High Protein Diet Research Articles

Metabolic reasons of diabetes mellitus: An update

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) goes beyond just a lack of insulin. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is heavily influenced by insulin resistance. Cells become less responsive to insulin’s signal to absorb glucose, leading to high blood sugar levels. Excess body fat, particularly around the abdomen, and a sedentary lifestyle are ley culprits for this resistance. The pancreas struggles to keep up with the demand for insulin in T2DM. Initially, it compensates by producing more, but over time, this ability declines due to factors like genetics and high blood sugar levels. Glucagon, normally working opposite insulin becomes imbalanced in T2DM. Its levels rise, further promoting glucose production and worsening hyperglycemia. The contributing factors include fasting, high protein diet, and pancreatic issues. The liver’s ability to regulate glucose production is impaired in T2DM. This dysregulation leads to the excessive release of glucose into the bloodstream, contributing to chronic hyperglycemia. Certain genetic disorders affecting carbohydrate metabolism can increase the risk of diabetes. These disorders can lead to changes that mimic pre-diabetes, further contributing to insulin resistance. In T2DM, increased lipolysis releases excessive free fatty acids (FFAs) into the blood stream. These FFAs worsen insulin resistance and damage insulin-producing cells, further exacerbating hyperglycemia. Obesity, with its high fat stores and increased lipolysis, is a major risk factor. The kidneys play a crucial role in reabsorbing filtered glucose from the urine. In T2DM, this reabsorption might be heightened contributing to hyperglycemia. Additionally, chronic kidney disease can impair glucose metabolism, potentially impacting diabetes management. While insulin deficiency plays a role, diabetes is a complex interplay of factors. Unravelling the intricate dance between insulin, glucagon, the liver and cellular responses is crucial for effective management and prevention of diabetes-related complications. This review delves into the intricate metabolic reasons behind this condition, focusing in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).

Dietary protein load affects the energy and nitrogen balance requiring liver glutamate dehydrogenase to maintain physical activity

Provision of amino acids to the liver is instrumental for gluconeogenesis while it requires safe disposal of the amino group. The mitochondrial enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is central for hepatic ammonia detoxification by deaminating excessive amino acids towards ureagenesis and preventing hyperammonemia. The present study investigated the early adaptive responses to changes in dietary protein intake in control mice and liver-specific GDH knockout mice (Hep-Glud1-/-). Mice were fed chow diets with a wide coverage of protein contents; i.e. suboptimal 10%, standard 20%, over optimal 30%, and high 45% protein diets; switched every 4 days. Metabolic adaptations of the mice were assessed in calorimetric chambers before tissue collection and analyses. Hep-Glud1-/- mice exhibited impaired alanine induced gluconeogenesis and constitutive hyperammonemia. The expression and activity of GDH in liver lysates were not significantly changed by the different diets. However, applying an in situ redox-sensitive assay on cryopreserved tissue sections revealed higher hepatic GDH activity in mice fed the high-protein diets. On the same section series, immunohistochemistry provided corresponding mapping of the GDH expression. Cosinor analysis from calorimetric chambers showed that the circadian rhythm of food intake and energy expenditure was altered in Hep-Glud1-/- mice. In control mice, energy expenditure shifted from carbohydrate to amino acid oxidation when diet was switched to high protein content. This shift was impaired in Hep-Glud1-/- mice and consequently the spontaneous physical activity was markedly reduced in GDH knockout mice. These data highlight the central role of liver GDH in the energy balance adaptation to dietary proteins.

Effects of Dietary Protein Level and Rumen-Protected Methionine and Lysine on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation and Serum Indexes for Yaks.

