP outlines strategies for reducing the incidence of cancer through prevention, screening, early diagnosis, treatment, and palliative care. This study examined barriers and facilitators to the implementation of the NCCP using a qualitative approach. The study entailed doing key informant interviews and reviewing secondary data. Using customized topic guidelines, fifteen interviews were conducted covering a wide range of topics, including political commitment, priority setting, interagency cooperation, the role of evidence, citizen empowerment, and incentives. All interviews were recorded (with consent), transcribed in Amharic, and then translated into English for thematic analysis. Review of secondary data focused on establishing the NCCP's implementation status for HPV vaccination, cervical cancer screening, and treatment, and strategic links to five other national policy documents centered on public awareness, cervical cancer services, HPV immunization, and sexually transmitted infections control. We found that in 2022, 55% of eligible Ethiopian women were screened for cervical cancer (against the annual target), with roughly half of those with a positive result receiving treatment. Overall, 900,000 (8.4%) of the 10.7 million eligible women in the country underwent screening. The study revealed inadequate implementation of the NCCP strategies toward achieving the WHO's 90-70-90 cervical cancer targets by 2030. A key positive strategy was the involvement of high-ranking government officials in the National Cancer Committee, which aided the NCCP implementation. On the other hand, inadequate political support, funding constraints, suboptimal public messaging, lack of incentives, and inadequate partnership arrangements emerged as important barriers. We recommend that decision-makers intensify coordinated efforts, prioritize dealing with identified challenges and optimizing facilitators, and mobilize additional resources to enhance cervical cancer services in Ethiopia.

The Role of the Principal-Agent-Client Model in Understanding Corruption in the Public Procurement Sector in Malaysia

Corrupt practices in public procurement in Malaysia are explained in this paper using a principal-agent model. The government leaders, who are typically politicians, ministers, or their relatives, are referred to as the" principal" while the officials who carry out their duties are referred to as "agents". The actors in the model who constitute the third party — the other actor in the cycle of corruption — include clients, customers, and the public at large. The principal-agent-client framework was applied to 18 selected corruption cases in Malaysia to describe and analyse the actors involved in the transgressions and illegal acts in these cases. The cases were investigated by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) from 2014 to 2019, charged and found guilty by the courts in Malaysia. The findings show that all the actors in the role of agent were public officials, while the actors in the role of client were from the private sector, and the actors in the role of principal were high-ranking government officials, their relatives, and politicians.

Prohibiting Political Party Membership as a Condition for Receiving Political Service Retirement Benefits under Ethiopian Law: A Comparison with Kenya and Tanzania

AbstractThis article questions the justification for restricting political party membership as a condition for receiving political service retirement benefits in Ethiopia (a restriction first imposed through the Administration of the President of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Proclamation and endorsed in the Rights and Benefits of Outgoing Heads of State and Government, Senior Government Officials, Members of Parliament and Judges Proclamation). After reviewing relevant law, literature and comparative experience from Kenya and Tanzania, the article argues that prohibiting political party membership without a pressing need for non-partisan service is an unjust restriction on the right to freedom of political party membership. Benefits for retiring high-ranking government officials are part of the right to social security and should not be disallowed based on political party membership.

Manic episode with psychotic symptoms in a patient with Pseudologia Fantastica of years of evolution. A case report