This study investigated the effects of the dietary protein level and rumen-protected methionine and lysine (RPML) on the growth performance, rumen fermentation, and serum indexes of yaks. Thirty-six male yaks were randomly assigned to a two by three factorial experiment with two protein levels, 15.05% and 16.51%, and three RPML levels: 0% RPML; 0.05% RPMet and 0.15% RPLys; and 0.1% RPMet and 0.3% RPLys. The trial lasted for sixty days. The results showed that the low-protein diet increased the DMI and feed conversion ratio of yaks. The diet supplemented with RPML increased the activities of IGF1 and INS and nutrient digestibility. The high-protein diet decreased the rumen butyrate concentration and increased the rumen isovalerate concentration. The low-protein diet supplemented with RPML increased the rumen pH and the concentrations of total volatile fatty acids, butyrate and NH3-N; the high-protein diet supplemented with a high level of RPML decreased the rumen pH and the concentrations of isobutyrate, isovalerate, propionate and NH3-N. The low-protein diet supplemented with RPML increased the total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase activity, along with the concentrations of malondialdehyde and amino acids such as aspartic acid, lysine, cysteine, etc. In conclusion, a low-protein diet supplemented with RPML is beneficial for rumen and body health, physiological response, and metabolic status in yaks.

Nutritional and non-nutritional strategies in bodybuilding: Impact on kidney function

Bodybuilders routinely engage in many dietary and other practices purported to be harmful to kidney health. Thus, a structured narrative review of the literature was performed. The search strategy and parameters identifying areas of importance closely followed the PRISMA statement guidelines. This resulted in 13 relevant full-text articles consisting of 8 case reports and 5 case series, published since 2000. Kidney disease was described in 75 bodybuilders, with diagnoses ranging from acute kidney injury (AKI), acute tubular necrosis , focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS), nephrocalcinosis, acute interstitial nephritis , nephrosclerosis, chronic interstitial nephritis, an assortment of other glomerulonephritides. The development of AKI, FSGS and nephrocalcinosis may be particular risks. There is little evidence that high-protein diets and moderate creatine supplementation pose risks to individuals with normal kidney function though long-term high protein intake in those with underlying impairment of kidney function is inadvisable. The links between anabolic androgenic steroid use and FSGS are stronger, and there are undoubted dangers of nephrocalcinosis in those taking high doses of vitamins A, D and E. Dehydrating practices, including diuretic misuse, and NSAID use also carry potential risks. It is difficult to predict the effects of multiple practices carried out in concert. Investigations into subclinical kidney damage associated with these practices have rarely been undertaken. Future research is warranted to identify the clinical and subclinical harm associated with individual practices and combinations to enable appropriate and timely advice.

Effect of dietary macronutrients and immune challenge on gut microbiota, physiology and feeding behaviour in zebra finches.

Macronutrients play a vital role in host immunity and can influence host-pathogen dynamics, potentially through dietary effects on gut microbiota. To increase our understanding of how dietary macronutrients affect physiology and gut microbiota and investigate whether feeding behaviour is influenced by an immune threat, we conducted two experiments. First, we determined whether zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) exhibit shifts in physiology and gut microbiota when fed diets differing in macronutrient ratios. We found the type and amount of diet consumed affected gut microbiota alpha diversity, where microbial richness and Shannon diversity increased with caloric intake in birds fed a high-fat diet and decreased with caloric intake in birds fed a high protein diet. Diet macronutrient content did not affect physiological metrics, but lower caloric intake was associated with higher complement activity. In our second experiment, we simulated an infection in birds using the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and quantified feeding behaviour in immune challenged and control individuals, as well as birds housed near either a control pair (no immune threat), or birds housed near a pair given an immune challenge with LPS (social cue of heightened infection risk). We also examined whether social cues of infection alter physiological responses relevant to responding to an immune threat, an effect that could be mediated through shifts in feeding behaviour. LPS induced a reduction in caloric intake driven by a decrease in protein, but not fat consumption. No evidence was found for socially induced shifts in feeding behaviour, physiology or gut microbiota. Our findings carry implications for host health, as sickness-induced anorexia and diet-induced shifts in the microbiome could shape host-pathogen interactions.

Changing food choices: the option for high-protein foods and the move away from the Mediterranean diet

Purpose The growing importance placed on health and physical well-being by consumers continues to influence food industry choices. The food market therefore, pandering to the desires for a lean and athletic body, offers new products deemed more healthy and able to impact body image. It is evidenced, thus, a change in food choices and habits, with more attention to the quality and nutrient content of the products consumed, in which protein is assuming increasing importance. The purpose of the study is to highlight important changes in eating habits and in particular the increase in the consumption of high-protein foods, attributable to the focus on physical fitness and thinness, resulting in a decreasing adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the progressive loss of its positive impact on health.Methods and resultsThis analysis is based on CIRCANA srl data on food consumption trends (change percentage of quantity and value sales) in recent years. Specifically, between January and September 2022 vs. 2021, there was a 21.6% increase in the sale of high-protein products, significantly higher than all the previous ones.ConclusionsThe past few years have seen the gradual discovery of new products, at first little-known and niche, which are becoming major players on the national food consumption scene. The trend is toward a growing preference for high-protein foods and diets with the gradual abandonment of the Mediterranean and an increased risk of nutritional deficiencies, obesity, and cardiovascular disease.Level of evidenceLevel IV, evidence obtained from multiple time series with or without the intervention.

Food for the Brain: Is Vegan/Vegetarian Diet the Way to Go for Hepatic Encephalopathy?

High-protein diet is the cornerstone of supportive care for patients living with hepatic encephalopathy. Although any protein source is better than protein restriction, there is uncertainty regarding the benefits of specific protein types. Using a randomized trial, Badal et al. evaluate the effect on ammonia levels and metabolomics from 3 protein sources in burgers made from beef, vegan products, and vegetarian products. The vegan and vegetarian burgers did not raise ammonia and may result in favorable metabolomic profiles.

Nutritional synergy: optimizing growth in Siruvidai chicken via diverse dietary energy and protein strategies and gene expression analysis - brooder phase.

Nutrient supply regulates overall body growth directly or indirectly through its influence on regulatory factors optimizing nutrient requirements becomes crucial before embarking on genetic improvements. Hence this study addresses this gap by evaluating the effect of feeding varying energy and crude protein levels on growth performance and gene expression related to the growth of indigenous Siruvidai chicken from 0 to 12 weeks. A 360-day-old straight-run Siruvidai chick were randomly distributed into six experimental groups with three replicates of each 20 chicks. The birds were fed corn-soy-based diets formulated with two levels of energy (2500 and 2700kcal ME/kg) each with three levels of crude protein (16, 18, and 20%) during the brooder stage (0-12 weeks) in 2 × 3 factorial design. Results revealed that there was no significant effect on the energy and protein interaction levels on average feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in Siruvidai chicken at 12 weeks. The results showed significantly (P < 0.05) lower feed intake in 18% protein fed groups and significantly (P < 0.01) lower feed intake in higher energy 2700kcal ME/kg fed groups. A better feed conversion ratio (4.06 and 4.21) was observed on the effect of protein levels in bird diets with 18% and 20% protein fed groups. The Growth Hormone (GH) and Myostatin (MSTN) gene expression were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in 16% CP and 2500kcal ME/kg in hepatic tissue. The high protein and low energy diet up-regulated the Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) gene expression in hepatic tissue. The study concluded that Siruvidai chicken fed with 18% crude protein and 2500kcal ME/kg is optimum for 0-12 weeks of age.

Fasting and postprandial plasma metabolite responses to a 12-wk dietary intervention in tissue-specific insulin resistance: a secondary analysis of the PERSonalized glucose Optimization through Nutritional intervention (PERSON) randomized trial