Introduction Pseudologia Fantastica (PF) also called “mythomania” is a disorder centred on the tendency of the sufferer to distort reality through constant lies. These patients find it difficult to moderate their sense of self and their self-esteem. Therefore, they display significant grandiosity, which seems to defend them from intense psychological disturbance, pretending to counteract deep feelings of unworthiness, emptiness and alienation.Notable characteristics include: normal or above average IQ, absence of formal thought disorder, poor sense of identity, poor sexual adjustment, low frustration tolerance, strong dependency needs and narcissism. The phenomenon of “imposture” (the person’s claim of achievement or having connections to famous or influential people) is frequent. The patient’s history often shows that one or both parents were experienced as rejecting figures. They are more likely to be involved in legal problems and 20% receive some form of psychiatric treatment.The aetiology and pathogenesis of this disorder requires consideration of developmental disturbances, personal history and current life stressors.ObjectivesA case of a patient with PF is presented followed by a theoretical review on the topic.MethodsA case is presented with a bibliographic review.Results We admitted a 47-year-old man to the Acute Hospitalisation Unit for a suspected “psychotic episode with clinical mania”. He presented manic and psychotic symptoms, with delusional ideation of months of evolution, megalomaniacal and fantastic discourse, centred on his work with high-ranking government officials and other implausible events. Multiple academic, work and personal life failures, with a diagnosis of depression 15 years earlier.During admission, he constantly confirms his history. He tends to present a rationalising discourse and a minimising attitude towards behavioural alterations. He appears cooperative and docile at certain times, while at others he is irritable, complaining and threatening.As for medication, olanzapine was initially prescribed at a dose of 20 mg per day, which was reduced to 10 mg given the psychopathological improvement and the difficulties of adherence.On discharge, the presumptive diagnosis was “delusional disorder and probable personality disorder with narcissistic traits, with a history of PF, which in recent months has presented a manic episode with psychotic symptoms”.ConclusionsTheir management poses challenges in terms of engaging with treatment and building a therapeutic alliance. It is important to assess the social and legal implications. Ensuring that they have stable relationships and adequate social supports is essential for successful treatment. Further exploration and research into this disorder is needed to better understand its manifestations and psychiatric consequences.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

학교폭력 전담조사관 제도 도입에 관한 연구

The recent outbreak of school violence has been on the rise. In particular, the number of reports of school violence is increasing as sensitive reactions to school violence, such as drama broadcasts based on school violence and suspicions related to school violence by high-ranking government officials' families, are increasing. According to the announcement of the 2023 School Violence Survey, which was commissioned by the Ministry of Education to a specialized institution, the response rate to school violence was the highest in the last 10 years. In response to these results, the government said it would reduce teachers' excessive work through meetings with teachers, creating an atmosphere in which teachers can focus only on educating students and preventing school violence. In addition, it was announced that the school violence investigator system, which experts are in charge of investigating school violence cases, will be introduced sequentially from March 2024. The school violence investigator system improves from the current method in which the teacher in charge investigates school violence cases to the method in which a school violence investigator composed of former police and teachers directly investigates the case of school violence. The Ministry of Education's way to improve is to set up a school violence zero center in the education office in the existing school investigation method, so that a school violence investigator conducts an investigation in the event of a school violence incident, attends the school violence review committee, and presents opinions. In particular, this study aims to predict problems that may arise after the implementation of the system by collecting opinions from police, teachers, and school violence countermeasures reviewers on the school violence investigation system, which is scheduled to be implemented.

An investigation into outside directors, managerial compensation, and firm performance in the Korean insurance industry

PurposeThis study investigates the relationship between outside directors, managerial compensation, and firm performance in the Korean insurance industry.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employ a simultaneous equation framework by using three-stage least squares (3SLS) to address the endogeneity problems that could result from the joint determination of outside directors, firm performance, and executive compensation in Korean insurance companies.FindingsThe authors find that the ratio of outside directors on the board is negatively associated with insurance firm's value and financial profitability. In addition, this study's evidence shows that greater representation on the board by outside directors leads to a higher level of executive pay. In particular, the authors provide evidence that variable compensation scheme and outside directors who have backgrounds in the legal profession and former high-ranking government officials drive this study's main results.Originality/valueThis study adds to the literature by first demonstrating the interaction effects between outside directors, firm performance, and executive compensation in the Korean insurance industry. Unlike previous studies that typically focus on US companies, the authors study the Korean insurance sector that is an emerging power in the global insurance market, ranking seventh in terms of total premium volume, and show that the Korean insurance firm's outside directors system does not work in the manner that it is intended to function.

Chakachua Pharmaceuticals and Fugitive Science.