BackgroundWe previously showed that dietary intervention effects on cardiometabolic health were driven by tissue-specific insulin resistance (IR) phenotype: individuals with predominant muscle IR (MIR) benefited more from a low-fat, high-protein, and high-fiber (LFHP) diet, whereas individuals with predominant liver insulin resistance (LIR) benefited more from a high-monounsaturated fatty acid (HMUFA) diet. ObjectivesTo further characterize the effects of LFHP and HMUFA diets and their interaction with tissue-specific IR, we investigated dietary intervention effects on fasting and postprandial plasma metabolite profile. MethodsAdults with MIR or LIR (40–75 y, BMI 25–40 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to a 12-wk HMUFA or LFHP diet (n = 242). After the exclusion of statin use, 214 participants were included in this prespecified secondary analysis. Plasma samples were collected before (T = 0) and after (T = 30, 60, 120, and 240 min) a high-fat mixed meal for quantification of 247 metabolite measures using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ResultsA larger reduction in fasting VLDL-triacylglycerol (TAG) and VLDL particle size was observed in individuals with MIR following the LFHP diet and those with LIR following the HMUFA diet, although no longer statistically significant after false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment. No IR phenotype-by-diet interactions were found for postprandial plasma metabolites assessed as total area under the curve (tAUC). Irrespective of IR phenotype, the LFHP diet induced greater reductions in postprandial plasma tAUC of the larger VLDL particles and small HDL particles, and TAG content in most VLDL subclasses and the smaller LDL and HDL subclasses (for example, VLDL-TAG tAUC standardized mean change [95% CI] LFHP = −0.29 [−0.43, −0.16] compared with HMUFA = −0.04 [−0.16, 0.09]; FDR-adjusted P for diet × time = 0.041). ConclusionsDiet effects on plasma metabolite profiles were more pronounced than phenotype-by-diet interactions. An LFHP diet may be more effective than an HMUFA diet for reducing cardiometabolic risk in individuals with tissue-specific IR, irrespective of IR phenotype. Am J Clin Nutr 20xx;x:xx.This trial was registered at the clinicaltrials.gov registration (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03708419?term=NCT03708419&rank=1) as NCT03708419 and CCMO registration (https://www.toetsingonline.nl/to/ccmo_search.nsf/fABRpop?readform&unids=3969AABCD9BA27FEC12587F1001BCC65) as NL63768.068.17.

A high-fungi diet differentially attenuates the gut mycobiota relative to a high meat diet; consequences for chronic disease risk?

The fungal cell wall facilitates an immune response and may be involved in intestinal immune training (1,2). It is also fermentable by the gut microbiome, thus, consumption of fungi changes gut microbial ecology (3). Yet, the specific effects of consuming fungal foods on the gut mycobiota (i.e., gut fungi) have not been well studied. An interesting case study is mycoprotein, a fungal based protein produced from Fusarium Venenatum (4). We have previously reported that mycoprotein consumption attenuates faecal water genotoxicity, a surrogate marker of colorectal cancer risk, as well as modulates faecal metabolite excretion and gut bacterial composition (5). Here, we aimed to evaluate the impact of consuming a diet high in mycoprotein on gut mycobial ecology, and to explore relationships between mycobial composition and faecal genotoxicity.Here we leverage stool samples from Mycomeat: a randomised crossover-controlled trial, recruiting 20 healthy male adults to adhere to 2-week diets comprising 240 g/day of mycoprotein based foods or red and processed meat, separated by a 4-week washout. Internal transcriber spacer (ITS) sequencing was performed to characterise the mycobiota. Alpha diversity before and after study phases was compared using Wilcoxon tests. Beta diversity was compared by permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) based on Bay-Curtis dissimilarities. Differences in mycobial taxa within and between study phases were compared using Wilcoxon tests. Changes in mycobiota composition was then regressed against faecal excretion of metabolites using mixed- effects models to understand the impact of myco-ecology on the wider colonic environment. Finally, given the abundance of mycobial genotoxins in nature, we regressed mycobial taxa against faecal water genotoxicity.There were significant shifts in the abundance of several taxa following both diets. Notably, mycoprotein consumption was associated with an increase in the abundance of Malasseziales sp. (P = 0.02) and a reduction in Candida Albicans (P = 0.01). Meat consumption was associated with an increase in Phaeoacremonium Tuscanum (P = 0.01) and Rhodotorula Mucilaginosa (P = 0.008), and reduction in Penicillium Commune (P = 0.02). In addition, Aspergillus Caesiellus was associated with lower faecal genotoxicity (P = 0.04), whereas Penicillium Commune (P = 0.04) and Penicillium Olsonii (P = 0.03) were both associated with higher genotoxicity. Regressing mycobial taxa against faecal metabolites revealed a number of significant associations, including between Penicillium Commune and austdiol, a putative mycotoxin (P &lt; 0.001) as well as 1-methyladenine, a methylated DNA base with cytotoxic properties (P = 0.001).The gut mycobiota is malleable through a fungi rich diet alongside changes within the wider microbiome. Members of the gut mycobiota predicted faecal genotoxicity and faecal excretion of toxins in this model, and there may be value in further exploring the gut mycobiota and the contribution of mycotoxins in gut health and colorectal cancer risk.