Chakachua Pharmaceuticals and Fugitive Science.

The Trickster’s Evolution in “Frankenstein in Baghdad” by Ahmed Saadawi

The subject of the study is the image of Hadi the Junkman, coined the modern Iraqi writer Ahmed Saadawi in the novel “Frankenstein in Baghdad” (2013). The author is interested how the residents of the Iraqi capital survive under American invention. The author presents the picture of the 2000-s years using the fate of the Baghdadis as an illustration. He describes numerous explosions in Baghdad and the consequences they had on its citizens future. The novelist compares the living conditions of ordinary people of the Batavia quarter and high-ranking government officials. The figure of a junk dealer Hadi al-Atak, who walks around the city in search of antiques and tells entertaining stories unites the people with different background. Being a trickster, a liar, or buffoon, old man has created an imaginary monster that fights against injustice and avenges the innocent people who died in terrorist attacks. The methods of historical and system analysis allow us to prove that in the era of formation change, the role of the trickster is becoming more important and modified. Shuttling between good and evil, the Junkman helps to smooth out conflicts and resolve disputes peacefully. Due to the breakdown of life paradigms, the trickster has a special function: he becomes the leading hero and saves humanity from evil, performing a Christological role. Taking the blame for the crimes of his brainchild “Whatsitsname” (Arab Frankenstein), sacrificing his life, the Hadi the Junkman brings peace and stability to the tired people of Baghdad.

14세기 후기 圓齋 鄭公權의 불교 활동과 성격

This paper aims to identify Jeong Gong-Kwon’s Buddhist activities and his nature during the late 14th century. This research illustrates that in the year 1377(禑王 3年) Jeong Gong-Kwon mobilized human resources from Goryeo-Dynasty(高麗國)’s Daejangdogam(大藏都監) and Bunsadogam (分司都監) in order to engrave a number of 「Assorted and Annotated Mahavaipulya purnabudha Sutra(圓覺類解)」 woodblocks. These taskforces manufacturing Buddhist scripture woodblocks were established in the midst of 13th century. A well-known Neo-Confucianist Jeong Gong-Kwon engaged in a variety of Buddhist activities based on his sophisticated understanding of Buddhisim. His 49th Buddhist ritual ceremony also took place at Bobeob- Temple(報法寺). His devotion to Buddhisim founded upon a wide human-network including his family members and Buddhist intellectuals such as Hwan Am(幻菴) Hon Su(混脩). High-ranking government officials like Lee Saek (李穡) and Han Su(韓脩) also participated in his Buddhist initiatives. Particularly, Jeong Gon-Kwon had intimate relationship with Han-Su and Lee-Saek. Jeong Gong-Kwon was highly committed to esoteric Buddhism(密敎) that puts more weight on practicing good deeds mainly being benevolent to others(功德) which is commonly emphasized among Buddhist monks. His religious piety also pertains to Zen(禪) and is in line with the Susun-Temple(修禪社). In conclusion, Jeong Gong-Kwon’s religious enthusiasm reflects autonomy of Goryeo-Dynasty and conventional authority of its king.