The Relationship of Protein Intake to Creatinine Levels and Blood Pressure in Fitness Member

Background: Fitness center members generally eat foods high in protein, reaching 2 grams/kg body weight or more, and are often accompanied by supplements such as creatinine. High protein intake in the long term will produce a metabolic load that can cause impaired kidney function. In addition to creatinine, the influence of high protein intake that individuals with high activity directly feel is Blood Pressure. Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between protein intake, creatinine levels, and blood pressure in fitness members at Osbond Gym Cempaka Putih. Method: This type of quantitative research uses a cross-sectional design, with a sample of 22 respondents, namely fitness members at Osbond Gym Cempaka Putih. Data analysis was performed using the Pearson correlation test for normally distributed data and the Spearman correlation test for abnormally distributed data. The test criteria are seen if the p-value &lt; 0.05, then Ha is accepted, and Ho is rejected. Test Results in Normality Variables Protein Intake and Type of Exercise are abnormal, and other variables are normal. Results: All respondents (100%) in this study had been on a high-protein diet for over one year. Most respondents were between 26 and 35 (40.9%) and 36-45 years (40.9%). More respondents were men (68.2%). Most respondents did this weight training (81.8%), with an average exercise frequency of 367.73 minutes/week. The average protein intake of respondents was 212.7736 grams/day, the average body mass index was 25.33 kg / m2, and the average creatinine levels of respondents were 1.01 mg / dL. Most respondents had normal systolic (72.7%) and diastolic (68.2%) blood pressures. Conclusions: There was no association between protein intake, BMI, exercise, and creatinine levels. There is a relationship between sex and creatinine levels. There was no association between protein intake, sex, BMI, and exercise with systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Macronutrient-differential dietary pattern impacts on body weight, hepatic inflammation, and metabolism.

Obesity is a multi-factorial disease frequently associated with poor nutritional habits and linked to many detrimental health outcomes. Individuals with obesity are more likely to have increased levels of persistent inflammatory and metabolic dysregulation. The goal of this study was to compare four dietary patterns differentiated by macronutrient content in a postmenopausal model. Dietary patterns were high carbohydrate (HC), high fat (HF), high carbohydrate plus high fat (HCHF), and high protein (HP) with higher fiber. Changes in body weight and glucose levels were measured in female, ovariectomized C57BL/6 mice after 15 weeks of feeding. One group of five mice fed the HCHF diet was crossed over to the HP diet on day 84, modeling a 21-day intervention. In a follow-up study comparing the HCHF versus HP dietary patterns, systemic changes in inflammation, using an 80-cytokine array and metabolism, by untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS)-based metabolomics were evaluated. Only the HF and HCHF diets resulted in obesity, shown by significant differences in body weights compared to the HP diet. Body weight gains during the two-diet follow-up study were consistent with the four-diet study. On Day 105 of the 4-diet study, glucose levels were significantly lower for mice fed the HP diet than for those fed the HC and HF diets. Mice switched from the HCHF to the HP diet lost an average of 3.7 grams by the end of the 21-day intervention, but this corresponded with decreased food consumption. The HCHF pattern resulted in dramatic inflammatory dysregulation, as all 80 cytokines were elevated significantly in the livers of these mice after 15 weeks of HCHF diet exposure. Comparatively, only 32 markers changed significantly on the HP diet (24 up, 8 down). Metabolic perturbations in several endogenous biological pathways were also observed based on macronutrient differences and revealed dysfunction in several nutritionally relevant biosynthetic pathways. Overall, the HCHF diet promoted detrimental impacts and changes linked to several diseases, including arthritis or breast neoplasms. Identification of dietary pattern-specific impacts in this model provides a means to monitor the effects of disease risk and test interventions to prevent poor health outcomes through nutritional modification.