金宇顒의 元史 인식과 『續資治通鑑綱目』

In the early Joseon Dynasty, the influence o f Wondae NeoConfucianism introduced at the end of the Goryeo Dynasty, the situationoriented Hwaigwan held by intellectuals at the end of the Goryeo Dynasty, and the Yuan Dynasty was recognized and positively evaluated. In Seongjongdae, there was a tendency to emphasize the legitimacy of the Confucianism of Namsongdae, and Hoanguk's Chunchuho Clan Exhibition began to attract attention. The race-oriented white crown and orthodox theory, represented by Namsongdae Juhee and Hoanguk, spread to intellectuals through King Seongjong and Jungjongdae, and based on this, Chinese history accounts such as Kim Woo-ong's Sokgangmok and Jeong-gu's History began to appear. Among them, Kim Woo-ong's Sokgangmok was compiled based on the orthodox theory, pointing out that Sang-ro's Gangmok sequel, which was mainly used as a textbook for Songwonsa Temple, was orthodox, and that the history of the Yuan Dynasty was not orthodox.
 Kim Woo-ong criticized the fact that Sang-ro's Gangmoksokpyeon does not conform to the ritual of the runner, and edited Sokgangmok. As the Yuan Dynasty, which was recognized as orthodox in the Gangmoksokpyeon, was not recognized as orthodox in Sokgangmok, much of the history of the Yuan Dynasty, which corresponds to Volume 12, was calculated. Sokgangmok did not recognize the legitimacy of the circle, so it was from 1293 The records until 1368 were recorded in small letters, and the national title and myoho were written, but the name of the county were written instead of the name of the county, revealing that the circle was painless. In addition to the basic sympathy of the Yuan Dynasty, such as the emperor and high-ranking government officials, the rebellion of Jaein and Wonmal was recorded in detail, emphasizing the instability of the reign because Won was not orthodox.
 Kim Woo-ong began the compilation of Sokgangmok in November 1591 (the 24th year of King Seonjo's reign), and completed Sokgangmok in March 1595 (the 28th year of King Seonjo's reign). However, Sokgangmok was not published for a long time after its completion and remained an abstract. In 1771, Sokgangmok was printed, and in 1808(8th year of King Sunjo), Kim Han-dong corrected the errors in the draft of Sokgangmok and published it as a woodblock. Lee Hang-ro paid attention to Sokgangmok, which does not recognize the tradition of Won, and compiled Hwagangmok, focusing on Yujunggyo and Kim Pyeongmuk. Although "Hwagangmok" did not recognize the circle as orthodox, "Sokgangmok" emphasized the distinction of Hwai and the pain of the circle by strictly revising the part that does not fit Ju-hee's "Gangmok" narrative without acknowledged the circle as orthodox.

인사청문회제도 정착을 위한 개선방안에 관한 소고

In a presidential country with clear separation of powers by the Constitution, it is natural to exercise the personnel rights granted to the president to find the best person and operate efficient state affairs. The exercise of personnel rights consistent with the president's philosophy of state affairs can be seen in two main stages. It is the stage of personnel verification at the Blue House and the stage of appointment consent and personnel hearing at the National Assembly. In addition to verifying the policies and qualifications of high-ranking candidates, it is also a means of checking the executive branch of the legislature in a presidential system on the premise of strict separation of power, and further preventing the president from exercising personnel rights. However, it is natural that the confirmation hearing system for high-ranking government officials, which we are used to, should be the answer to its original purpose with a reckless operation, but the hearing was often paralyzed by political delays. Of course, the National Assembly's confirmation committee members believe that they will leave the ruling and opposition parties to thoroughly inquire into the competencies required of the candidates and investigate suspicions that the public is curious about. Aside from the truth or not, the allegation of the moral verification of high-ranking candidates is not only disparaging the morality of our society, but there is also a concern that the issue of the National Personnel Authority will be undermined. In addition, it is true that high-ranking officials who do not require a vote on the National Assembly's motion for appointment are allowed to appoint even if the hearing and report of the competent standing committee are not adopted, and there are frequent cases of appointment. Since the process from birth to the present has not been deplorable, it is expected that the net function of the system will develop into pure logic, even if there are unpredictable variables in reality to lay the foundation for dispelling negative factors.

Abiding Traditions of the Heroic Ukrainian Spirit

430 years ago, at the turn of 1591–1592, there broke out the very first Cossack uprising in the whole series of Cossack uprisings of the end of the 16th-first half of the 17th century. Being the result of half of a century relentless Cossack struggle, they transformed into the war of 1648-1654 under the leadership of Khmelnytsky and eventually led to the re-establishment of Ukrainian statehood in the mid-17th century. The article historiographically elucidates social and national origins of Kryshtof Kosynsky, the leader of the uprising, as well as his religious confession, reasons behind his coming to Zaporizhzhia, first mentionings of him, and the beginnings of his service in protecting the Commonwealth’s borders. Kosynky’s contacts and relationships with high-ranking government officials, in particular Janush Zamoski and members of the Ostrogski and Wiśniowecki magnate princely families are clarified as well as his matrimonial ties with the Rużyński princely family. The article elaborates on the state of the Cossacks, their recruitment and how they were treated by the government, causes of their discontent and the specific motive for the uprising. The article also shows how the insurrectionary events unfolded, in particular near Bila Tserkva, Trypillia, and Piatka. The circumstances of Kosynsky’s death and the myths around him are described.This anniversary has given an opportunity to recall commitment and heroic deeds of Cossacks who defended not only the rights and freedoms of their own estate, but also ignited other strata of society with the holy spirit of freedom. In this article, which was written before the Russian-Ukrainian war unleashed by Russia on February 24, 2022, the author traces similarities between the courage of Cossack knights and heroic deeds which are currently being manifested en masse by the soldiers of the Armed Forces and civilians of Ukraine. Thus, nowadays the descendants of the Cossack knights courageously defend not only the borders, independence and freedom of Ukraine as it has long been the case in our national history, but without exaggeration also European democratic values and Western civilization as such. This massive heroism and courage of Ukrainians testifies that the freedom-loving traditions of the Ukrainian nation are invincible.

Smart Voting System Using Deep Learning and Computer Vision

Abstract: Since, India being the largest democracy in the world. Still uses voting machines to hold elections, which comes with high costs and manual labour. But voting plays a crucial role in the election of high-ranking government officials and reflects our view of how a governing body should be formed. Investigations are conducted from time to time to troubleshoot the central voting system, increasing anonymity, credibility and security while preventing all types of fraud. In this paper, there is an implementation of a method that uses deep learning techniques which develops a smart voting system. Due to its advanced features, most researchers follow and use the Boosted Cascade framework. The enhanced Cascade Framework features help you calculate and build a classifier that works more accurately. However, this accuracy rate requires a large number of Cascade Stages to help reduce similar performance with the detection and recognition accuracy. This provides protection in the sense that the most secure voter password is verified before a vote is received on the main database of the Indian Electoral Commission and voters can verify that his or her vote has reached to correct participant of election. The votes counting is done automatically, thus saving a lot of time and the results can be announced in a very short time by the Indian Electoral Commission. The user verification process is enhanced by adding a face recognition to the app that will determine whether the voter is a certified user or not. Keywords: Online voting system, smart voting, face recognition, face detection, security, user authentication, deep learning, haar cascade classifier, computer vision.

Vaccination against all odds in Brazil

Vaccination against all odds in Brazil

THE EUROPEAN UNION DISTINCTIVENESS: A CONCEPT OF THE RULE OF LAW

This paper discusses the distinctiveness of the European Union with focus on the Rule of Law and its importance for the EU integration process. Rule of Law is a notion that is very frequently used, but at the same time quite controversial as it is not so easy always to reach generally accepted meaning. Therefore, this paper provides a analysis of the EU Rule of Law as multidimensional legal principle gravitating between values and principles. The paper acknowledges that a concept of the EU rule of law can be the subject of diverse interpretations and implementation. High-ranking government officials of a two EU member states, Poland and Hungary, have argued recently that a concept of the EU rule of law lacks well-defined rules and remains the subject of much debate. Therefore, the paper provides for better understanding of the concept itself within the specific supranational legal environment. Also, the paper argues that the future of the EU and its integrations depends largely on the respect of the rule of law that remains to be a core and the element of unity within Europe’s legal space. The relationship between the principles and values upon which the EU is founded remain close and interrelated. The EU Rule of law with all its distinctiveness can be concluded with certainty that it reflects a specific character and nature of the EU legal system.