High protein requirements of juvenile Atlantic wolffish, Anarhichas lupus: Effects of dietary protein levels on growth, health, and welfare.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the optimal dietary protein requirement and the effect of varying protein levels on the growth and health of juvenile, wild-caught Atlantic wolffish, Anarhichas lupus, a promising candidate for cold-water aquaculture diversification. Six iso-energetic (ca. 18.3 MJ kg-1), fish meal-based experimental diets were formulated with crude protein levels ranging from 35% to 60%, with graded increments of 5% in a 12-week feeding trial in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). Weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), and condition factor (K) were evaluated in response to dietary protein levels. Liver, muscle, and blood parameters were assessed for possible changes in protein and lipid metabolism and welfare. Overall growth was highly variable throughout the experiment on all diets, as expected for a wild population. The feed with highest in protein (60%) inclusion resulted in the highest growth rates, with an average weight gain of 37.4% ± 33.8% and an SGR of 0.31% ± 0.2% day-1. This was closely followed by feeds with 55% and 50% protein inclusion with an average weight gain of 22.9% ± 34.8% and 28.5% ± 38.3%, respectively, and an SGR of 0.18% ± 0.3% day-1 and 0.22% ± 0.3% day-1, respectively. Fish fed the high protein diets generally had increased hepatic lipid deposition (17%-18%) and reduced free fatty acid levels (3.1-6.8 μmol L-1) in the plasma relative to fish that were fed the lower protein diets (35%-45%). No effects of diet were found on plasma protein levels or muscle protein content. Furthermore, stress parameters such as plasma cortisol and glucose levels were unaffected by diet, as were plasma ghrelin levels. Overall, these results suggest that a high protein inclusion in the diet for Atlantic wolffish is required to sustain growth with a minimum protein level of 50%.

Effects of Low and High Maternal Protein Intake on Fetal Skeletal Muscle miRNAome in Sheep.

Prenatal maternal feeding plays an important role in fetal development and has the potential to induce long-lasting epigenetic modifications. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding, single-stranded RNAs that serve as one epigenetic mechanism. Though miRNAs have crucial roles in fetal programming, growth, and development, there is limited data regarding the maternal diet and miRNA expression in sheep. Therefore, we analyzed high and low maternal dietary protein for miRNA expression in fetal longissimus dorsi. Pregnant ewes were fed an isoenergetic high-protein (HP, 160-270 g/day), low-protein (LP, 73-112 g/day), or standard-protein diet (SP, 119-198 g/day) during pregnancy. miRNA expression profiles were evaluated using the Affymetrix GeneChip miRNA 4.0 Array. Twelve up-regulated, differentially expressed miRNAs (DE miRNAs) were identified which are targeting 65 genes. The oar-3957-5p miRNA was highly up-regulated in the LP and SP compared to the HP. Previous transcriptome analysis identified that integrin and non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase genes targeted by miRNAs were detected in the current experiment. A total of 28 GO terms and 10 pathway-based gene sets were significantly (padj < 0.05) enriched in the target genes. Most genes targeted by the identified miRNAs are involved in immune and muscle disease pathways. Our study demonstrated that dietary protein intake during pregnancy affected fetal skeletal muscle epigenetics via miRNA expression.

Effect of high plant protein diet supplemented with Lysophospholipids-butyrate on the growth performance, liver health and intestinal morphology of Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with lysophospholipids-butyrate (LPB) in a high plant protein diet on the growth performance, liver health, and intestinal morphology of Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Three experimental diets were formulated: a positive control diet (PC) containing 15.00 % soybean meal (SBM) and 13 % chicken meal；a high-plant-protein diet (HPP) with 28.00 % SBM; a diet (LPB) supplemented LPB at 0.1 % in HPP. Largemouth bass with an average initial body weight of 9.3 g were fed for 60 days, with 4 replicates per group and 20 fish per replicate. The results demonstrated that the HPP group exhibited significantly lower final body weight (FBW), weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) compared to the PC group. Moreover, the HPP diet induced a notable increase in liver collagen fiber and liver lipid content, which was alleviated by LPB supplementation. In comparison to the HPP group, the LPB group showed significant increases in serum albumin and albumin/globulin, along with a significant decrease in alanine aminotransferase activity (P < 0.05). Compared with the PC group, the mRNA levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 (ACC-1), diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in HPP group were increased significantly (P < 0.05), while adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) as well as apoptotic gene B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) were significantly down-regulated. The mRNA levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS), ACC-1, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPAR-α), ATGL, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and Bcl-2 were up-regulated (P < 0.05), while DGAT and TNF-α were down-regulated in the LPB supplemented groups than that in the HPP group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of 0.1 % LPB can alleviate liver lipid accumulation and fibrosis caused by high level of soybean meal.

In vitro digestion and fermentation of animal-derived fermentable substrates using canine and feline faecal inoculum

Abstract There is increasing interest in understanding the fermentative benefits of animal-derived fermentable substrates (ADFS) in pet foods. While previous research has assessed various ADFS using faecal inoculum derived from the cat, there is no published literature available for the dog. Additionally, very little is understood of the fermentation profiles of ADFS, such as skin and bone. Therefore, faeces were collected from a cohort of cats and dogs fed a complete and balanced high-protein diet and a selection of substrates were analysed in this study. Individual ADFS (tendon, bone cake, mechanically deboned meat (MDM), corium and hydrolysed collagen (a positive control)) were digested in vitro, followed by fermentation using either canine or feline faecal inoculum. Concentrations of butyrate, indole and ammonia were determined after 24 h of fermentation. Regardless of whether cat or dog faecal inoculum was used, fermentation of hydrolysed collagen produced the highest (P &lt; 0.01) concentrations of butyrate and ammonia and the lowest concentrations of indole. For the other substrates, there were differences in the fermentation profiles between the canine and feline inocula. During the feline faecal fermentations, in comparison to the other substrates bone cake produced high (P &lt; 0.05) butyrate concentrations, whereas in the dog faecal fermentations, MDM resulted in high (P &lt; 0.05) butyrate concentrations. In conclusion, ADFS from different alternative co-products lead to different fermentation products, providing valuable information which may be considered in canine and feline dietary formulations.

Dietary Patterns, Gut Microbiota and Sports Performance in Athletes: A Narrative Review.

The intestinal tract of humans harbors a dynamic and complex bacterial community known as the gut microbiota, which plays a crucial role in regulating functions such as metabolism and immunity in the human body. Numerous studies conducted in recent decades have also highlighted the significant potential of the gut microbiota in promoting human health. It is widely recognized that training and nutrition strategies are pivotal factors that allow athletes to achieve optimal performance. Consequently, there has been an increasing focus on whether training and dietary patterns influence sports performance through their impact on the gut microbiota. In this review, we aim to present the concept and primary functions of the gut microbiota, explore the relationship between exercise and the gut microbiota, and specifically examine the popular dietary patterns associated with athletes' sports performance while considering their interaction with the gut microbiota. Finally, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which dietary patterns affect sports performance from a nutritional perspective, aiming to elucidate the intricate interplay among dietary patterns, the gut microbiota, and sports performance. We have found that the precise application of specific dietary patterns (ketogenic diet, plant-based diet, high-protein diet, Mediterranean diet, and high intake of carbohydrate) can improve vascular function and reduce the risk of illness in health promotion, etc., as well as promoting recovery and controlling weight with regard to improving sports performance, etc. In conclusion, although it can be inferred that certain aspects of an athlete's ability may benefit from specific dietary patterns mediated by the gut microbiota to some extent, further high-quality clinical studies are warranted to substantiate these claims and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

#3023 Dietary protein intake modulates the tubular handling of the uremic retention solute indoxyl sulfate