UNDERGROUND CRUCIFORM STRUCTURE IN NARYN-KALA: 
 A CHURCH? PRO ET CONTRA

The article discusses the interpretation of a mysterious underground building, situated in the Derbent citadel Naryn-Kala. This monumental structure is a crucifix (Latin cross) in plan, oriented with a long axis along the NNW-SSE line, roofed with pointed arches and a dome. On the plans of the citadel of Derbent in the early-mid-19th century, this underground building is indicated as a cruciform structure with the caption “water reservoir”. In historical, reference literature and documentation it is defined as an underground water reservoir of the 17th – 18th centuries. In 1976, A.A. Kudryavstev first suggested that this building was originally a church of the 5th – 6th centuries. After almost 40 years, his suggestion was recognized as an established fact, however, with no solid ground or any supplementary reasons. At the same time, distortion of facts and forgery were recorded. This unfounded opinion was promoted even by high-ranking government officials. In 1998, G.M. Kurbanov assumed a possible interpretation of this site as a Zoroastrian fire temple. In 2020, V.L. Myts speculated that this is a Christian martyrium. However, architectural and archeological data contradict these interpretations: the land-based, early medieval, or religious nature of the building has not been proved. Comprehensive (architectural, archeological, magnetometric, etc.) study of this site, without large-scale archeological excavations, is needed.

Contribution of Alexey Suvorin and His Newspaper Novoye Vremya into Russian Culture of the Second Half of 19th – Early 20th Century’

Novoye Vremya (The New Time) newspaper was considered as the leading daily periodical of the pre-revolutionary Russia. In 1876, Aleksey Suvorin, an outstanding Russian publisher and literary figure, became its owner and chief editor. He turned the newspaper into a source of information, which seriously influenced the public opinion in Russia. Novoye Vremya provoked constant interest among readers of all social levels. It was popular both among high-ranking government officials and people without any ranks, conservatives and liberals, people with higher education and those who did not even graduate a gymnasium. Newspaper stories were apprehensible not only for educated people but for any common person. Young and old, men and women liked Novoye Vremya. It had never forced its opinion and suggested the readers to make personal judgement through its reports. Suvorin managed to form the audience that valued the newspaper and believed in it. Not only Novoye Vremya stood out for its excellent materials on politics, economy, and non-fiction. In its reviews the newspaper gave a fair evaluation of the Russian authors’ works. Moreover, it became famous with the literary works of the top writers, the classics of Russian literature. Therefore, it is not by accident that the author of this article pays special attention to the cooperation between Novoye Vremya and the most known Russian writers of the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century. Thanks to Suvorin, the talent of Anton Chekhov, who started publishing his works in the newspaper under a different name, opened up. Novoye Vremya published the stories which were later included into his collection In the Twilight. Here he also published his famous novella The Duel. Despite the fact that Novoye Vremya was considered to be a newspaper rather than a literary magazine, it worked together with such writers as Leo Tolstoy, Nikolay Nekrasov, Nikolay Leskov, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, for whom the newspaper was not only a serious periodical but also a source of education and knowledge. In Soviet times the directive was to forget about Suvorin. And when they did remember, they certainly wrote about him as a reactionary, chauvinist, notorious monarchist. And if another major pre-revolutionary publisher I.D. Sytin was recognized by the Soviet government, although he lost his printing house and real estate, then Suvorin was in disgrace.

Analysis of the Procurement of Civil Servants in Deli Serdang Regency (Study at the Regency Regional Personnel Agency Deli Serdang)

This study aims to determine the Procurement of Civil Servants in Deli Serdang Regency . This study used qualitative approach. The result of the study Procurement of civil servants at the Regional Pegadaian Agency of Deli Serdang Regency is carried out through the stages: planning, determining requirements, announcements, applications, which are then followed by screening and appointment to civil servant candidates, followed by appointment to civil servants.The constraint factors faced in the implementation of the procurement of civil servants are: the lack of a number of qualified applicants so that there is a compulsion to accept applicants whose test scores are less than standard, supervision of the procurement process is difficult because there are so many parties with an interest in the procurement process even high-ranking government officials. Also take advantage of the procurement process for their personal interests, as well as efforts by civil servant applicants to approach government officials by giving bribes to graduate as civil servants.