Abstract Background and Aims Nutritional intervention constitutes a key part of the clinical management of individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The gut emerged as an important source of uremic retention solutes, including indoxyl sulfate, p-cresyl sulfate and TMAO among the others. Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is produced through the gut microbial fermentation of tryptophan into indole and its conversion into indoxyl sulfate in the liver. Previous authors hypothesised that higher amounts of gut microbial metabolites can be sensed by kidney's proximal tubule cells through the use of receptors and signaling pathways. Particular evidence points to the involvement of kidney Organic Anion Transporters’(OATs') in controlling the gut-kidney communication. According to the so-called remote sensing hypothesis, kidney tubular cells respond to uremic toxins plasma fluctuations altering the activity of OAT1. Few studies have investigated whether in CKD the protein content in the diet affects gut generation, plasma retention and excretion mechanisms of indolic uremic toxins including kidney cells OAT1 expression. Method Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats (Janvier, France) aged 7-8 weeks and weighing between 270 and 388 g were randomly assigned to a low protein (LP) diet (n = 10) or a high protein (HP) diet (n = 8) after undergoing a 5/6 nephrectomy to develop CKD. For each diet, a sham-operated control group (n = 7 and n = 8 correspondingly) was used. After 7 weeks, urine was collected, and 8 weeks after the disease was induced, euthanasia was performed. Samples of kidney and blood were taken. mRNA and protein expression of OAT1 were sought via qPCR and Western blot. Forty patients with CKD were recruited in a cross-sectional study investigating eating habits and uremic toxins levels. Eating habits were searched via a food diary. Protein and energy intake were therefore calculated. Blood and 48 h-urine were collected. Blood creatinine and urea were determined with standard laboratory techniques. Total plasmatic and urinary IS concentrations were measured using LC-MS/MS. The fractional excretion (FE) i.e. the percentage of IS excreted relatively to the kidney filtered load, was calculated to assess IS remote sensing. Results Rats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) had considerably higher plasmatic levels of IS (p &amp;lt; .001) than sham rats. Rats with CKD on an HP diet, however, did not differ in plasma IS from rats fed an LP diet (p = .63). On the other hand, CKD rats fed an HP diet showed a substantial rise in 24-hour urinary IS (p &amp;lt; .001). The FE of IS was significantly higher (p = .005) in CKD rats on a HP diet and correlated with 24 h-urinary IS (Spearman r = .51, p value=.03) and with protein intake (Spearman r = .52, p value=.03) in CKD rats. OAT1 mRNA and protein expression was significantly higher in CKD rats given a HP diet (p = .025 and p = .009, respectively). By dividing the CKD patients into two groups by the median of protein intake, the FE of IS was significantly higher (p = .018) in the patients consuming a larger portion of proteins. Conclusion A diet higher in protein content in 5/6 nephrectomized CKD rats as well as in CKD patients likely leads to an increased production of indole in the colon. This results in increased IS fractional excretion but unchanged IS plasma retention. These findings offer more evidence for the mechanisms behind the remote sensing and signaling of uremic toxins derived from indole. In summary, a low-protein diet is still advised for people with chronic kidney disease.

Timing matters? The effects of two different timing of high protein diets on body composition, muscular performance, and biochemical markers in resistance-trained males

BackgroundIt is unclear whether resistance training in combination with different timing of protein intake might have differential effects on muscle hypertrophy, strength, and performance. Therefore, we compared the effects of 8 weeks of resistance training combined with two different high-protein diet strategies (immediately pre-and after, or 3 h pre and after exercise) in resistance-trained males.MethodsForty resistance-trained males (24 ± 4 years) performed 8 weeks of resistance training combined with 2 g kg−1 d−1 protein. Body composition, muscular performance, and biochemical markers were assessed pre and post-intervention.ResultsNine participants (four from 3 h group and five from the immediate group) withdrew from the study. Therefore, 31 participants completed the study. All measures of skeletal muscle mass, Australian pull-up, and muscle strength, significantly increased post-intervention in both groups (p &amp;lt; 0.05). The biochemical marker urea also significantly increased from pre to post in both groups (p &amp;lt; 0.05). There were no significant between-group differences (p &amp;gt; 0.05).ConclusionHigh-protein diet enhances muscular performance and skeletal muscle mass in resistance-trained males, irrespective of intake time. Consequently, the total daily protein intake appears to be the primary factor in facilitating muscle growth induced by exercise.

Effects of Smilax China L. extracts on Hyperuricemia chicken model via inhibiting xanthine oxidase activity

Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a metabolic disorder caused by excessive production of uric acid (UA) or impaired uric acid metabolism. Smilax China L. has a wide range of pharmacological activities such as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. Its roots and rhizomes have been widely used for the treatment of HUA. However, its mechanisms for treating HUA and reducing renal impairment have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of Smilax China L. extract (SC) on UA metabolism and further explored its mechanism of action by feeding a high-calcium and high-protein diet to chickens to induce a model of HUA in chickens. SC significantly reduced serum UA levels and improved renal function in hyperuricemic chickens. Meanwhile, SC was able to inhibit the activity of xanthine oxidase (XOD) in vivo and in vitro, reducing the production of uric acid. In addition, SC was able to increase the expression of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP) in the kidney and ileum and increase uric acid excretion. Therefore, our results suggest that SC may be a candidate for anti-hyperuricemia.